Cell Adaptation

Question 1

what are the two ways cells can adapt?

Answer 1

1. physiological

2. pathological

Question 2

what does the fate of the cell exposed to a harmful stimulus depend on?

Answer 2

type of stimulus
duration
magnitude
vulnerability of cell

Question 3

what are the common causes of injury?

Answer 3

• oxygen deprivation (hypoxia, ischemia)
• nutritional (deficiency, excess)
• chemical (drugs, alcohol, poisons)
• physical (trauma, extreme temps, radiation)
• biological (virus, bacteria, parasite)
• immunological (allergic reactions, autoimmune disease)
• genetic (chromosomal abnormalities, mutations)
• aging (cellular senescence

Question 4

what are the four major intracellular system affected?

Answer 4

membrane integrity
ATP production
protein synthesis
genomic or chromosomal integrity

Question 5

what are the early cellular responses to injury?

Answer 5

1. cloudy swelling
2. hydropic degeneration
3. fatty change (steatosis)

Question 6

where is fatty change most common ?

Answer 6

liver

Question 7

what are the common causes of fatty change?

Answer 7

toxins - alcohol

chronic hypoxia

Question 8

how can the cell adapt to injury?

Answer 8

1. alteration in size
atrophy
hypertrophy
2. increase in number
hyperplasia
3. change in differentiation
metaplasia

Question 9

what is metaplasia?

Answer 9

change in cell differentiation

Question 10

what is dysplasia?

Answer 10

failure of differentiation and maturation

Question 11

what is neoplasia?

Answer 11

cellular proliferation and growth in absence of external stimulus

Question 12

what are the two types of neoplasia?

Answer 12

benign

malignant