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Histology Post Midterm > Integumentary System I and II > Flashcards

Integumentary System I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential functions of the integumentary system?

A 
barrier
immunologic
homeostasis
sensory
endocrine
excretion
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2
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

what is the epidermis derived from?

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis made of?

A

dense CT

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5
Q

what is the dermis derived from?

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

what type of cells make up the stratum corneum?

A

keratinized cells

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7
Q

what is eleiden?

A

protein similar to keratin - transformation product of keratonhyalin

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8
Q

what type of skin is stratum lucidum found in?

A

thick skin only

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9
Q

what type of cells are found in the stratum basale?

A

mitotically active cells

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10
Q

what layers make up the stratum malpighii?

A

basale and spinosum

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11
Q

what type of cells make up the single layer of cells found in the stratum basale?

A

small, cuboidal to low columnar

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12
Q

how do the cells of the stratum basale attach to ECM while resting on basal lamina?

A

hemidesmosomes

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13
Q

what type of granules are found in the stratum granulosum?

A

keratohyalin granules

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14
Q

what is Parakeratosis?

A

keratin layer is abnormal - contains nuclear remnants

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15
Q

what is acanthusis?

A

abnormal epidermal thickening
- due to increase depth of stratum spinosum
common feature of many skin conditions

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16
Q

what layers make up the dermis?

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

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17
Q

what type of CT is found in papillary layer?

A

loose CT

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18
Q

what type of CT is found in reticular layer?

A

dense CT

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19
Q

what is the main cell type of epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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20
Q

what are the cells of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhan’s cells
merkel cells

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21
Q

what type of cells Langerhan’s cells?

A

antigen presenting cells

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22
Q

what types of cells are merkel cells?

A

cutaneous sensation

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23
Q

What are the two essentials activities of keratinocytes?

A

produce keratin

epidermal water barrier formation

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24
Q

what do keratohyalin granules contain?

A

intermediate filament associated proteins = filaggrin

trichohyalin

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25
Q

what are tonofilaments?

A

intermediate filaments = keratin filaments

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26
Q

what are tonofibrils?

A

bundles of tonofilaments

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27
Q

what is the ABCD rule of Malignant melanoma?

A

Asymmetrical
Border is irregular
Color variation
Diameter

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28
Q

where are the melanocytes in light skin?

A

concentrated near basal layer

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29
Q

where are the melanocytes in dark skin?

A

throughout the epidermis

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30
Q

in what skin is melanocyte degradation more rapid?

A

light skin

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31
Q

what does exposure to UV light accelerate?

A

melanin production

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32
Q

what is albinism?

A

lack of pigmentation

absence of tyrosinase - inability to produce melanin

33
Q

what makes up merkel’s corpuscle?

A

neuron and merkel’s cells

34
Q

what are the types of sensory receptors?

A

free and encapsulated

35
Q

what are in free sensory receptors?

A

free nerve endings

merkels corpuscle

36
Q

what makes up encapsulated sensory receptors?

A

pacinian corspuscles
krause’s end bulb
meissner corpuscles
ruffinis corpuscles

37
Q

what are the deep pressure receptors?

A

pacinian corpuscles

38
Q

what are meissner’s corpuscles?

A

touch receptors

39
Q

what are nails?

A

plates of keratinized cells containing hard keratin

40
Q

what does an eccrine sweat gland produce?

A

sweat

41
Q

what does apocrine sweat glands produce?

A

mixed product -

sweat with high concentration of carbs lipids and proteins

42
Q

what is the eponychium?

A

cuticle - hard keratin covering of nail root

43
Q

what is hyponychium?

A

thick epidermal layer

secures free edge of nail plate at fingertip

44
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis?

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
45
Q

where are stem cells present?

A

stratum basale of epidermis

46
Q

how do the spinous processes of the cells in the stratum spinosum attach to adjacent cells?

A

desmosomes

47
Q

what skin layer of the epidermis has a water barrier?

A

stratum corneum

48
Q

which layer of the skin forms the regular tension lines of the skin called langer’s lines?

A

reticular layer

49
Q

what is in the reticular layer?

A

collagen type I and elastic fibers

50
Q

what structural elements make up the epidermal water barrier of the keratinocytes?

A

cell envelope - insoluble proteins on inner plasma membrane

lipid envelope - lamellar bodies

51
Q

what is the purpose of the epidermal water barrier?

A

maintian body homeostasis

essential for mammalian dry skin

52
Q

what are lamellar bodies?

A

in lipid envelope

  • glycosphingolipids, phospholipids, ceramides
  • secreted by exocytosis
53
Q

where are melanocytes found in epidermis?

A

stratum basale

54
Q

where are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells

55
Q

what does melanocytes do?

A

make and donate melanin to keratinocytes - keratinocytes phagocytize the tips of melanocyte processes (dendrites)

56
Q

is the number of melanocytes equal in light skin and dark skin?

A

yes

57
Q

what layer of epidermis is Langerhan’s cells found?

A

stratum spinosum

58
Q

where are merkels cells found?

A

stratum basale

59
Q

what does the cytoplasm of merkels cells contain and what is it closely associated with?

A

dense neurosecretory granules

closely associated with terminal bulb of afferent nerve fibers

60
Q

what is the function of Merkel’s corpuscle?

A

mechanoreceptor

cutaneous sensation

61
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles located?

A

deep dermis and hypodermis

  • myelinated n. ending at one pole
  • unmyelinated portion of axons extends to opposite pole
62
Q

where are Meissner’s corpuscles located?

A

dermal papillae of hairless skin - lips, fingers, toes

63
Q

what types of nerves are found in Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

unmyelinated endings of myelinated nerve fibers

64
Q

what are epidermal skin appendages derived from?

A

downgrowths of epidermal epithelium during development

65
Q

what are the epidermal skin appendages?

A 
nails
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
eccrine sweat glands
apocrine sweat glands
66
Q

what is hair?

A

keratinized cells containing hard keratin

67
Q

what is nail bed continuous with?

A

stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis

68
Q

which part of the nail is the germative zone?

A

nail matrix

69
Q

what does hair color depend on?

A

content and type of melanin

70
Q

what is the dermal sheath?

A

CT surrounding hair follicle

71
Q

what is root sheath?

A 
outer - 1 = cont. with epidermis
inner 2-4 = extends to sebaceous gland level
- henle's layer
- huxleys layer
- cuticle of inner sheath
72
Q

how do sebaceous glands develop?

A

outgrowth of external root sheath of hair follicle

73
Q

what is sebum?

A

oily substance
coats hair and skin surface
holocrine secretion
role in acne

74
Q

what cells in sebaceous glands are mitotically active and sit on basal lamina?

A

basal cells

75
Q

what is the function of eccrine glands?

A

regulate body temp

76
Q

what are the two segments of eccrine sweat glands?

A

secretory - clear cells, dark cells, myoepithelial cells

duct

77
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

axilla
areola
gentitoanal

78
Q

which sweat gland secretions contain pheromones?

A

apocrine sweat glands

79
Q

what type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands have?

A

merocrine - apical vessicles released by exocytosis

Histology Post Midterm (19 decks)

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