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3. HLTH 213 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system function:

A
  • eliminate waste products through formation of urine
  • activate vit D
  • produce erythropoietin

contribute to regulation of:

  • arterial blood pressure
  • pH of body fluids
  • vol and comp of blood
  • blood glucose levels
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2
Q

kidney: features

A
  • post to peritoneum
  • within abdominal cavity
  • R kidney lower than L
  • T12-L3 level
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3
Q

kidney: surrounded by main layers

A
  • renal capsule
  • perinephric fat
  • renal fascia
  • paranephric fat
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4
Q

kidney function: renal capsule

A
  • dense ct

- barrier to fat

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5
Q

kidney function: perinephric fat

A
  • protects kidney

- holds in place

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6
Q

kidney function: renal fascia

A
  • fibrous tissue

- anchors kidney to surrounding structures

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7
Q

kidney function: paranephric fat

A
  • protection
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8
Q

kidney: main internal parts

A
  • renal cortex

- renal medulla

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9
Q

kidney: renal cortex

A

superficial layer of kidney + renal columns

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10
Q

kidney: renal medulla

A

renal pyramids - papillary ducts - minor calyces (via renal papilla) - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter

drainage system fills renal sinus cavity

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11
Q

nephron: comprised of

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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12
Q

nephron: renal corpuscle =

A

glomerular capillaries + bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

several nephrons drain into:

A

collecting duct

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14
Q

many collecting ducts drain into:

A

papillary duct

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15
Q

nephron: classified as

A
  • cortical (80-85%)

- juxtamedullary

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16
Q

nephron: cortical

A
  • renal corpuscles in outer part of cortex

- short loop of Henle, mainly in cortex

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17
Q

nephron: juxtamedullary

A
  • renal corpuscles in inner part of cortex
  • long loop of Henle, mainly in medulla
  • very important for concentrating/ diluting urine
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18
Q

nephron: renal corpuscle - glomerulus

A
  • capillaries which contain blood from body to be filtered
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19
Q

nephron: renal corpuscle - bowman’s capsule

A
  • double walled surrounding glomerulus

- receives filtrate from glomerulus (water, solutes)

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20
Q

nephron: tubules - proximal convoluted tubules

A
  • receives filtrate from bowman’s cap
  • microvilli maximise reabsorption/ secretion
  • 65% filtered H2O, nearly 100% solutes reabsorbed
  • H+, ammonium, urea, creatinine secreted
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21
Q

nephron: tubules - loop of Henle

A
  • descending/ ascending limb
  • receives filtrate from PCT
  • reabsorb water, sodium, potassium, chloride, secrete urea
  • urine conc
  • macula densa (cell at distal cell) help monitor conc of sodium, chloride in filtrate
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22
Q

nephron: tubules - distal convoluted tubules

A
  • receives filtrate from loop of Henle
  • most of tubule is involved in reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride
  • more distal part of tubule: principle cells and intercalated cells
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23
Q

nephron: tubules - DCT principle cells

A
  • reabsorb water, sodium, urea and secrete potassium

- respond to ADH and aldosterone

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24
Q

nephron: tubules - DCT intercalated cells

A
  • reabsorb bicarbonate and urea and secrete hydrogen
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25
Q

nephron: drainage - collecting ducts

A
  • receive filtrate from 1+ nephron
  • contain principle and intercalated cells
  • drain into papillary duct
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26
Q

nephron: no. of nephrons

A
  • remains constant from birth
  • no replacement
  • dysfunction occurs when function declines by 25%
  • removal of 1 kidney causes enlargement of remaining until it can filter at 80% of normal rate of 2 kidneys
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27
Q

blood supply to kidney:

A
  • R and L renal aa

- R and L renal v

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28
Q

blood supply pathway in kidney:

A

abdominal aorta - renal aa - segmental aa - interlobar aa (btw pyramids) - arcuate aaa- interlobular aa (renal columns) - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries/ and or vasa recta

29
Q

kidney: 3 major activities

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
30
Q

kidney: glomerular filtration

A
  • movement of plasma into bowman’s capsule
  • filtrate comprises of all blood except cells, platelets, most proteins

regulated by:

  • arterial blood pressure
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
31
Q

kidney: tubular reabsorption

A
  • movement of water and solutes from filtrate within nephron and back into blood vessels
  • osmosis
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated absorption
  • active transport

generally:

  • 99% water
  • 99.5% sodium
  • 100% glucose
  • 44% urea
32
Q

kidney: tubular secretion

A
  • movement of substances from blood into filtrate

important substances secreted:

  • potassium
  • hydrogen and ammonium (help control pH of body fluids)
  • creatinine
  • some drugs
33
Q

kidney: where does tubular reabsorption occur

A
  • tubules
  • loop of Henle
  • collecting ducts
34
Q

kidney: where does tubular secretion occur

A
  • tubules
  • loop of Henle
  • collecting ducts
35
Q

arterial blood pressure: determined by

A
  • cardiac output
  • peripheral resistance
  • blood vol
36
Q

kidney principally influences:

A
  • blood vol
  • also peripheral resistance
  • juxtaglomerular apparatus vital
37
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus: parts

A
  • macula densa
  • juxtaglomerular cells in wall of afferent arteriole
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells btw afferent and efferent arterioles
38
Q

lowered arterial BP or blood vol =

A
  • lower blood in renal vessels - lower stretch of afferent arterioles - juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
39
Q

angiotensin II does:

A
  • constricts efferent arterioles
  • releases aldosterone
  • release ADH
  • stimulate thirst
40
Q

result: constrict efferent arterioles

A

increase in glomerular filtration pressure

41
Q

result: release aldosterone/ ADH

A

reabsorption of more water, increase blood vol

42
Q

result: stimulate thirst

A

increase blood vol

43
Q

ureters: features

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • enters post wall of bladder
  • physiological valve (bladder wall compresses ureteral opening as it expands during filling)
  • flow results from peristalsis, gravity and hydrostatic pressure
44
Q

urinary bladder: apex

A
  • points to upper part of pubic symphysis

- connected to ant ab wall near umbilicus by median umbilical lig

45
Q

urinary bladder: base

A
  • shaped like inverted triangle
  • face postero-inf
  • ureters enter at upper corners
  • urethra exits from lower corner
  • muscosa smooth (trigone)
46
Q

urinary bladder: superior surface

A

slightly domed when empty, more so when full

47
Q

urinary bladder: 2 inferolateral surfaces

A

btw levator ani and obturator internus

48
Q

urinary bladder: neck

A
  • most inf
  • surrounds urethral opening
  • anchored by pair of fibromuscular bands -> posteroinferior parts of pubic bones
49
Q

urinary bladder: females- anterior

A

pubis

50
Q

urinary bladder: females- posterior

A
  • uterus

- vagina

51
Q

urinary bladder: females- superior

A
  • uterus

- small intestine

52
Q

urinary bladder: females- inferior

A

N/A

53
Q

urinary bladder: females- inferolateral

A

pelvic diaphragm

54
Q

urinary bladder: males- anterior

A

pubis

55
Q

urinary bladder: males- posterior

A
  • rectum
  • seminal vesicles
  • ampulla of ductus deferens
56
Q

urinary bladder: males- superior

A

small intestine

57
Q

urinary bladder: males- inferior

A

prostate

58
Q

urinary bladder: males- inferolateral

A

pelvic diaphragm

59
Q

urinary bladder: layers in wall

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis (aka detrusor)
  • adventitia
60
Q

urinary bladder: mucosa

A
  • transitional epithelium and lamina propria
  • mucus protect cells from urine
  • in rugae not trigone
61
Q

urinary bladder: muscularis

A
  • 3 layers of smooth muscle
  • circular smooth mm -> internal urethral sphincter
  • circular skeletal mm -> external urethral sphincter
62
Q

urinary bladder: adventitia

A
  • loose ct anchors it in place

- superior surface has serosal layer

63
Q

micturition reflex: step 1

A
  • bladder holds 700-800ml urine
  • vol > 200-400 stretch receptors stimulated
  • impulses sent to sacral spinal cord -> sensation of fullness/ desire to urinate
64
Q

micturition reflex: step 2

A
  • micturition reflex centre in sacral spinal cord
  • without this, reflex motor response cause bladder to contract
  • everything healthy will send inhibitory/ facilitatory signals to reflex centre
65
Q

micturition reflex: step 3

A
  • if appropriate time to urinate, facilitatory impulses descend from brain - sacral spinal cord = reflex triggered
  • efferent pathway involves parasympathetic fibres -> detrusor mm contract, int sphincter mm relax
66
Q

micturition reflex: step 4

A
  • urine enters urethra sends impulses to S2-4
  • decrease activity of pudendal n -> allow ext urethral sphincter relax
  • conscious control of ext sphincter
67
Q

micturition reflex: step 5

A

urination occurs

68
Q

urethra: female

A
  • directed anteroinferior
  • opens into vestibule
  • inf part bound to ant wall of vagina
69
Q

urethra: male

A
  • tube passes through prostate, urogenital diaphragm and penis
  • prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra (sometimes preprostatic part)
  • opens at tip of glans penis (ext urethral orifice)
  • circular smooth mm forms int urethral sphincter
  • urogential diaphragm forms ext urethral sphincter

3. HLTH 213 (22 decks)

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