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PSIO 259 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system regulates:

A
  • plasma composition (ions)
  • plasma volume + pressure
  • plasma osmolarity
  • plasma pH
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2
Q

The urinary system indirectly regulates:

A

MAP through solute and water composition in plasma

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3
Q

How does the urinary system regulate plasma pH?

A

through H+ ions and HCO3- with the lungs and blood buffering system

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4
Q

The urinary system removes:

A
  • metabolic waste

- foreign substances

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5
Q

How does the urinary system remove metabolic waste?

A
  • Removal of metabolic wastes from nutrient breakdown (urea, uric acid from proteins and nucleic acids)
  • waste products entering the body ie. Food additives, drugs
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6
Q

Name some other functions of the urinary system.

A
  • secrete EPO and renin
  • activate vitamin D3 to calcitriol
  • gluconeogenesis
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7
Q

The secretion of EPO does what?

A
  • makes them endocrine organs

- EPO signals bone marrow to increase production of RBCs

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8
Q

The secretion of renin does what?

A

renin involved with RAAS system that regulates MAP

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9
Q

Vit D activation is necessary to:

A

regulate calcium in the blood

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10
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

creates glucose from non-carbohydrate intermediates (as necessary ie. CHO low)

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11
Q

Describe the kidneys.

A
  • paired
  • bean shaped
  • approximate size of fist: 115-170 g
  • retroperitoneal
  • from urine
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12
Q

What do ureters do?

A

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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13
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

store urine

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14
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

excrete urine from bladder to outside of body

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15
Q

nephron =

A

functional unit

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16
Q

Renal corpuscle consists of:

A
  • glomerulus

- Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

glomerulus =

A

capillary network for filtration

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18
Q

What does the Bowman’s capsule do?

A
  • receives the filtrate

- inflow to renal tubules

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19
Q

Renal tubules consists of:

A
  • proximal tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
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20
Q

What makes up the proximal tubule?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule

- proximal straight tubule

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21
Q

What makes up the Loop of Henle?

A
  • descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
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22
Q

What makes up the distal convoluted tubule?

A

connecting tubule

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  • cortical

- juxtamedullary

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24
Q

Describe cortical nephrons.

A
  • short loop of Henle

- most numerous, 80-85%

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25
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons.

A
  • long loop of Henle extends into medulla

- responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient

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26
Q

Which type of nephron produces urine?

A

both types

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27
Q

Loop of Henle establishes conditions necessary to….

A
  • concentrate urine

- minimizes water loss

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28
Q

Juxtaglomerulus apparatus cell location:

A
  • DCT

- afferent arteriole + some efferent

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29
Q

Macula densa =

A
  • secretes paracrines based on changes in fluid movement and sodium concentration past the cells
  • impacts smooth muscle of afferent arteriole
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30
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells (granulosa cells) =

A
  • secrete renin (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS))
  • located in the afferent arteriole + few in the efferent arteriole
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31
Q

Renal arteries enter the kidney at the _____.

A

hilus

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32
Q

Renal arteries receive ___% of cardiac output at rest.

A

20%

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33
Q

Renal veins exit at ______.

A

hilus

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34
Q

Peritubular capillaries associated with…

A

efferent arteriole of cortical nephrons

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35
Q

Vasa recta (straight vessels) associated with…

A

efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephrons

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36
Q

Movement of protein-free plasma from _____ to _____ _____.

A

glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

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37
Q

Glomerular filtrate crosses 3 barriers to Bowman’s:

A
  • capillary endothelial layer
  • surrounding epithelial layer
  • basement membrane
38
Q

Glomerular filtration is from ______ to ______ _____.

A

glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

39
Q

Reabsorption if from _____ to _____ ______.

A

tubules to peritubular capillaries

40
Q

Secretion is from _____ _____ to ______.

A

peritubular capillaries to tubules

41
Q

Excretion is from ____ to ______.

A

tubules to out the body

42
Q

What do podocytes do?

A

provide gaps for movement of material

43
Q

Describe starling forces that favour filtration.

A
  • glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

- Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure

44
Q

Describe glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.

A
  • 60 mm Hg

- high due to resistance of efferent arteriole

45
Q

Describe Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure.

A
  • 0 mm Hg

- low due to lack of protein in filtrate

46
Q

Describe starling forces that oppose filtration.

A
  • Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

- glomerular oncotic pressure

47
Q

Describe Bownman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure.

A
  • 15 mm Hg

- relatively high (compared to systemic capillaries) due to large volume of filtrate in closed space

48
Q

Describe glomerular oncotic pressure.

A
  • 29 mm Hg

- higher than in systemic capillaries due to plasma proteins in smaller volume of plasma

49
Q

Name 3 ways for intrinsic regulation of GFR.

A
  • myogenic regulation
  • tubuloglomerular feedback
  • mesangial cells
50
Q

Describe myogenic regulation.

A
  • smooth muscle in wall of afferent arteriole

- contracts in response to stretch (from increases to MAP) to maintain GFR (vv. if MAP falls)

51
Q

Describe tubuloglomerular feedback.

A
  • Macula densa cells secrete paracrine factors in response to an increase in flow of fluid past them
  • smooth muscles of arterioles contract in response to these paracrinse
52
Q

Describe mesangial tubuloglomerular feedback.

A

reduced SA for filtration (reduces flow to some capillaries)

53
Q

Describe extrinsic tubuloglomerular feedback.

A

both afferent and efferent arterioles are constricted (decr. GFR, incr. MAP)

54
Q

Extrinsic control of GFR is influenced by _____. _____ changes accordingly

A
  • MAP

- GFR

55
Q

Kidneys have the ability to deal with changes to MAP within ___ to _____ mm Hg. Beyond this range:

A
  • 80-180 mm Hg

- beyond this range, GFR is altered (falls below “normal” or increases above “normal”)

56
Q

Reabsorption most occurs in ____ _____ and most is/is not regulated.

A
  • proximal tubules

- not regulated

57
Q

Describe solute reabsorption.

A
  • most occurs in PCT
  • some occurs in DCT
  • 100% glucose reabsorbed (most other ions and water as well)
58
Q

What can effect the rate of transport?

A
  • can occur with carriers

- if carriers saturated, some solute is excreted

59
Q

When solute is transported across epithelium by carrier proteins, _______ can occur when solute concentration rises

A

saturation of carriers

60
Q

What is renal threshold?

A

plasma concentration at which spillover into urine occurs

61
Q

Name 5 secreted substances.

A
  • potassium
  • hydrogen ions
  • choline
  • creatinine
  • penicillin
62
Q

______ reabsorption in the proximal tubules.

A

non-regulated

63
Q

______ reabsorption and secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

A

regulated

64
Q

Water conservation in the ________ because it:

A
  • loop of Henle

- concentrates urine

65
Q

____ _____ is the mass reabsorber.

A
  • proximal tubule
66
Q

Proximal tubule reabsorbes ____% sodium and water.

A

70%

67
Q

Proximal tubule reabsorbes ____% glucose.

A

100%

68
Q

_____ ____ in the proximal tubule provides for large surface area.

A

brush border

69
Q

____ ____ _____ in the proximal tubule allow paracellular transport.

A

leaky tight junctions

70
Q

____ increases surface area.

A

villi

71
Q

What drive active transport?

A

many mitochondria

72
Q

In the distal tubule, transport is regulated across ______.

A

epithelium

73
Q

____ _____ limit paracellular transport.

A

tight junctions

74
Q

There are ____ mitochondria in the distal tubule.

A

fewer

75
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Na+ reabsorption

76
Q

What does ANP do?

A

opposes Na+ reabsorption

77
Q

What does ADH do?

A

water retention/reabsorption

78
Q

Amount of substance excreted =

A

amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed

79
Q

Amount excreted depends on 3 factors:

A
  • filtered load
  • secretion rate
  • reabsorption rate
80
Q

If amount of solute excreted per minute is less than filtered load:

A

solute was reabsorbed

81
Q

If amount of solute excreted per minute is greater than filtered load:

A

solute was secreted

82
Q

Micturition =

A

urination

83
Q

Urine formed in ____ ____.

A

renal tubules

84
Q

Fluid drains into ____ _____ and into _____.

A
  • renal pelvis

- ureter

85
Q

Ureters lead to ______.

A

bladder

86
Q

_____ stores urine until it is excreted.

A

bladder

87
Q

Describe what happens in terms of blood flow and the urinary system when we exercise.

A
  • 25% below resting
  • blood flow to kidneys reduced in favour of active muscles
  • primary factor is to offset vasodilation in muscles
  • more Na+ reabsorbed
88
Q

Describe the intensity effect.

A
  • proteinuria (RBCs and WBCs)

- hydration can offset this

89
Q

Describe the reduction in BP with training.

A

decreased circulating NE (due to decreased sympathetic activity) with training

90
Q

Gluconeogenesis at the kidneys increases by ____% following exercise.

A
  • 50%

- lactic acid is converted to glucose

91
Q

Recovery from dehydration and changes in electrolytes from exercise, particularly:

A

heavy intensity, long duration persists for hours/days following

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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