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PSIO 259 > Respiratory System 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A
  • Exchange between blood and body tissues

- Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Exchange between lungs and blood
  • Transportation in blood
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3
Q

Name 3 forces for air flow.

A
  • Pressure gradient
  • Patm - constant
  • Palv - changes
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4
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

pressure is inversely related to volume

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5
Q

Name 2 factors determining intra-alveolar pressure.

A
  • Quantity of air in alveoli

- Volume of alveoli

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6
Q

What happens as the lungs expand?

A
  • alveolar volume increases
  • Palv decreases
  • pressure gradient drives air into lungs
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7
Q

What haps as the lungs recoil?

A
  • alveolar volume decreases
  • Palv increases
  • pressure gradient drives air out of lungs
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8
Q

Inspiration is ____ stimulation of inspiratory muscles.

A

neural

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9
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contraction causes it to flatten and move downward

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10
Q

What happens to the external intercostals during inspiration?

A

Contraction of external intercostals makes ribs pivot upward and outward, expanding the chest wall

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11
Q

What happens to thoracic cavity volume during inspiration?

A

increases

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12
Q

What happens to the pleura during inspiration? What results?

A
  • Outward pull on pleura decreases intrapleural pressure

- increase in transpulmonary pressure

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13
Q

What happens to alveoli during inspiration?

A
  • Alveoli expand, decreasing alveolar pressure

- air flows into alveoli by bulk flow

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14
Q

Expiration is normally a _____ process.

A

passive

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15
Q

What happens when inspiratory muscles stop contracting?

A

When inspiratory muscles stop contracting, recoil of the lungs and chest wall to their original positions decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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16
Q

Active expiration requires what?

A

expiratory muscles

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17
Q

What does a contraction of expiratory muscles do?

A

creates a greater and faster decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

Name 4 factors that contribute to total lung capacity.

A
  • tidal volume (Vt)
  • inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • residual volume (RV)
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19
Q

What is tidal volume (Vt)?

A
  • 500 mL

- single, unforced breath

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20
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A
  • 3000 mL

- after breathing in, volume you can still inspire

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21
Q

What expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A
  • 1000 mL

- after breathing out, volume you can still expire

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22
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A
  • 1200 mL
  • volume left after ERV
  • measurable by helium dilution method
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23
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) =

A

Vt + IRV = 3500 mL

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24
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A
  • volume remaining after resting tidal volume

- FRC = ERV + RV = 5700 mL

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25
Q

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

maximum volume inhalation followed by exhalation as fast as possible

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26
Q

Low FVC indicates …

A

restrictive pulmonary disease

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27
Q

What is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?

A

percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within certain time frame

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28
Q

What is FEV1?

A

percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within 1 second

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29
Q

Normal FEV1 =

A

80%

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30
Q

If FVC = 4000 mL, should expire ____ mL in 1 sec.

A

3200 mL

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31
Q

FEV1 <80% indicates:

A

obstructive pulmonary disease

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32
Q

What is minute ventilation (Ve)?

A
  • total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute
  • Vt x RR
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33
Q

What is normal respiration rate (RR)?

A

12 breaths/min

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34
Q

What is normal Vt?

A

500 mL

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35
Q

What is normal Ve?

A

500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min

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36
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

(VT × RR) – (DSV × RR)

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37
Q

Describe arterial blood O2 and CO2 levels.

A

remain relatively constant

38
Q

O2 moves from ____ to ____ at the same rate it is…

A
  • alveoli to blood

- consumed by cells

39
Q

CO2 moves from ____ to ____ at the same rate it is…

A
  • blood to alveoli

- produced by cells

40
Q

Diffusion between alveoli and blood is _____. Why?

A
  • rapid
  • small diffusion barrier
  • large SA
41
Q

Gases diffuse ____ pressure gradients.

A

down

42
Q

In gas mixtures, gases diffuse down ____ ____ ____.

A

partial pressure gradients

43
Q

A particular gas diffuses down which partial pressure gradient?

A
  • its own

- presence of other gases is irrelevant

44
Q

PO2 systemic arteries =

A

100 mm Hg

45
Q

PO2 cells ≤

A

40 mm Hg

46
Q

Oxygen diffuses from ____ to ____.

A

blood to cells

47
Q

PO2 systemic veins =

A

40 mm Hg

48
Q

PCO2 cells ≥

A

46 mm Hg

49
Q

PCO2 systemic arteries =

A

40 mm Hg

50
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses from ____ to _____.

A

cells to blood

51
Q

PCO2 systemic veins =

A

46 mm Hg

52
Q

Describe oxygen transport by hemoglobin.

A
  • O2 is not very soluble in plasma
  • Only 3.0 mL of every 200 mL of arterial blood O2 is dissolved in plasma (1.5%)
  • The other 197 mL of arterial blood O2 is transported by hemoglobin
53
Q

Describe ways that oxygen can bind to hemoglobin.

A
  • Hb + O2
  • HbO2
  • Hb = deoxyhemoglobin
  • HbO2 = oxyhemoglobin
54
Q

Hemoglobin can bind up to ___ oxygen molecules.

A

4

55
Q

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin follows:

A

the law of mass action

56
Q

More oxygen –> ____ binds to hemoglobin.

A

more

57
Q

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is what type of relationship?

A
  • nonlinear

- positive cooperativity

58
Q

All 4 sites of Hb have O2 bound ____%.

A

100%

59
Q

What is saturation of hemoglobin?

A

a measure of how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin

60
Q

100% saturation of hemoglobin means:

A

all four binding sites on hemoglobin have oxygen bound to them

61
Q

Describe the carrying capacity of blood for oxygen.

A

When 100% saturated, 1 g hemoglobin carries 1.34 mL O2

62
Q

Normal blood hemoglobin levels are:

A

2-17 g/dL

63
Q

What is the O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in blood?

A

200 mL O2 per 1 L blood

64
Q

In arterial blood, hemoglobin is ____% saturated.

A

98.5%

65
Q

In venous blood, hemoglobin is ____% saturated.

A

75%

66
Q

How does shifting right on the HbO2 dissociation curve effect O2 affinity changes?

A

less loading of O2 (saturation) and more unloading

67
Q

How does shifting left on the HbO2 dissociation curve effect O2 affinity changes?

A

more loading of O2 (saturation) and less unloading

68
Q

How does higher temperature effect HbO2 dissociation curve?

A
  • Active tissues
  • Shift right
  • More O2 unloading in tissues
  • More O2 delivery to tissues
69
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

lower pH increases O2 unloading

70
Q

Active tissues produce ___ acid; pH ______ in tissues.

A
  • more

- decreases

71
Q

Decreased pH causes shift ____ in saturation curve, which means _____ O2 is unloaded to tissues.

A
  • right

- more

72
Q

What is the carbamino effect?

A
  • CO2 reacts with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin

- Hb + CO2 HbCO2

73
Q

HbCO2 has _____ affinity for oxygen than Hb.

A

lower

74
Q

Increased metabolic activity –> ______ CO2

A

increases

75
Q

what is 2,3 DPG?

A

2,3 diphosphoglycerate

76
Q

Where is 2,3 DPG produced?

A

RBC under conditions of low O2 such as anemia and high altitude

77
Q

2, 3 DPG synthesis is inhibited by _______.

A

oxyhemoglobin

78
Q

2, 3 DPG decreases affinity of _____ for O2, ______ O2 uploading.

A
  • hemoglobin

- enhancing

79
Q

Hemoglobin has greater affinity for ______ than for O2.

A

carbon monoxide (CO)

80
Q

Carbon monoxide prevents O2 from binding to _____.

A

hemoglobin

81
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A
  • Promotes unloading of CO2 at lungs; loading of CO2 at tissues
  • alterations to Hb affinity for CO2 due to O2 binding
82
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

Enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

83
Q

Describe the law of mass action.

A

an increase in CO2 causes an increase in bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

84
Q

CO2 is more soluble in ____ than O2, but still not very soluble.

A

plasma

85
Q

___% CO2 transported dissolved in plasma.

A

5-6%

86
Q

CO2 can bind to hemoglobin to form _______.

A

carbaminohemoglobin

87
Q

____% carbaminohemoglobin transported bound to hemoglobin.

A

5-8%

88
Q

CO2 can be converted to _____ by erythrocytes, then transported in _____.

A
  • bicarbonate

- plasma

89
Q

_____% of transported CO2 dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate.

A

86-90%

90
Q

Bohr effect = alterations to:

A

Hb affinity to O2 due to changes in pH

91
Q

Carbamino effect = alterations to:

A

Hb affinity due to O2 due to binding of CO2 to Hb (ie. CO2 bound to Hb = decreased affinity for O2 = O2 off loading at tissues)

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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