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Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A
  • Exchange between blood and body tissues

- Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Exchange between lungs and blood
  • Transportation in blood
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3
Q

Name 3 forces for air flow.

A
  • Pressure gradient
  • Patm - constant
  • Palv - changes
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4
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

pressure is inversely related to volume

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5
Q

Name 2 factors determining intra-alveolar pressure.

A
  • Quantity of air in alveoli

- Volume of alveoli

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6
Q

What happens as the lungs expand?

A
  • alveolar volume increases
  • Palv decreases
  • pressure gradient drives air into lungs
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7
Q

What haps as the lungs recoil?

A
  • alveolar volume decreases
  • Palv increases
  • pressure gradient drives air out of lungs
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8
Q

Inspiration is ____ stimulation of inspiratory muscles.

A

neural

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9
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contraction causes it to flatten and move downward

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10
Q

What happens to the external intercostals during inspiration?

A

Contraction of external intercostals makes ribs pivot upward and outward, expanding the chest wall

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11
Q

What happens to thoracic cavity volume during inspiration?

A

increases

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12
Q

What happens to the pleura during inspiration? What results?

A
  • Outward pull on pleura decreases intrapleural pressure

- increase in transpulmonary pressure

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13
Q

What happens to alveoli during inspiration?

A
  • Alveoli expand, decreasing alveolar pressure

- air flows into alveoli by bulk flow

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14
Q

Expiration is normally a _____ process.

A

passive

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15
Q

What happens when inspiratory muscles stop contracting?

A

When inspiratory muscles stop contracting, recoil of the lungs and chest wall to their original positions decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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16
Q

Active expiration requires what?

A

expiratory muscles

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17
Q

What does a contraction of expiratory muscles do?

A

creates a greater and faster decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

Name 4 factors that contribute to total lung capacity.

A
  • tidal volume (Vt)
  • inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • residual volume (RV)
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19
Q

What is tidal volume (Vt)?

A
  • 500 mL

- single, unforced breath

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20
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A
  • 3000 mL

- after breathing in, volume you can still inspire

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21
Q

What expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A
  • 1000 mL

- after breathing out, volume you can still expire

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22
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A
  • 1200 mL
  • volume left after ERV
  • measurable by helium dilution method
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23
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) =

A

Vt + IRV = 3500 mL

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24
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A
  • volume remaining after resting tidal volume

- FRC = ERV + RV = 5700 mL

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25
What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
maximum volume inhalation followed by exhalation as fast as possible
26
Low FVC indicates ...
restrictive pulmonary disease
27
What is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?
percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within certain time frame
28
What is FEV1?
percentage of FVC that can be exhaled within 1 second
29
Normal FEV1 =
80%
30
If FVC = 4000 mL, should expire ____ mL in 1 sec.
3200 mL
31
FEV1 <80% indicates:
obstructive pulmonary disease
32
What is minute ventilation (Ve)?
- total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute - Vt x RR
33
What is normal respiration rate (RR)?
12 breaths/min
34
What is normal Vt?
500 mL
35
What is normal Ve?
500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min
36
What is alveolar ventilation?
(VT × RR) – (DSV × RR)
37
Describe arterial blood O2 and CO2 levels.
remain relatively constant
38
O2 moves from ____ to ____ at the same rate it is...
- alveoli to blood | - consumed by cells
39
CO2 moves from ____ to ____ at the same rate it is...
- blood to alveoli | - produced by cells
40
Diffusion between alveoli and blood is _____. Why?
- rapid - small diffusion barrier - large SA
41
Gases diffuse ____ pressure gradients.
down
42
In gas mixtures, gases diffuse down ____ ____ ____.
partial pressure gradients
43
A particular gas diffuses down which partial pressure gradient?
- its own | - presence of other gases is irrelevant
44
PO2 systemic arteries =
100 mm Hg
45
PO2 cells ≤
40 mm Hg
46
Oxygen diffuses from ____ to ____.
blood to cells
47
PO2 systemic veins =
40 mm Hg
48
PCO2 cells ≥
46 mm Hg
49
PCO2 systemic arteries =
40 mm Hg
50
Carbon dioxide diffuses from ____ to _____.
cells to blood
51
PCO2 systemic veins =
46 mm Hg
52
Describe oxygen transport by hemoglobin.
- O2 is not very soluble in plasma - Only 3.0 mL of every 200 mL of arterial blood O2 is dissolved in plasma (1.5%) - The other 197 mL of arterial blood O2 is transported by hemoglobin
53
Describe ways that oxygen can bind to hemoglobin.
- Hb + O2 - HbO2 - Hb = deoxyhemoglobin - HbO2 = oxyhemoglobin
54
Hemoglobin can bind up to ___ oxygen molecules.
4
55
Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin follows:
the law of mass action
56
More oxygen --> ____ binds to hemoglobin.
more
57
The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is what type of relationship?
- nonlinear | - positive cooperativity
58
All 4 sites of Hb have O2 bound ____%.
100%
59
What is saturation of hemoglobin?
a measure of how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin
60
100% saturation of hemoglobin means:
all four binding sites on hemoglobin have oxygen bound to them
61
Describe the carrying capacity of blood for oxygen.
When 100% saturated, 1 g hemoglobin carries 1.34 mL O2
62
Normal blood hemoglobin levels are:
2-17 g/dL
63
What is the O2-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in blood?
200 mL O2 per 1 L blood
64
In arterial blood, hemoglobin is ____% saturated.
98.5%
65
In venous blood, hemoglobin is ____% saturated.
75%
66
How does shifting right on the HbO2 dissociation curve effect O2 affinity changes?
less loading of O2 (saturation) and more unloading
67
How does shifting left on the HbO2 dissociation curve effect O2 affinity changes?
more loading of O2 (saturation) and less unloading
68
How does higher temperature effect HbO2 dissociation curve?
- Active tissues - Shift right - More O2 unloading in tissues - More O2 delivery to tissues
69
What is the Bohr effect?
lower pH increases O2 unloading
70
Active tissues produce ___ acid; pH ______ in tissues.
- more | - decreases
71
Decreased pH causes shift ____ in saturation curve, which means _____ O2 is unloaded to tissues.
- right | - more
72
What is the carbamino effect?
- CO2 reacts with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin | - Hb + CO2 HbCO2
73
HbCO2 has _____ affinity for oxygen than Hb.
lower
74
Increased metabolic activity --> ______ CO2
increases
75
what is 2,3 DPG?
2,3 diphosphoglycerate
76
Where is 2,3 DPG produced?
RBC under conditions of low O2 such as anemia and high altitude
77
2, 3 DPG synthesis is inhibited by _______.
oxyhemoglobin
78
2, 3 DPG decreases affinity of _____ for O2, ______ O2 uploading.
- hemoglobin | - enhancing
79
Hemoglobin has greater affinity for ______ than for O2.
carbon monoxide (CO)
80
Carbon monoxide prevents O2 from binding to _____.
hemoglobin
81
What is the haldane effect?
- Promotes unloading of CO2 at lungs; loading of CO2 at tissues - alterations to Hb affinity for CO2 due to O2 binding
82
What is carbonic anhydrase?
Enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
83
Describe the law of mass action.
an increase in CO2 causes an increase in bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
84
CO2 is more soluble in ____ than O2, but still not very soluble.
plasma
85
___% CO2 transported dissolved in plasma.
5-6%
86
CO2 can bind to hemoglobin to form _______.
carbaminohemoglobin
87
____% carbaminohemoglobin transported bound to hemoglobin.
5-8%
88
CO2 can be converted to _____ by erythrocytes, then transported in _____.
- bicarbonate | - plasma
89
_____% of transported CO2 dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate.
86-90%
90
Bohr effect = alterations to:
Hb affinity to O2 due to changes in pH
91
Carbamino effect = alterations to:
Hb affinity due to O2 due to binding of CO2 to Hb (ie. CO2 bound to Hb = decreased affinity for O2 = O2 off loading at tissues)

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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