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PSIO 259 > Blood Components and Blood Clotting > Flashcards

Blood Components and Blood Clotting Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average blood volume for women?

A

5.0 L

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2
Q

What is the average blood volume for men?

A

5.5 L

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3
Q

Name the 4 components of blood.

A
  • plasma
  • erythrocytes: hematocrit
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
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4
Q

How much plasma is there in blood?

A

3 L

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5
Q

Erythrocytes make up what percent of blood in men?

A

42-52%

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6
Q

Erythrocytes make up what percent of blood in women?

A

37-47%

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7
Q

Plasma without clotting factors is called:

A

serum

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8
Q

Plasma is ____ % water and ____% proteins.

A

90% water and 6-8% proteins

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9
Q

Plasma contains:

A
  • water
  • gases
  • small proteins
  • nutrients
  • electrolytes
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10
Q

What small proteins are in plasma?

A
  • clotting proteins

- albumin (osmotic pressure gradient)

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11
Q

What electrolytes are in plasma?

A
  • Na+ and Cl–

- H+, HCO3–, K+, and Ca2+

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12
Q

How many RBCs/mL of blood?

A

5 billion

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13
Q

Describe the shape of RBCs.

A
  • biconcave disk
  • large surface area
  • favours diffusion
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14
Q

Describe the diameter of RBCs.

A

8 μm

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15
Q

Describe the thickness of RBCs.

A

2 μm

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16
Q

Continuous glucose supply to the RBC via _____ _____.

A

facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

How does glycolysis play a role in RBCs?

A

produces ATP necessary for function

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18
Q

RBCs play a role in:

A
  • vessel dilation (in response to shear stress)

- formation of NO

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19
Q

Describe the hemoglobin molecule.

A
  • Iron-containing

- Binds: O2, CO2, H+, and CO

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20
Q

Describe O2 transport via hemoglobin.

A
  • 98.5% is bound to Hb

- 1.5% is dissolved in plasma

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21
Q

Describe CO2 transport via hemoglobin.

A
  • Converted to bicarbonate
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Bound to Hb
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22
Q

Oxygenated Hb is ____ ____.

A

bright red

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23
Q

deoxygenated Hb is ____ ____.

A

dark red

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24
Q

Erythrocytes have no:

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • organelles
  • no division of mature RBCs
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25
Q

Describe the life span of erythrocytes.

A

short life span = 120 days

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26
Q

We replace ______ RBCs/sec, which = ______ /day

A
  • 2-3 million RBCs/sec

- = 200 billion/day

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27
Q

Where are erythrocytes synthesized?

A

red bone marrow

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28
Q

What is the process of erythrocyte synthesis called?

A

erythropoiesis

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29
Q

What happens to old RBCs?

A
  • filtering and destruction of erythrocytes
  • spleen filters and removes old erythrocytes
  • liver metabolizes by-products
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30
Q

_____ triggers differentiation of stem cells to erythrocytes.

A

erythropoietin

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31
Q

Developing erythrocytes produce _____.

A

hemoglobin

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32
Q

Developing erythrocytes lose ____ and _____.

A

nuclei and organelles

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33
Q

_____ and _____ develop from the same stem cells in bone marrow. What are these stem cells called?

A
  • erythrocytes and leukocytes

- hematopoietic stem cells

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34
Q

Erythrocyte synthesis is stimulated by _____.

A

erythropoietin

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35
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted from:

A

kidneys under conditions of low oxygen levels in blood flowing to kidneys

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36
Q

What are the 3 requirements for erythrocyte production?

A
  • iron
  • folic acid
  • vitamin B12
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37
Q

Iron is a component of ______.

A

hemoglobin (heme portion)

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38
Q

Normal hemoglobin content of blood for men is:

A

13-18 g/dL

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39
Q

Normal hemoglobin content of blood for women is:

A

12-16 g/dL

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40
Q

Folic acid is necessary for:

A

DNA replication and thus cell proliferation

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41
Q

Vitamin B12 is necessary for:

A

DNA replication and thus cell proliferation

42
Q

Spleen macrophages filter blood by:

A

phagocytosis of old, fragile RBCs

43
Q

Describe how hemoglobin is catabolized in the spleen.

A
  • After iron removed, heme → bilirubin
  • Bilirubin is released into bloodstream
  • Travels to liver for further metabolism
  • Products of bilirubin catabolism are (1) secreted in bile and travel to the intestinal tract or (2) released into the bloodstream and excreted in urine
44
Q

What happens to iron afterwards?

A

recycled for synthesis of new hemoglobin

45
Q

Iron is transported in blood bound to ______. From ___ to ____ _____.

A
  • transferrin
  • From GI tract to bone marrow
  • From liver to bone marrow
46
Q

Iron is stored bound to _____, in where?

A
  • ferritin
  • liver
  • spleen
  • small intestine
47
Q

What happens when there is damage to a blood vessel?

A
  • vessel constricts to minimize blood loss (vascular spasm)
  • intrinsic vascular response
  • sympathetic innervation
  • endothelial layer becomes sticky
48
Q

Platelets=

A

thrombocytes

49
Q

What is the function of the platelet (thrombocytes) plug?

A
  • forms around the site of vessel damage
  • decreases blood loss
  • necessary for production of a blood clot
50
Q

What 2 things prevent the spread of a platelet plug?

A
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2)

- nitric oxide

51
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2) is ____ ___ healthy endothelial cells.

A

produced in

52
Q

Nitric oxide is ____ ___ healthy endothelial cells.

A

released by

53
Q

Describe the steps of the platelet plug: platelet adhesion.

A
  1. blood vessel damage
  2. exposure of subendothelium
  3. Von Willebrand factor binds to collagen fibres
  4. Platelets bind to vWf
  5. platelet adhesion, sticky, secretions
54
Q

vWf is found in:

A
  • plasma

- endothelial layer = increased stickiness

55
Q

Secretions for the platelet plug causes:

A

vasoconstriction

56
Q

Aggregated platelets release 5 secretory products. What are they?

A
  • ADP
  • serotonin
  • epinephrine
  • coagulation chemicals
  • thromboxane A2 (positive feedback)
57
Q

What does ADP do for the platelet plug?

A

increases stickiness (positive feedback)

58
Q

What does serotonin do for the platelet plug?

A

vasoconstriction

59
Q

What does epinephrine do for the platelet plug?

A

vasoconstriction

60
Q

Aggregation of platelet plugs is a _____ feedback mechanism.

A

positive

61
Q

Clotting =

A

coagulation

62
Q

Describe coagulation.

A
  • gel-like (thrombus)

- occurs around platelet plug

63
Q

Signals by what lead to formation of blood clot?

A

aggregated platelets + fibrin

64
Q

The coagulation cascade is ____ feedback.

A

positive feedback (thrombin regulates its own activation)

65
Q

What do plasminogen activators do?

A

convert plasminogen to plasmin

66
Q

Give an example of plasminogen activators.

A
  • tissue plasminogen activator
  • Secreted by endothelial cells during clot formation
  • Activated by fibrin
67
Q

Clotting factors produced by the _____.

A

liver

68
Q

Clotting factors are secreted into ______ in _____ form.

A

blood in inactive form

69
Q

Clotting factors are activated during ______.

A

cascade

70
Q

Name a factor that limits clot formation.

A

anticoagulants

71
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

proteins in plasma and on the surface of endothelial cells

72
Q

How does aspirin affect platelet aggregation in low doses?

A
  • anitcoagulant

- decreases platelet aggregation

73
Q

How does aspirin affect platelet aggregation in high doses?

A
  • increases platelet aggregation

- limits formation of prostaglandin (a clot inhibitor) and can induce clot formation

74
Q

EPO =

A

erythropoietin

75
Q

_____ and _____ increase with exercise (endurance training). Increases of ___% over sedentary individuals are reported.

A
  • plasma volume and red cell volume

- 30%

76
Q

High blood volume =

A

high VO2 max (regardless of training)

77
Q

Heavy intensity exercise increases the stimulus for both _____ and ______.

A

plasma volume and RBC expansion

78
Q

Albumin increase =

A
  • greater movement into vessels
  • increased synthesis by the liver
  • decreased movement out of vessels (impact on osmotic pressure gradient)
79
Q

Increased aldosterone, ADH =

A

increased sodium and water retention following exercise and reduced excretion of water and sodium

80
Q

EPO increases by ____x’s value (sea level vs altitude >4000m) after ___ days. New RBCs at _____ days

A
  • 8x
  • 3 days
  • 5-7 days
81
Q

Why does blood volume change occur at sea level?

A
  • due to hormones
  • GH
  • intensity and duration dependent
82
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
83
Q

Describe the synthesis of leukocytes.

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cells
  • Full maturity in bone marrow (Except: T cells)
  • To thymus
84
Q

All types of leukocytes are formed from:

A

hematopoietic stem cells

85
Q

Describe neutrophils.

A
  • Represent 50–80% of leukocytes in blood
  • Phagocytes
  • Circulate in blood for 7–10 hours
  • Migrate to tissues for a few days
  • numbers increase during infections
86
Q

Describe eosinophils.

A
  • Represent 1–4% of leukocytes
  • Phagocytes (but not main mechanism of action)
  • Defend against parasitic invaders (e.g., parasitic worms)
  • Granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites
87
Q

Describe basophils.

A
  • Represent less than 1% of leukocytes
  • Nonphagocytic
  • May defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances
  • Contribute to allergic reactions
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
88
Q

Describe monocytes.

A
  • Represent 5% of leukocytes
  • Phagocytes
  • New monocytes circulate in blood for a few hours
  • Migrate to tissues and become macrophages (wandering and fixed macrophages)
89
Q

Describe lymphocytes.

A
  • Represent 30% of leukocytes

- Represent 99% of interstitial fluid cells

90
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B lymphocytes (B cells)
  • T lymphocytes (T cells)
  • Null cells (most are Natural Killer cells (NK))
91
Q

Leukocytes function in:

A

defence of body

92
Q

Leukocytes are part of the ___ _____.

A

immune system

93
Q

Leukocytes defend against:

A

pathogens

94
Q

Leukocytes identify and destroy _____ _____.

A

cancer cells

95
Q

Leukocytes perform ______ of debris from dead or injured cells.

A

phagocytosis

96
Q

B cells are associated with _____.

A

antibodies

97
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

mark invaders for destruction

98
Q

What secretes antibodies?

A

plasma cells

99
Q

Describe T cells.

A
  • Directly damage foreign cells
  • Contact infected, mutant, or transplanted cells
  • Develop into cytotoxic T cells that destroy target cells
    (Takes several days)
  • Secretory products form pores in the target cell’s membrane
    Lysis occurs
100
Q

Describe Null cells.

A
  • Most are natural killer cells
  • Important against viral infections
  • Attack virus-infected cells, causing lysis
  • Fast acting—early immune response

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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