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PSIO 259 > Immune System 1 > Flashcards

Immune System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define physical barriers.

A

skin and mucous membranes

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2
Q

Define leukocytes.

A
  • white blood cells

- wide range of immune responses

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3
Q

Define lymphoid tissues.

A
  • bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

- development and function of leukocytes

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4
Q

What makes up the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • sebaceous glands
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5
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • inhibit bacterial growth

- sebum = oil

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6
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

viscous mucus traps foreign matter

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7
Q

Name 4 leukocyte phagocytes.

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
  • dendritic cells
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8
Q

What is the most abundant phagocyte in leukocytes?

A

neutrophils

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9
Q

What are monocytes in leukocytes?

A

macrophages (in tissue)

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10
Q

What do dendritic cells do as phagocytes?

A

activate T cells

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11
Q

Phagocytes secrete:

A

cytokines

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12
Q

Phagocytes circulate in blood for ______ hours and migrate to tissues for ____ days.

A
  • 7-10 hours

- a few days

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13
Q

Name 3 non-phagocytes.

A
  • basophils
  • mast cells
  • lymphocytes
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14
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • cells of skin and mucosa

- histamine

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells
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16
Q

B cells are associated with _____.

A

antibodies

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17
Q

When B cells contact antigen, they become _____ cells

A

plasma

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18
Q

_____ cell secretes antibodies (immunoglobulins).

A

plasma

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19
Q

___ ____ _____ mark invaders for destruction.

A

B cell antibodies

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20
Q

T cells directly damage ______ cells.

A

foreign

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21
Q

T cells contact _____, _____, or _______ cells.

A

infected, mutant, or transplanted cells

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22
Q

T cells develop into ______ T cells that destroy.

A

cytotoxic

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23
Q

Describe target cells of T cells.

A
  • takes several days
  • secretory products form pores in the target cell’s membrane
  • lysis
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24
Q

Most null cells are:

A

natural killer cells

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25
Q

Null cells are important defines against ____ _____.

A

viral infections

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26
Q

What are lymphoid tissues?

A

central lymphoid tissue = bone marrow + thymus

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27
Q

Describe bone marrow.

A
  • hematopoietic stem cells

- leukocyte development

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28
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are precursors for _______.

A

all blood cells

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29
Q

Leukocytes (except T lymphocytes) fully develop in ____ ____.

A

bone marrow

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30
Q

Thymus is responsible for ____ and _____.

A

migration and maturity

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31
Q

T lymphocytes migrate from _____ to _____.

A

bone marrow to thymus

32
Q

T lymphocytes reach maturity in _____.

A

thymus

33
Q

What makes up the peripheral lymphoid tissues?

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • adenoids
  • appendix
  • Peyer’s patches
34
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues are collections of ____, _____, and _____.

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • macrophages
35
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues trap ______ and _____ _____, and expose them to _____ in high concentrations

A
  • microorganisms and foreign particles

- leukocytes

36
Q

____ and ____ ___ filter blood and lymph.

A

spleen and lymph nodes

37
Q

What do tonsils and adenoids do?

A

trap inhaled particles

38
Q

What do the appendix and Peyer’s patches do?

A

trap ingested particles

39
Q

Name 5 nonspecific defences (innate defences).

A
  • physical barriers
  • inflammation
  • interferons
  • natural killer cells
  • complement system
40
Q

Define inflammation.

A

series of events causing accumulation of proteins, fluid, and phagocytes in an injured or invaded area

41
Q

What are the 5 steps of inflammation?

A
  1. macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter
  2. capillaries dilate and become more permeable
  3. foreign matter is contained
  4. more leukocytes migrate to area
  5. leukocytes clear infection
42
Q

Describe the phagocytosis of pathogens.

A
  • proteins on microbes bound by macrophages
  • triggers phagocytosis and secretions
  • secretory products trigger subsequent steps
43
Q

Describe the steps to dilation and increased permeability in capillaries.

A
  • damaged mast cells secrete histamine
  • histamine triggers dilation and increases permeability
  • result: increased blood flow and increased movement of proteins and cells to injured tissue
44
Q

Name 4 symptoms of inflammation induced by effects of histamine.

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • edema
  • pain
45
Q

Describe the containment of foreign matter during inflammation.

A
  • mast cells and basophils –> heparin

- heparin prevents clot formation initially so blood cells can access area

46
Q

_____ ____ eventually form a clot in tissue, which does what?

A
  • clotting factors

- prevent spread of foreign matter

47
Q

What happens within 1 hour for leukocyte migration and proliferation?

A

neutrophil migration

48
Q

What happens within 10 hours for leukocyte migration and proliferation?

A

monocyte migration –> macrophages

49
Q

Describe leukocyte proliferation.

A
  • cytokines travel to bone marrow
  • stimulate production of leukocytes
  • increase 4-5 times in circulating numbers
50
Q

Describe how cells move from blood to tissue triggered by cytokines.

A
  • margination: move to vasculature wall
  • attachment: bind to wall
  • diapedesis: move between endothelial cells
51
Q

What is movement in tissue to injury called?

A

chemotaxis

52
Q

Once foreign particles are present in damaged or invaded tissue, _____ must clear the tissue.

A

leukocytes

53
Q

Name the 4 steps of phagocytosis.

A
  1. attachment
  2. internalization
  3. degradation
  4. exocytosis
54
Q

Describe the attachment step of phagocytosis.

A

specific: damaged cells or protein-targeted cells

55
Q

Describe the internalization step of phagocytosis.

A
  • fast

- phagosome + lysosome –> secondary lysosome

56
Q

Describe the degradation step of phagocytosis.

A

lysosome enzymes degrade phagocytosed product

57
Q

Describe the exocytosis step of phagocytosis.

A

elimination of some degradation products

58
Q

The secretion of cytokines is by ______.

A

phagocytes

59
Q

cytokinesis triggers..?

A

attachment of foreign particles

60
Q

what are the responses of cytokinesis?

A
  • increased b and t cells
  • inflammatory effects
  • fever inducer
61
Q

what are interferons?

A

interfere with virus replication

62
Q

what do interferons do?

A
  • signal neighbouring cells

- resistance to virus increases

63
Q

what are the other roles of interferons?

A
  • enhances phagocytosis
  • increased B cell production
  • activates immune cells
64
Q

bone marrow produces and secretes more…?

A

leukocytes

65
Q

B cells->

A

antibody production

66
Q

T cells->

A

cell mediated immunity

67
Q

describe what interferons do?

A
  • RNA invades host cell, using cells replication machinery to reproduce
  • viral nucleic acid stimulates host cell to secret interferon-a and interferon-b
  • kills host cell
  • induces neighbouring cells to resist viral infection
  • direct effect on cancer cells (inhibit tutor growth)
68
Q

plasma proteins:

A
  • bind to pathogen
  • recruits phagocytes
  • histamine secretion
  • membrane attack complex (mac) formed
69
Q

complement system:

A

Plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells, especially bacteria
Part of response to antibodies (specific immunity) in addition to nonspecific response
Approximately 30 proteins participate in the response cascade, resulting in MAC reaching the surface of bacteria
MAC pierces the bacterial membrane, causing lysis

70
Q

complement protein functions:

A
  • form MAC to lyse cell
  • chemotaxis
  • trigger histamine release form mast cells
71
Q

Humoral immunity:

A
  • B cell meditated
  • involves secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
  • defend against bacteria, toxins,and viruses in body fluids
72
Q

cell-meditated immunity

A
  • T cell mediated
  • involves lysis of cells by cytotoxic T cells
  • defend against bacteria and viruses in body cells
  • part of reaction to transplants and cancer cells
73
Q

what are the features of specific immune response ?

A
  • specificity
  • diversity
  • memory
  • self tolerance
74
Q

describe specificity

A
  • antigens (antibody generators) confer specificity
  • complex proteins and polysaccharides
  • part of foreign invaders and tumor cells
  • epitopes: recognition site for B and T cells
75
Q

B and T cell specificity?

A
  • antigen receptors recognize certain antigens only
  • B cells: membrane antibodies
  • T cells: T cell receptors
76
Q

what does specificity mean

A

Specificity means that a B or T cell can recognize only a few of many antigens

77
Q

what does diversity mean

A

wide array of responses to a wide-array of antigens

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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