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PSIO 259 > Respiratory System 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory muscles = _____ muscles and are controlled by ___ neurons.

A
  • skeletal muscles

- motor neurons

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2
Q

What two components are important for inspiration? What do they control?

A
  • phrenic nerve: diaphragm

- External intercostal nerve: external intercostal muscles

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3
Q

What component is important for expiration? What does it control?

A

internal intercostal nerve: internal intercostal muscles

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4
Q

Name 6 components that generate the breathing rhythm.

A
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Internal and external intercostal nerves
  • Inspiratory and expiratory neurons
  • Respiratory control centers of medulla
  • Respiratory control centers of pons
  • Central pattern generator
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5
Q

Name the 3 components of the brainstem respiratory centre.

A
  • inspiratory neurons
  • expiratory neurons
  • mixed neurons
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6
Q

Inspiratory neurons ____ during inspiration.

A

depolarize

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7
Q

Expiratory neurons _____ during expiration.

A

depolarize

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8
Q

Mixed neurons have properties of:

A

both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

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9
Q

What are the 2 respiratory control centres that are located on each side of the medulla?

A
  • ventral respiratory group (VRG)

- dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

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10
Q

Describe the ventral respiratory group (VRG).

A

nucleus ambiguous = mostly expiratory

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11
Q

Describe the dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

A

nucleus tractus solitaries = mostly inspiratory

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12
Q

In the medulla, inspiratory neurons are hypothesized to:

A

control motor neurons to inspiratory muscles

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13
Q

In the medulla, expiratory neurons are hypothesized to:

A

control motor neurons to expiratory muscles and/or inhibit inspiratory neurons

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14
Q

Pontine respiratory group contains ____, ____, and ____ neurons.

A

inspiratory, expiratory, and mixed neurons

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15
Q

Pontine respiratory group may regulate:

A

transitions between inspiration and expiration

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16
Q

Central pattern generator (CPG) mechanism is:

A
  • unknown

- possibly through pacemaker type of activation

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17
Q

Name 7 peripheral inputs to respiratory centres.

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Pulmonary stretch receptors
  • Irritant receptors
  • Muscle and joint proprioceptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
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18
Q

Breathing is also affected by what 3 things?

A
  • limbic system
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebellum
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors that control ventilation?

A
  • peripheral chemoreceptors

- central chemoreceptors

20
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

A

in carotid and aortic bodies

21
Q

Describe peripheral chemoreceptors.

A
  • Detect levels of CO2 and O2 in the CSF and the blood
  • pH changes when PCO2 changes or directly by H+ ions
  • Low PO2 increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to PCO2
  • PO2 not really a factor
  • pH is the primary factor
  • more rapid response
22
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

central surface of medulla

23
Q

Describe central chemoreceptors.

A
  • H+ ions from CO2 in blood and from increased brain activity or decreased blood flow to the brain
  • H+ ions directly (and thus, pH)
  • Indirectly respond to PCO2
  • Cannot respond to increased H+ in the blood because they cannot cross the blood brain barrier
24
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond to:

A

changes in pH of the CSF

25
Q

Central chemoreceptors are not directly responsive to ___, instead they respond indirectly to it via ____.

A
  • CO2

- pH

26
Q

Increased CO2 ______ pH.

A

decreases

27
Q

Central chemoreceptors are not responses to changes in -___.

A

O2

28
Q

Normal blood pH =

A

7.4 (range 7.38 –7.42)

29
Q

____ and ___ systems regulate blood pH.

A

respiratory and renal systems

30
Q

Small changes in pH have what effect?

A

large physiological effects

31
Q

What is acidosis?

A
  • blood pH < 7.35

- CNS depression

32
Q

What is alkalosis?

A
  • blood pH > 7.45

- CNS over-excitation

33
Q

Name 2 buffers.

A
  • hemoglobin

- bicarbonate

34
Q

Describe how hemoglobin is a buffer.

A

deoxyhemoglobin has a greater affinity for H+

35
Q

At the tissues, hemoglobin does what?

A

can release O2 and bind H+ (Bohr effect)

36
Q

How is pH regulated by CO2 levels?

A
  • respiratory acidosis (caused by increased CO2)

- respiratory alkalosis (caused by decreased CO2)

37
Q

Why does bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation occur?

A
  • Smooth muscle innervated by ANS

- SNS vs PSNS response

38
Q

At rest, only ___% of pulmonary capillary capacity.

A

~33%

39
Q

Those not participating in gas exchange (alveoli near non-conducting capillaries – nearest to apex at rest) are considered:

A

physiological dead space

40
Q

What is exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH)?

A
  • decreased transit time
  • Up to 15% desaturation below resting values may occur- O2 diffusion is reduced (from alveoli to the blood)
  • occurs near maximal exercise
  • Compound effect due to right shift of O2/Hb curve – increased temp during exercise (1.5 – 3 celcius) and pH (< 7.25)
41
Q

In EIAH, for every 1% decrease in O2 saturation, VO2 max decreases by:

A

1.5-2%

42
Q

Respiratory muscle work accounts for ____% of VO2.

A

10-16%

43
Q

The diaphragm fatigues at __% VO2.

A

80%

44
Q

What is respiratory muscle training?

A

Reduces the reflex response that redistributes blood away from exercising muscle to the respiratory muscles

45
Q

Why can respiratory muscle fatigue have a negative impact on performance?

A

reductions in blood flow to the working muscles

46
Q

How is pressure affected when exercising at altitude?

A

Partial pressures drop so less oxygen is available at the alveoli
Decreased arterial PO2 = hypoxemia
Decreased tissue oxygen levels = hypoxia

47
Q

What response happens when exercisign at altitude?

A
  • Stimulates a reflexive response that increases ventilation, but as a consequence, decreases PCO2, impacting chemoreceptors
  • Result is a shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve to the left and more O2 is loaded at the lungs (less at tissues)
  • Also: 2, 3 DPB/BPG stimulated and EPO

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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