Neurophysiology

Question 1

Peripheral Nervous System consists of:

Answer 1

ANS = SNS and PSNS

Question 2

ANS innvervate most ____ _____.

Answer 2

effector organs

Question 3

What is the primary function of the ANS?

Answer 3

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

Question 4

SNS and PSNS are generally ______.

Answer 4

antagonistic

Question 5

Describe SNS.

Answer 5

fight-or-flight response

Question 6

Describe PSNS.

Answer 6

rest and digest

Question 7

Brain and spinal cord output to _____ muscles.

Answer 7

efferent

Question 8

Efferent muscles split into what 2 types?

Answer 8

• somatic

- autonomic

Question 9

Somatic input goes to ______ muscles.

Answer 9

skeletal

Question 10

Autonomic nervous system consists of what 2 types?

Answer 10

• SNS

- PSNS

Question 11

SNS and PSNS innervate:

Answer 11

• cardiac muscle
• smooth muscle
• glands

Question 12

Name the 4 effector organs.

Answer 12

• cardiac muscle
• smooth muscle
• glands
• adipose tissue

Question 13

Efferent fibres include:

Answer 13

the autonomic nervous system

Question 14

Afferent nerves transmit information from _____ _____ to ____.

Answer 14

• visceral receptors

- CNS

Question 15

Afferent fibres are important in:

Answer 15

maintaining homeostasis

Question 16

All ANS preganglionic neurons release _____.

Answer 16

acetylcholine

Question 17

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release _____.

Answer 17

norepinephrine

Question 18

Name the 3 hormones of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 18

• 80% epinephrine
• 20% norepinephrine
• small amount of dopamine

Question 19

Describe sympathetic activity.

Answer 19

• fight-or-flight response
• prepares for emergency, stress, and exercise
• increases heart rate and blood pressure
• mobilizes energy stores
• dilates pupils
• decreases gastrointestinal and urinary functions

Question 20

What happens during tonic resting activity?

Answer 20

• both branches active

- PSNS dominates

Question 21

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete ______.

Answer 21

acetylcholine

Question 22

Describe parasympathetic activity.

Answer 22

• quiet, relaxed states
• active in “rest and digest”
• increases gastrointestinal activities
• decreases heart rate and blood pressure

Question 23

Describe autonomic response to adjustments in homeostasis.

Answer 23

• ANS must respond quickly

- visceral reflexes

Question 24

What are visceral reflexes?

Answer 24

• automatic changes in the function of organs in response to changes in conditions within the body
• ie. pupillary light reflex, vomiting reflex

Question 25

What parts of the brain are a part of ANS regulation?

Answer 25

- hypothalamus - medulla oblongata - pons - respiratory centres - cardiovascular centres

Question 26

What does the hypothalamus do to contribute to ANS regulation?

Answer 26

- initiates sympathetic response | - regulates ANS activities for temp

Question 27

Food and water intake is regulated by:

Answer 27

- medulla oblongata (CV and respiratory control centres) | - pons (CV and respiratory control centres)

Question 28

Input for ANS regulation comes from:

Answer 28

- other ANS control centres - limbic system - cortex - receive afferent information from viscera as well (necessary for reflex control ie. BP)

Question 29

Describe the somatic nervous system.

Answer 29

- voluntary - part of peripheral nervous system - skeletal muscle control

Question 30

How does the SNS connect to muscle fibres?

Answer 30

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Question 31

Motor neurons travels from ____ to ____ ______ _____.

Answer 31

- CNS | - skeletal muscle cells

Question 32

NMJ is at the _____ region of a muscle fibre.

Answer 32

central

Question 33

What is the neurotransmitter for SNS?

Answer 33

AcH

Question 34

Motor neurons originate at the _____ _____.

Answer 34

ventral horn

Question 35

Motor neurons innervate ____ _____.

Answer 35

skeletal muscle

Question 36

What is the neurotransmitter for motor neurons?

Answer 36

acetylcholine

Question 37

All communication to skeletal muscle is _____.

Answer 37

excitatory

Question 38

What is end plate potential (EPP)?

Answer 38

similar to EPSP in the nervous system, but sufficient to depolarize to threshold

Question 39

Motor unit is made up of:

Answer 39

motor neuron + all of the muscle fibres it innervates

Question 40

Somatic motor neurons innervate ____ muscle.

Answer 40

skeletal

Question 41

One motor neuron innervates _____ muscle fibres.

Answer 41

many

Question 42

Each muscle fibre is innervated by ______ motor neuron.

Answer 42

only one

Question 43

Describe motor unit recruitment changes with PNS adaptations to exercise.

Answer 43

- stronger, faster, more synchronized - greater AcH release - possibly faster AcHase transport - greater AP firing rate - more extensive branching of the motor neuron

Question 44

Describe NMJ changes with PNS adaptations to exercise.

Answer 44

- increased terminal branching - AcH receptor increase and area with receptors - increased NT release - increased concentration of AcHase (quicker relaxation, faster transport?)

Question 45

What is BDNF?

Answer 45

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Question 46

BDNF is unregulated with _____ through the _______ and ____ _____.

Answer 46

- exercise - hippocampus - spinal cord

Question 47

BDNF facilitates ____ _____ tasks.

Answer 47

learning motor tasks

Question 48

BDNF has ____-dependent response.

Answer 48

dose

Question 49

Hippocampus is associated with:

Answer 49

- the limbic system - long-term memory - spatial navigation