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PSIO 259 > Female Reproductive system > Flashcards

Female Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

cyclic changes in activity=

A

menstrual cycle

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2
Q

restricted periods of fertility=

A

ovulation

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3
Q

limited gamete production=

A

pool established at birth

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4
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

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5
Q

reproductive tract contains

A

uterus, uterine tubes and vagina

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6
Q

external genitalia

A

vulva

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7
Q

follicle=

A

oocyte(ovum)+ single epithelial layer

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8
Q

follicles are developed in the

A

ovary

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9
Q

what happens as the follicle develops

A

-there is an increase in epithelial cell layers and they become granulose cells

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10
Q

some granulosa cells become

A

theca cells (secretes androgens that are converted to estrogen by granulose cells)

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11
Q

what are granulose cells and what do they secrete/function?

A
  • target cells of estrogen and FSH
  • secrete chemical messengers in response (targets oocyte)
  • also secrete inhibin (negative feedback for FSH)
  • tramsport nutrients to oocytes through gap junctions
  • secrete estrogen and progesterone
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12
Q

uterus function

A
  • site of fetal development
  • Body:upper portion
  • cervix:canal leading to vagina
  • cervix+vagina =birth canal
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13
Q

wall of the uterus (3 layers)

A
  • outer layer: perimetrium
  • middle layer:myometrium
  • inner layer:endometrium
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14
Q

outer layer contains

A

epithelial cells and connective tissue

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15
Q

describe middle layer

A
  • smooth muscle
  • thickest layer
  • layer of epithelial cells ‘
  • layer of connective tissue
  • numerous glands
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16
Q

describe the vagina

A
  • female organ of copulation
  • wall contains smooth muscle
  • inner surface bathed in acid fluid secreted from uterus or glands in cervix to protect against infections
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17
Q

describe the uterine tubes

A
  • also called fallopian tubes pr oviducts
  • ova transported from ovaries to uterus
  • site of fertilization
  • duration is 4 days to uterus
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18
Q

oogenesis:

A

oogonia->ova

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19
Q

how many oogonia do females have?

A

fixed number at birth, unlike males who continually produce spermatogonia

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20
Q

when does meiosis began

A

in the fetal life

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21
Q

when is meiosis completed

A

only after fertilization

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22
Q

how many oocytes rupture during a females life

A

approximately 400

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23
Q

what are the sexual responses in females

A
  • vascular congestion of clitoris
  • vaginal secretions
  • nipple erection
  • orgasm
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24
Q

what happens during an orgasm

A
  • rhythmic contractions of vagina and uterus
  • increased blood pressure and heart rate
  • widespread skeletal muscle contractions
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25
Q

menstrual cycle includes two sub cycles

A
  • ovarian cycle

- uterine cycle

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26
Q

the menstrual cycle is caused by?

A

changes in estrogen and progesterone

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27
Q

what are the ovarian cycle phases

A
  • follicular phase

- luteal phase

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28
Q

what is the follicular phase and how long does it last

A
  • menstruation -> ovulation

- lasts apporx 14 days

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29
Q

what is the luteal phase and how long does it last

A
  • ovulation-> before menstruation

- lasts approx 14 days

30
Q

what happens in the follicular phase

A
  • GnRH surge causes LH surge
  • LH surge triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum in luteal phase
  • Ovulation: wall of Graafian follicle ruptures
  • Antral fluid with oocyte flows to ovary surface
  • Oocyte is released and enters fimbrae
  • Atresia = degeneration of follicles ~ 1000+ follicles are lost per month (of the 400k that are available at puberty)
31
Q

what happens in the follicular phase

A

-FSH and estrogens stimulate follicle growth and development
-A few follicles develop from primordial follicles
-Oocyte grows; granulosa cells proliferate
-Zona pellucida and antrum form
-Dominant follicle continues development; remaining follicles regress
-Corona radiata develops
-Graafian follicle = mature follicle
Ovulation

32
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A
  • Ruptured follicle → gland = corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum scretes estrogens and progesterone
  • Corpus luteum reaches maximum activity in 10 days, then degenerates (luteolysis)
  • Luteolysis → decreased estrogens and progesterone → menstruation (end of luteal phase)
  • If oocyte is fertilized, degeneration does not occur
33
Q

how do fraternal twins happen

A
  • Two or more follicles may become dominant and released at ovulation
  • If both are fertilized, fraternal twins result
  • Also called dizygotic twins (develop from two zygotes
34
Q

the uterine cycle

A
  • mentstrual phase
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
35
Q

describe the menstrual phase

A
  • 3-5 days
  • triggered by fall in estrogen or progesterone
  • endometrial layer of uterus sheds
  • rupture of blood vessels after vasoconstriction causes the tissue to die and separate from uterus
36
Q

describe the proliferative phase

A

-uterus renews
-smooth muscle thickens ans glands enlarge
-increased blood vessels, mucus secretions from cervix
-

37
Q

describe secretory phase

A
  • uterus ready for implantation
  • further arterial growth and gland enlargement + glycogen
  • cervical plug
  • thickened mucous secretions from the cervix “plug” the uterus from microorganisms entering via the vagina and damaging the growing embryo
  • progesterone promotes these changes
38
Q

what are the hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle

A
  • Estrogen is first secreted from follicles, then from the corpus luteum
  • Progesterone is secreted from corpus luteum
  • LH and FSH are secreted from anterior pituitary gland
  • Estrogens and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH secretion
39
Q

hormonal changes in the early to mid follicular phase

A
  • Short-lived declines in plasma estrogen and progesterone (final stages of luteolysis)
  • LH and FSH consequently increase slightly
  • FSH binds to receptors on granulosa cells, causing follicles to grow
  • FSH causes the outer granulosa layer to differentiate into thecal cells
  • LH acts on thecal LH receptors to stimulate testosterone synthesis –Testosterone is converted by granulosa cells into estrogens
  • Estrogen concentrations increase: negative feedback on GnRH and LH and FSH
  • LH and FSH levels remain constant but estrogens continue to rise due to proliferating cells and increased LH and FSH receptors
40
Q

changes induced in dominant follicle under influence of LH surge

A
  • Meiosis I completed
  • Estrogen declines
  • Progesterone production by granulosa cells initiated
  • Enzymes secreted, breaking down follicular wall
  • Follicular wall ruptures 18 hours after surge peak
  • Granulosa and theca cells differentiate into luteal cells
41
Q

hormonal changes in luteal phase

A
  • Estrogen levels continue to decline
  • LH surge is terminated
  • Progesterone from luteal cells increases
  • Promotes uterine development and preparation for pregnancy
  • Powerful inhibitor of GnRH and LH/FSH secretion
42
Q

after 10 days what happens in the luteal phase to the hormones

A
  • absence of implantation, corpus luteum starts to degenerate (spontaneous in humans)
  • Progesterone and estrogen decline, triggering menstruation
  • Actions of progesterone:
    • Promotes secretory-phase uterine conditions
    • Suppresses uterine contractile activity
    • Promotes growth of glandular tissue in breasts
    • Suppresses milk production
43
Q

how long can sperm survive in reproductive tract of the female

A

5 days (only a few hundred make it to the uterine tubes0

44
Q

what happens when the sperm reach the ovum

A
  • try penetrating the corona radiata
  • When they get through the corona radiata, sperm bind to sperm-binding protein
  • Acrosome reaction is triggered, with acrosomal enzymes released
  • Enzymes break through the zona pellucida, allowing sperm to access the oocyte
45
Q

what happens at ovulation

A

-fluid movement causes the oocyte
to enter the fimbriae of the uterine tube
-Peristaltic contractions move the oocyte toward the uterus for several minutes
-Activity of cilia move the oocyte toward the uterus for a few days
-Entire trip takes four days
-Sperm must meet ovum during these four days

46
Q

where does fertilization take place and what is required for sperm to fertilize

A
  • uterine tube

- requires capacitation

47
Q

what is sperm capacitation

A

-Capacitation occurs in female reproductive tract
=Tail movement
=Plasma membrane altered

48
Q

mitotic divisions ->morula

A 
Cell cleavage (no increase in overall size)
Totipotent until the 16- to 32-cell stage
49
Q

blastocytes

A 
Lost zona pellucida
Outer cell layer: trophoblast
Will become fetal placenta
Inner cell mass
Will become embryo
Fluid-filled cavity: blastocele
50
Q

how long is implantation and what happens

A
  • Occurs 6–7 days post fertilization
  • Trophoblast is responsible for implantation
  • Secretes enzymes that digest endometrial cells to provide nourishment for the embryo
  • Secretes paracrines that stimulate the decidual response
  • Infiltrates endometrial tissue to develop into the placenta
51
Q

development of embryo to fetus

A
  • In region of contact between embryo and uterine wall, trophoblast thickens → chorion
  • Amniotic cavity forms
  • Amnion (amniotic sac) contains amniotic fluid
  • Week 5: heart, spinal cord, and GI tract start to develop
  • Week 6: heart beating
  • Week 8: lungs develop
  • Week 9: remaining organs develop
  • Week 10: size of kidney bean = fetus
52
Q

placenta development

A
  • Fetal component
    • Chorionic villi
  • Maternal component
    • Endometrial tissue
  • Blood flow to placenta
    • Maternal uterine artery and vein
    • Fetal umbilical artery and vein located in umbilical cord
      - By 5 weeks, placenta is functioning and heart is beating
53
Q

hormonal changes during pregnancy

A
  • hCG recreated from placenta (sustains corpus luteum)
  • first two months (estrogen and progesterone secrete by the corpus luteum)
  • rest of pregnancy (placenta takes over secreting progesterone and estrogen, progesterone inhibits GnRH, prevents LH surge
54
Q

estrogen:

A
  • Growth of duct tissue in the breasts
  • Prolactin secretion
  • Growth and enhanced contractile responsiveness of smooth muscle in uterus
  • Oxytocin
55
Q

progesterone:

A
  • Growth of glandular tissue in the breasts
  • Maintenance of secretory-phase uterine conditions
  • Suppression of contractile activity of smooth muscle in uterus
56
Q

how long is pregnancy

A

40 weeks

57
Q

what is parturition

A

birth

58
Q

what is lactation

A

milk production in mammary glands

59
Q

what is the trigger for parturition

A

unknown, but think it comes from the fetus

60
Q

what happens at end of pregnancy

A

cervix ripens

61
Q

what happens at beginning pf parturition

A
  • cervix dilates

- labour (uterine contractions)

62
Q

what happens at partiruition

A
  • Baby’s head wedges cervix open
  • Baby is born head first
  • Expulsion of placenta: afterbirth
63
Q

what inhibits lactation

A

estrogen and progesterone

64
Q

what stimulates lactation

A
  • prolactin stimulates milk synthesis

- oxytocin stimulates the milk ejection reflex

65
Q

what is colostrum

A
  • watery milk produced in the first few days after birth

- contains proteins, but few nutrients

66
Q

what is in later milk

A

nutrients, growth factor, hormones and antibodies

67
Q

exercise and the male reproductive system

A
  • Little impact
  • Exercise alone
  • No decrease in testosterone observed during HI exercise
  • No change to LH or semen quality
68
Q

female athlete triad

A

Amenorrhea, osteoporosis, disordered eating

69
Q

what is the name of RED-S

A

relative energy deficiency in sport

70
Q

what is RED-S

A

inadequate energy intake to support body functions related to health and performance

71
Q

RED-S system impact

A
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Metabolic
  • Immune
  • Cardiovascular
  • Impact to health and athletic performance
  • Males and females

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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