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PSIO 259 > Blood Vessels 2 > Flashcards

Blood Vessels 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bulk flow of fluid across capillary wall is based on ____ _____.

A

pressure gradients

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2
Q

What type of plasma moves across capillaries?

A

protein-free

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of plasma movement?

A
  • filtration

- absorption

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4
Q

Filtration =

A

movement out of capillary into interstitial space

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5
Q

Absorption =

A

movement into capillary from interstitial space

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6
Q

What is the purpose of plasma movement?

A

distribute ECF

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of exchange across capillary walls?

A
  • diffusion (most common mechanism)
  • transcytosis
  • mediated transport
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8
Q

What is lipophilic diffusion?

A

across membrane

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9
Q

What is lipophobic diffusion?

A

through channels

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10
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

exchangeable proteins

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11
Q

_____ forces across capillary walls.

A

Starling

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12
Q

What are starling forces?

A
  • forces for bulk flow

- hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

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13
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure gradient?

A

force due to fluid

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14
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

osmotic force exerted on water by non permeating solutes

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15
Q

What is the only non permeating solute?

A

proteins

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16
Q

What type of capillary pressure can be calculated?

A

net filtration pressure

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17
Q

Filtration favoured what side?

A

arteriolar side

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18
Q

Absorption favoured what side?

A

venous side

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19
Q

Name 3 factors that affect filtration and absorption across capillaries.

A
  • disease
  • standing on feet
  • injuries
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20
Q

How does disease affect filtration and absorption across capillaries?

A

kidney, heart of liver disease

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21
Q

How does standing on feet affect filtration and absorption across capillaries?

A

increases hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

How do injuries affect filtration and absorption across capillaries?

A
  • when capillaries are damaged, they leak fluid and proteins
  • histamine increases capillary permeability to proteins
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23
Q

What is the net volume filtered/day?

A
  • 3 L

- lymphatic system picks up and returns to circulation

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24
Q

Venues are smaller than _____.

A

arterioles

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25
Q

Venules connect ____ to ____.

A

capillaries to veins

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26
Q

Describe the smooth muscle and exchange in venules.

A
  • little smooth muscle in walls

- some exchange of material between blood and interstitial fluid

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27
Q

Describe the size of veins.

A

large diameter, thin walls

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28
Q

What are the purposes of valves in veins. Where are they found?

A
  • allow unidirectional blood flow
  • present in peripheral veins
  • absent from central veins
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29
Q

What does it mean when we say veins are compliant vessels?

A
  • high compliance
  • expand with little change in pressure
  • function as blood reservoir
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30
Q

How much total blood volume in systemic veins at rest?

A

60%

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31
Q

If there is same pressure in arteries and veins, there is greater volume in ______.

A

veins

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32
Q

Name 4 factors that influence venous pressure and venous return.

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • blood volume
  • venomotor tone
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33
Q

Increased blood volume =

A

increased venous pressure

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34
Q

Decreased blood volume =

A

decreased venous pressure

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35
Q

Long-term regulation of blood pressure occurs through:

A

regulation of blood volume

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36
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

A

one-way valves in peripheral veins

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37
Q

What happens when skeletal muscle contracts?

A
  • squeezes on veins, increasing pressure
  • blood moves toward heart
  • blood cannot move backwards due to valves
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38
Q

What happens when skeletal muscle relaxes?

A

blood flows into veins between muscles

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39
Q

What happens with the respiratory pump during inspiration?

A
  • decreases pressure in thoracic cavity

- increases pressure in abdominal cavity

40
Q

Pressure on veins in abdominal cavity creates:. What does this do?

A
  • gradient favouring blood movement to thoracic cavity
  • increases central venous pressure
  • increases venous return
41
Q

What is venomotor tone?

A
  • contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of a vein
  • innervated by SNS
  • norepinephrine causes venous constricton
  • increases CVP, VR
  • decreases compliance
42
Q

Name 3 determinants of MAP.

A
  • HR
  • SV
  • TPR
43
Q

MAP =

A

= CO x TPR

= HR x SV x TPR

44
Q

CO =

A

= HR x SV

= MAP/TPR

45
Q

Regulating ___ is critical to normal function.

A

MAP

46
Q

MAP depends on ___.

A

TPR

47
Q

Why does TPR drop, but BP still rise?

A
  • drop in vascular resistance at the muscle during exercise is not fully compensated for by resistance in other organs
  • increased CO
48
Q

A constant CO leads to an increase in…

A

increase in the volume of blood contained in the aorta and an increase in mean arterial pressure when TPR increases

49
Q

Name the 2 extrinsic controls of arteriole radius.

A
  • neural

- endocrine

50
Q

Describe short term regulation of MAP.

A
  • seconds to minutes
  • regulates CO and TPR
  • involves the heart and blood vessels
  • primary neural control
51
Q

Describe long term regulation of MAP.

A
  • minutes to days
  • regulates blood volume
  • involves the kidneys
  • primarily hormonal control
52
Q

Baroreceptors =

A
  • pressure receptors

- aka “stretch receptors”

53
Q

Arterial baroreceptors =

A
  • sinoaortic receptors
  • aortic arch
  • carotid sinuses
54
Q

Respond to stretching due to:

A

pressure changes in arteries

55
Q

What is regulated variable for the negative feedback loop for regulation of MAP?

A

MAP

56
Q

What is detector for the negative feedback loop for regulation of MAP?

A

baroreceptors (detect changes in MAP and pulse pressure)

57
Q

What is the integration centre for the negative feedback loop for regulation of MAP?

A

cardiovascular centres in the brainstem

58
Q

What is the controller for the negative feedback loop for regulation of MAP?

A

autonomic nervous system

59
Q

What are the effectors for the negative feedback loop for regulation of MAP?

A

heart and blood vessels

60
Q

What activates baroreceptors? What do they cause?

A
  • stretch of vessels

- cause depolarization and sends APs to the CNS to exert its effects via the ANS

61
Q

When does the baroreceptor reflex reset to a higher pressure?

A

during exercise

62
Q

What is the cardiovascular control centre? What does it regulate?

A
  • medulla

- BP

63
Q

What do low pressure baroreceptors do with input into the cardiovascular control centre?

A

right atrium and large systemic veins (aka volume receptors) monitor venous pressure

64
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found and what did they do with input into the cardiovascular control centre?

A
  • brain and carotids

- monitor O2, CO2, H+

65
Q

What do higher brain centres do with input into cardiovascular control centre?

A
  • hypothalamus (fight or flight response coordination, vessel resistance response to changes in core temperature)
  • cerebral cortex
66
Q

What is involved in the input to the cardiovascular control centre?

A
  • arterial baroreceptors
  • low pressure baroreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • proprioceptors, other receptors in organs
  • higher brain centres
67
Q

What is involved in the output to the cardiovascular control centre?

A
  • SNS: SA node, contractile fibres, vessels

- PNS: SA node

68
Q

Parasympathetic input to cardiovascular effectors goes where and does what?

A
  • SA node (decreases HR)

- AV node

69
Q

Sympathetic input to cardiovascular effectors goes where and does what?

A
  • SA node (increases HR)
  • AV node
  • Ventricular myocardium (increases contractility)
  • Arterioles (increases resistance)
  • Veins (increases venomotor tone)
70
Q

What is a “quick fix” for a drop in MAP?

A
  • baroreceptor reflex

- does not correct the problem

71
Q

Long-term regulation of MAP occurs through:

A

renal regulation of blood volume

72
Q

What does hypertension do to baroreceptors?

A

“resets” the set point of the baroreceptors, cannot be returned to normal

73
Q

How can baroreceptor fix create further problems?

A
  • if blood volume is not restored

- local controls (metabolites) will override the response and MAP will begin to decrease again

74
Q

Describe the baroreceptor reflex.

A
  • negative feedback loop to maintain blood pressure at normal level
  • Detectors = baroreceptors
  • Afferents = visceral afferents
  • Integration center = cardiovascular control center
  • Efferents = autonomic nervous system
  • Effectors = heart, arterioles, and veins
75
Q

What does epinephrine act on and what does it do to MAP?

A
  • Acts on smooth muscle of arterioles (increases TPR)
  • Acts on smooth muscle of veins (increases venomotor tone)
  • Acts on heart (increases HR and SV (CO))
  • MAP increases
76
Q

What does vasopressin (ADH) and angiotensin II do?

A
  • Vasoconstrictors
  • Increase TPR
  • Increase MAP
77
Q

Epinephrine is released by ____ ____ in response to ______ activity.

A
  • adrenal medulla

- sympathetic activity

78
Q

Epinephrine vasodilator what muscle?

A

cardiac and skeletal

79
Q

Vasopressin gets stimuli from where?

A

baroreceptors and changes in plasma concentrations of solute

80
Q

What effect does vasopressin have?

A
  • consticts vessels

- increases water retention

81
Q

Angiotensin II gets stimuli from where?

A

kidneys

82
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have?

A
  • constricts vessels
  • increases water reabsorption (through aldosterone)
  • stimulates thirst
83
Q

Where are low pressure baroreceptors (volume receptors) found?

A
  • walls of large systemic veins

- walls of the right atrium

84
Q

What activates low pressure baroreceptors?

A

decrease in blood volume

85
Q

What is the response of low pressure baroreceptors?

A
  • parallel with the baroreceptor reflex
  • increase SNS activity
  • increase vasopressin
86
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to:

A

increases in CO2 levels in blood

87
Q

What is the primary function of chemoreceptors?

A

regulate blood CO2 levels

88
Q

What are the 2 effects that chemoreceptors have on ventilation?

A
  • increases CO2
  • increases TPR
  • decreases HR
  • increased MAP
89
Q

What happens when CO2 rises?

A
  • chemoreceptors activated
  • CV control centre response (medulla)
  • ventilation increases
  • HR decreases (conserves O2)
  • TPR increases to prevent dangerous drop in BP
90
Q

Thermoregulatory responses are mediated by:

A
  • hypothalamus

- thermoreceptors

91
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to:

A

increased body temperature

92
Q

What is the response from thermoreceptors?

A
  • decrease sympathetic activity to skin
  • vasodilation to skin
  • increase heat loss to environment
93
Q

______ takes precedence over the baroreceptor reflex.

A

thermoregulation

94
Q

What is the possible consequence of thermoregulation?

A
  • decreased TPR

- decreased MAP

95
Q

Name exercise training adaptations.

A
  • LV-EDV increases (enhanced blood volume)
  • LV hypertrophy (0-25%)
  • coronary artery growth and response to stimuli (mechanical and hormonal)
96
Q

Name some performance responses to exercise training adaptations.

A
  • cardiac myocytes: hypertrophy
  • increased VO2 max: 50% due to increased SV and 50% due to greater O2 movement into tissues
  • decreased RHR with training = increased diastolic filling time (= greater EDV, greater SV, and lower HR)

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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