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PSIO 259 > Lab Exam: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lab Exam: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is minute ventilation (VE)?

A

total volume of air entering and leaving the respiratory system each minute

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2
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

VTxRR (breaths/min)

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3
Q

What is normal VT?

A

500 mL

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4
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

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5
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A

(VTxRR) - (DSVxRR)

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6
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increased breathing rate

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7
Q

What does hyperventilation lead to? Why

A
  • respiratory alkalosis

- carbon dioxide levels drop too low, pH in blood rises

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperventilation?

A
  • dizziness
  • extremities tingle
  • headache
  • weakness
  • fainting
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9
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

decreased breathing rate

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10
Q

What does hypoventilation lead to? Why?

A
  • respiratory acidosis

- increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, pH in blood drops

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoventilation?

A
  • confusion
  • tremors
  • sleepiness
  • headaches
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12
Q

What is normal pH? Blood pH?

A
  • 7.4 (ranging from 7.38-7.42)

- blood pH 7.2-7.4

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13
Q

What is acidosis?

A

blood pH < 7.35

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14
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

blood pH > 7.45

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15
Q

What regulates pH?

A
  • respiratory and renal systems

- CO2 levels

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16
Q

Name 2 buffers.

A
  • hemoglobin

- bicarbonate

17
Q

Describe how hemoglobin is used as a buffer.

A
  • deoxyhemoglobin has greater affinity for H+

- at the tissues, hemoglobin can release O2 and bind H+ (Bohr effect)

18
Q

What is FEV1?

A

forced expiratory volume (of FVC) in 1 second

19
Q

What is normal FEV1?

A

> 80%

20
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

the volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort

21
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

the additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration

22
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

23
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

the total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation

24
Q

What is the formula for VC?

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

25
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied)

26
Q

What is the formula for total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

TLC = VC + RV

27
Q

Describe obstructive disorders.

A
  • increased resistance in airways
  • difficult to inspire and expire
  • hyperinflation, barrel chested
  • FRC and TLC increase
  • decreased PEFR
  • ie. emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma
28
Q

Describe restrictive disorders.

A
  • decreased lung compliance
  • decreased FVC, TLC, and VC
  • decreased PEFR and volume
  • ie. scoliosis, pulmonary fibrosis
29
Q

What is PEFR?

A

peak expiratory flow rate

30
Q

What is normal PEFR in males?

A

~9 L/sec

31
Q

What is normal PEFR in females?

A

~7 L/sec

32
Q

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

the total exhaled air, from maximum inhalation to maximum exhalation

33
Q

____/_____ measured as a percentage.

A

FEV1/FVC

34
Q

What is peak expiratory flow (PEF)?

A

the highest point on the exhalation graph

35
Q

What are buffers?

A
  • chemicals that help resist changes in pH

- help to maintain pH within a normal (very narrow) range

36
Q

CO2 is buffered in the blood by…

A
  • conversion to bicarbonate

- process reverses at the lungs to get rid of CO2

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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