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PSIO 259 > Immune System 2 > Flashcards

Immune System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

B lymphocyte exposure to antigen triggers _____ _____.

A

clonal selection

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2
Q

What is the life span of plasma cells?

A

4-7 days

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3
Q

Plasma cells secrete ______ antibodies specific for antigen per second.

A

2000

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4
Q

What is the role of antibodies in plasma cells?

A

circulate for weeks, binding to and marking antigen for destruction

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of the antibodies in plasma cells?

A
  • phagocytosis

- complement-mediated lysis

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6
Q

Sometimes proliferation and differentiation of B cells in response to antigen depends on ____ ___ ____.

A

helper T cells

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7
Q

Antigens are ________ antigens.

A

T-dependent

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8
Q

Helper T cells respond to what.

A

specific antigen

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9
Q

Helper cells secrete:

A

IL-2 (among other cytokines)

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10
Q

What activates B cells?

A

IL-2 + T-dependent antigens

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11
Q

What happens in the absence of T cells?

A
  • B cells can proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells (not memory cells)
  • Response weaker than helper T cell–dependent response
  • No memory for subsequent exposures
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12
Q

Describe antibody functions in humoral immunity.

A
  • Binds to specific antigen

- Aids in inactivation or destruction of antigen

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13
Q

Describe antibody actions in humoral immunity.

A
  • Immunoglobins

- All classes: neutralization and agglutination

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14
Q

What is the role of IgM and IgG?

A

activate complement

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15
Q

What is the role of IgG?

A

opsonization

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16
Q

What is the role of IgE?

A

histamine release from mast cells and basophils

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17
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A
  • NK cells have receptors for the antibody tail
  • Antibodies mark cells for destruction
  • NK cells produce pores in the membranes of cells, causing lysis
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18
Q

Name 5 antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal.

A
  • neutralization
  • agglutination
  • opsonization
  • complement activation
  • enhanced NK cell activity
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19
Q

Describe neutralization.

A

antibodies block the activity of a pathogen

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20
Q

Describe agglutination.

A

multiple pathogens are aggregated by antibody molecules

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21
Q

Describe opsonization.

A

pathogens bound by antibodies are more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes

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22
Q

Describe complement activation.

A

antibodies bound to pathogens activate the complement cascade, resulting in lysis of the cell

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23
Q

Describe enhanced NK cell activity.

A

abnormal body cells that are bound by antibodies are recognized by NK cells and are subsequently lysed

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24
Q

What role does helper T cells have in cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • Secrete cytokines that enhance activity of B cells and other T cells
  • Enhance activity of macrophages and NK cells
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25
Q

What role does cytotoxic T cells have in cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • Kill virus-infected cells, abnormal cells, and bacteria

- Suppressor T cells secrete cytokines that suppress activity of B cells and other T cells

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26
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

major histocompatibility complex

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27
Q

MHC marks body cells as ____, and is a ____ type.

A
  • self

- tissue

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28
Q

What are the 2 classes of MHC molecules?

A
  • Class I MHC

- Class II MHC

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29
Q

Describe class I MHC molecules.

A

surface of all nucleated cells

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30
Q

Describe class II MHC molecules.

A

surface of macrophages, activated B cells, activated T cells, and thymus cells

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31
Q

Why is MHC molecules unique to individual person?

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

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32
Q

MHC molecules are responsible for ______ or _____ rejection, and stimulates immune response to foreign tissue.

A

tissue or organ

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33
Q

MHC molecules have binding sites for _____.

A

antigen

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34
Q

MHC + antigen =

A

cell surface (presentation)

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35
Q

WHat does type I MHC do?

A

bind antigens in infected cells or tumor cells (which can be any nucleated cell)

36
Q

What does type II MHC do?

A

Bind antigens taken into cell by phagocytosis
or receptor-mediated endocytosis (which can occur only in cells that perform these functions—B cells, T cells, macrophages)

37
Q

Final maturation of T cells depends on:

A

contact with MHC molecules

38
Q

T cells become ______ or _____.

A

helper or cytotoxic

39
Q

Helper T cells coordinate the _____ ____.

A

immune response

40
Q

Describe the steps of helper T cells activation.

A
  • Bind to surface of macrophages and B cells

- Macrophages and B cells secrete cytokines, which induces proliferation and differentiation of helper T cells

41
Q

How are cytotoxic T cells activated?

A
  • Cell binds to antigen complex on infected/tumor cell
  • Helper T cell secretes cytokines
  • Activates cytotoxic T cell
42
Q

What 2 things do the cytotoxic T cells secrete?

A
  • perforins for lysis

- fragmentins for apoptosis

43
Q

Define vaccine.

A

introduction of microorganism or its antigens in a form not expected to cause disease

44
Q

What is the response from vaccine?

A

Induces immune response, including production of memory cells

45
Q

What is active immunity? Give an example.

A
  • immune response to vaccine or pathogen in individual gives immunity
  • vaccination
46
Q

What is passive immunity? Give an example.

A
  • administration of ready-made antibodies
  • no memory cells, so no long-term immunity
  • passive immunity from mother to fetus or baby
47
Q

Describe passive immunity from mother to fetus or baby.

A
  • IgG passes to fetus via the placenta

- IgA passes to baby in breast milk

48
Q

What happens during organ matching?

A
  • need to match donor to recipient closely

- must suppress immune system in recipient

49
Q

What inhibits molecules that enhance abnormal cell recognition? What do they do?

A
  • some cancers and viruses

- protects them from the immune system

50
Q

Blood type A can accept what types?

A

A and O

51
Q

Blood type B can accept what types?

A

B and O

52
Q

Blood type AB can accept what types?

A

A, B, AB, and O

53
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

54
Q

Blood type O can accept what types?

A

O

55
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

O

56
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of type A?

A

anti-B

57
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of type B?

A

Anti-A

58
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of type AB?

A

none

59
Q

What antibodies are in the plasma of type O?

A
  • anti-A

- anti-B

60
Q

What antigens are in the RBC of type A?

A

A antigen

61
Q

What antigens are in the RBC of type B?

A

B antigen

62
Q

What antigens are in the RBC of type AB?

A

A and B antigens

63
Q

What antigens are in the RBC of type O?

A

none

64
Q

Describe what happens during tissue grafts and organ transplantation.

A
  • “self” molecules induce an immune response to foreign cells
  • tissue typing (suppression of recipients immune system)
65
Q

How does radiation affect the immune system?

A

destroys bone marrow cells, inactivating immune system

66
Q

Why are some bone marrow transplants more successful than others?

A

Donated marrow may mount an immune response against recipient: graft versus host reaction

67
Q

In transplants, it is necessary to match donor and recipient ___ molecules.

A

HLA

68
Q

What is tissue typing?

A

matching HLA molecules between donor and recipient

69
Q

What is an allergy?

A

hypersensitive immune response

70
Q

What are allergens?

A

antigens that induce allergic reactions

71
Q

What happens during a allergic response?

A
  • Excess antibodies (immunoglobins—IgE), attach to mast cells vs just binding to pollen (antigen)
  • Antibodies activate mast cells
  • Histamine released
  • vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
72
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

sever allergic reaction

73
Q

What happens physiologically during anaphylactic shock?

A
  • Massive release of histamine from mast cells throughout the body
  • Vasodilation → decreased TPR → decreased MAP
  • Prophylactic: epinephrine
    Increases CO and TPR → increased MAP
74
Q

What happens with autoimmune diseases?

A
  • Immune system treats a part of self like a pathogen

- Immune response is induced against that part

75
Q

Give examples of autoimmune diseases.

A
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Lupus
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Multiple sclerosis
76
Q

What happens with immunodeficiency diseases?

A
  • Weak or underactive immune system

- A problem in any factors of immune response can impair immune function

77
Q

Give examples of immunodeficiency diseases.

A
  • severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
  • Hodgkin’s disease
  • AIDS
78
Q

What is affected in SCID?

A

humoral and cell-mediated immunity

79
Q

Hodgkin’s diseases is cancer of ______ system.

A

lymphatic

80
Q

AIDS affects what?

A

helper T cells

81
Q

Stress does what to the immune system?

A

suppresses

82
Q

What systems are affected by stress?

A
  • nervous
  • endocrine
  • immune
83
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • decrease number of leukocytes

- anti-inflammatory activity

84
Q

What is the open window theory?

A

after intense exercise there is increased susceptibility to illness

85
Q

What is the “open window”?

A

3-72 hours

86
Q

Explain the open window theory.

A
  • WBC #”s increase during and after (moderate), but fall below pre exercise values with intense, prolonged exercise (ie. Neutrophils)
  • Lymphocytes increase during, but #’s fall after (below pre exercise values) with incr. intensity and duration of exercise
  • Decreased antibody numbers after prolonged, intense exercise
  • Increased lymphocyte apoptosis
87
Q

Based on the response from the open window theory, what can we do?

A

stop performing heavy intensity exercise?

PSIO 259 (22 decks)

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