Urinary System

Question 1

the urinary system regulates ______, _______, and _______

Answer 1

plasma ion concentrations (NA+,K+,Cl-,Ca2+), blood volume and pressure (ex. renin), plasma pH

Question 2

the urinary system conserves ____ by preventing _____

Answer 2

nutrients, excretion

Question 3

the urinary system eliminates _______

Answer 3

organic wastes (urea, uric acid, drugs)

Question 4

the urinary system synthesizes_____

Answer 4

hormones: calcitrol (derivative of D3 vitamin), erythyopoietin, renin)

Question 5

path of urine drainage

Answer 5

collecting duct-papillary duct-minor calyx-major calyx-renal pelvis-ureter-urinary bladder

Question 6

the ureters and urinary bladder are lined with…

Answer 6

transitional epithelium

Question 7

blood supply of the kidneys

Answer 7

renal artery-afferent arterioles-glomerular capillaries-efferent arterioles-peritubular capillaries-renal vein

Question 8

what are macula densa?

Answer 8

cells in the wall of the thick ascending loop of Henle, monitors electrolyte concentration in tubular fluid, secretes paracrine that constricts the afferent arteriole to regulate GFR

Question 9

what are the juxtaglomerular cells?

Answer 9

cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole-modified smooth muscle cells, secrete renin

Question 10

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 10

helps regulate blood pressure within the kidney, formed by juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

Question 11

nephrons that are juxtamedullary have _____ and ____. this makes them better at ______ ______.

Answer 11

longer loops of Henle, collecting ducts, concentrating filtrate

Question 12

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) epithelium

Answer 12

simple cuboidal with prominent brush border or microvilli

Question 13

nephron loop: descending limb and thin ascending limb

Answer 13

simple squamous epithelium

Question 14

most of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Answer 14

simple cuboidal epithelial

Question 15

last part of DCT and all of collecting duct

Answer 15

simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principal cells and intercalated cells

Question 16

nephrons perform:

Answer 16

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 17

glomerular filtration

Answer 17

blood plasma and dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule

Question 18

tublular reabsorption

Answer 18

all alon renal tubule and collecting duct things are reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries and ultimately into the blood

Question 19

tubular secretion

Answer 19

all along the renal tubule and collecting duct, substances get secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule, ultimately make their way into the urine.

Question 20

renal corpuscle=

Answer 20

bowman’s capsule+glomerulus

site of filtration

Question 21

mesangial cells

Answer 21

between glomerular capillaries and afferent and efferent arteriole, can contract and regulate glomerular filtration rate

Question 22

podocytes

Answer 22

foot processes (PEDICELS) that create filtration slits that only allow passage of smaller molecules

Question 23

what is the importance of the fenestration of glomerular endothelial cells?

Answer 23

prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through

Question 24

basal lamina of glomerulus prevents…

Answer 24

filtration of larger proteins

Question 25

renin

Answer 25

involved in forming the hormone Angiotensin II that causes an increase in blood pressure

Question 26

extraglomerular mesangial cells

Answer 26

contractile cells that help regulate glomerular filtration

Question 27

renal processes

Answer 27

filtration, reabsorption, secretionm excretion

Question 28

renal filtration

Answer 28

occurs at glomerulus movement of fluid and substance out of the glomerular capillary into Bowman’s capsule

Question 29

renal reabsorption

Answer 29

movement of fluid and substances from the nephron tubule into the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

Question 30

renal secretion

Answer 30

movement of fluid and substances from the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule

Question 31

renal excretion

Answer 31

into urine

Question 32

when substances are reabsorbed, then enter the _______

Answer 32

peritubular capillaries

Question 33

aldosterone

Answer 33

secreted by adrenal cortex and increases the reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ by the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 34

anti-diuretic hormone/vasopressin

Answer 34

secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and increases the reabsorption water by the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 35

principle cells in the DT and CD are the cells that have _____ with ____ and _____

Answer 35

receptors, aldosterone, ADH

Question 36

external urethral sphincter

Answer 36

voluntary control of opening and closing of urethra, skeletal muscle

Question 37

internal urethral sphincter

Answer 37

involuntary opening and closing of urethra, smooth muscle

Question 38

detrusor muscle

Answer 38

smooth muscle that contracts to push urine into urethra

Question 39

micturition reflex

Answer 39

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder

Question 40

micturition reflex: sensory

Answer 40

when bladder volume reaches certain level, sensory nerves send messages to the micturition center in the spinal cord

Question 41

micturition reflex: motor

Answer 41

the parasympathetic NS causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the internal urethral sphincter and the somatic NS inhibits the external urethral sphincter

Question 42

male urethras vs female urethras

Answer 42

5x longer in males
divided into 3 segments in males but one short tube for females
common duct for urinary and reproductive system in males, completely separate in females