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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

differences between the nervous and endocrine systems (5)

A

1) hormones delivered to tissues throughout the body by blood vs neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses
2) mediator action is far from the site of release;binds to receptors on or in target cells vs being close to the site of release, at a synapse;binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane
3) types of target cells are cells throughout the body vs muscle (smooth, cardiac and skeletal) cells, gland cells, other neurons
4) time to onset action is seconds to hours to days vs within milliseconds
5) duration of action lasts longer (seconds to days) vs generally short term (milliseconds

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2
Q

what does the infundibulum do?

A

connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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3
Q

anterior pituitary gland is a ____ endocrine gland

A

true

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4
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland contain?

A

axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons

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5
Q

the hypothalamus controls the secretion of____

A

hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

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6
Q

median eminence

A

where the regulatory hormones are produced in the hypothalamus (releasing and inhibiting hormones

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7
Q

hormones enter the ___ ____ _____ to regulate the activity of endocrine cells in the ____ _____ gland

A

hypophyseal portal system, anterior pituitary

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8
Q

human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin

A

stimulates the liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) they promote growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose concentration

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9
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

A

stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

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10
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

in females: initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens
in males: stimulates testes to produce sperm

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11
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

in females: stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation and formation of corpus leteum
in males: stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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12
Q

prolaction (PRL)

A

together with other hormones, promotes milk secretion by the mammary glands

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13
Q

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) or corticotropin

A

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

exact role in human is unknown but may influence brain activity; when present in excess, can cause darkening of skin

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15
Q

anterior pituitary secretes

A

hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, MSH

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16
Q

hypothalamus secretes

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal circulation, these regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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17
Q

what do the supraoptic nuclei produce?

A

anti-diuretic hormone/ vasopressin

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18
Q

what do the paraventricular nuclei produce?

A

oxytocin

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19
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin (OT), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

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20
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle fibers of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of the cells in mammary glands to cause milk ejection

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21
Q

ADH/vasopressin

A

conserves body water by decreasing urine volume; decreases water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

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22
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

the brain, near the roof of the 3rd ventricle

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23
Q

pineal gland job

A

secretes melatonin, which is involved in setting the body’s biological clock, levels rise during sleep

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24
Q

thymus produces____

A

thymyosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor, thymopoietin that promote proliferation and maturation of T cells

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25
Q

thyroid produces____

A

thyroglobulin, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

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26
Q

thyroid follicles job

A

make, store and secrete thyroid hormone

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27
Q

C cells produce ____

A

calcitonin

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28
Q

calcitonin does what?

A

decreases plasma calcium levels

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29
Q

______ _____ surround colloid in a ______

A

follicular cells, cavity

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30
Q

where are the thyroid hormones located?

A

in the colloid

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31
Q

where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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32
Q

parathyroid gland produces

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

33
Q

what does PTH do?

A

raises plasma calcium

34
Q

how does PTH raise plasma calcium?

A

1) increases bone matrix breakdown
2) increases reabsorption in the nephron
3) increases intestinal absorption (via increased vitamin D activity)

35
Q

how does CT decreases plasma calcium levels?

A

inhibits bone reabsorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone ECM

36
Q

what do the thyroid hormones do?

A

increases basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increases use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol excretion, accelerates body growth, and contributes to development of the nervous system

37
Q

name the layers of the adrenal glands superficial to deep

A

capsule, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

38
Q

adrenal cortex produces…

A

hormones essential for life, loss of adrenocortical hormones leads to death in a few days

39
Q

adrenal medulla produces and secretes…

A

2 neurohormones,

1) norepinephrine
2) epinephrine

40
Q

adrenal cortex secretes…

A

1) aldosterone
2) cortisol
3) androgens

41
Q

name the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

42
Q

aldosterone is secreted from the _____ _____ layer of the _____ _____

A

zona glomerulosa, adrenal cortex

43
Q

cortisol is secreted from the _____ _____ layer of the _____ _____

A

zona fasciculata (thickest), adrenal cortex

44
Q

androgens are secreted from the _____ _____ layer of the _____ _____

A

zona reticularis, adrenal cortex

45
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

increases blood levels of sodium levels and decreases blood levels of potassium levels acts on the kidney

46
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

increases protein breakdown, decreases inflammation and help combat stress response, depress immune response,

47
Q

what do androgens do?

A

assist in axillary and pubic hair, estrogen in menopause, etc.

48
Q

what do the adrenal medulla hormones do?

A

produce effects that mimic those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) during stress

49
Q

cell bodies of the hypothalamus make…in how many nuclei

A

oxytocin and ADH , 2

50
Q

where is oxytocin made?

A

in the paraventricular nucleus

51
Q

where is ADH made?

A

in the supraoptic nuclei

52
Q

axons of the cell bodies in the hypothalamus go through the ______ _____ that ends near the ______ of the _____ _____

A

hypothalamophyseal tract, capillaries, posterior pituitary

53
Q

where does the posterior pituitary secrete these hormones into?

A

the capillaries near the posterior pituitary

54
Q

different types of cells in pancreas

A

1) alpha cells
2) beta cells
3) delta cells
4) F cells

55
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

56
Q

what do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

57
Q

what do delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

58
Q

what do F cells secrete?

A

pancreatic peptide

59
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood glucose levels by accelerating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, converting other nutrients into glucose in live, and releasing glucose into the blood

60
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen and decreasing glycogenolysis and glucogenesis , also increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis

61
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract

62
Q

pancreatic polypeptide

A

inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

63
Q

ovarian hormones

A

progesterone and estrogen

64
Q

what do progesterone and estrogen do?

A

together with gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary, regulate the female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare the mammary glands for lactation, and promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

65
Q

testicular hormones

A

testosterone

66
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

stimulates the descent of the testes before birth, regulates production of sperm, and promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

67
Q

GI tract hormones

A

gastrin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK)

68
Q

secretin

A

stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

69
Q

CCK

A

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and brings about a feeling of fullness after eating

70
Q

gastrin

A

promotes the secretion of gastric juice and increases movements of the stomach

71
Q

GIP

A

stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells

72
Q

kidney hormones

A

renin, erythropoietin, calcitrol

73
Q

renin

A

part of a sequence of reactions that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone

74
Q

erythropoietin(EPO)

A

increases rate of red blood cell formation

75
Q

calcitrol

A

=an active form of vitamin D, aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

76
Q

heart hormones

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

77
Q

ANP

A

decreases blood pressure

78
Q

adipose tissue hormones

A

leptin

79
Q

leptin

A

suppresses appetite and may increases the activity of FSH and LH

Anatomy (26 decks)

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