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Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

the testes hang inside a pouch called the _____ that is ____ of the body

A

scrotum, outside

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2
Q

during development, the testes form in the _____ cavity near the _____

A

abdominal, kidneys

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3
Q

testes descend toward the scrotum by passing through the ______ ______

A

inguinal canals

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4
Q

the ________ all remain bundled to the testes in the _____ _____

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves; spermatic cords

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5
Q

______ _____ link the scrotal chambers with the _______ cavity.

A

inguinal canals, peritoneal

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6
Q

the _____ _____ is a weak point and can result in ______ ______

A

spermatic cord, inguinal hernia

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7
Q

______ _____ includes ______&_____ that enclose blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that supply the testes and ductus deferens

A

spermatic cord, fascia, muscle

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8
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

if the testes do not descend into the scrotum; can be corrected surgically and some cases will correct themselves within the first year. bilaterally causes infertility and higher incidence of testicular cancer

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9
Q

the scrotum has how many chambers and what are they called?

A

2, scrotal cavities

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10
Q

what are the scrotal chambers separated by?

A

perineal raphe

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11
Q

what is the perineal raphe?

A

thickened tissue that extends from the anus, across the scrotum, and along the anterior surface of the penis

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12
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

a serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and covers the inside lining of each scrotal cavity

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13
Q

which muscle of the scrotum is found in the dermis?

A

dartos

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14
Q

dartos muscle

A

smooth, contraction causes the wrinkling of the scrotal surface

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15
Q

which muscle of the scrotum is found deep to the dermis?

A

cremaster

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16
Q

cremaster muscle

A

skeletal, contraction tenses the scrotal sac and pulls it closer to the body

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17
Q

why does the scrotum hang outside of the body?

A

it needs to be 2 degrees cooler than body temperature for sperm development

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18
Q

what is the tunica albulginea?

A

a tough fibrous lining of the testes and is covered by the tunica vaginalis, goes into the testes and forms the septa

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19
Q

the septa converge in the ______- contains the _____ _____

A

mediastinum, rete testis

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20
Q

rete testis forms the _____ ____

A

efferent ductules

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21
Q

the efferent ductules lead to the _______

A

epididymis

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22
Q

where are the interstitial cells of the testes?

A

space between the coiled seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

what do the interstitial cells of the testes do?

A

produce and release testosterone in response to LH

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24
Q

testosterone stimulates _______

A

spermatogenesis

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25
Q

other names for nurse cells

A

sertoli and sustentacular

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26
Q

what do nurse cells do?

A

attach to the basement membrane and extend towards the lumen between the spermatocytes undergoing mitosis

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27
Q

functions of nurse cells

A

1) maintain the blood testis barrier
2) secrete androgen binding protein
3) support spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis

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28
Q

explain the blood-testis barrier

A

maintains a higher concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules and prevents the immune system from having access to the developing sperm

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29
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the formation of sperm cells

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30
Q

what cell cycle forms sperm cells and where does it start?

A

meiosis, in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

spermatogonia

A

are stem cells that will divide/mature into spermatocytes-spermatids-spermatozoon (sperm cell)

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32
Q

spermiogenesis

A

maturation process of sperm

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33
Q

mature spermatozoon are released into the _____ of _____ ____ and this process is called _____

A

lumen, seminiferous tubules, spermiation

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34
Q

while the _____ are maturing, they become embedded in ____ ____

A

spermatids, nurse cells

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35
Q

what is the acrosome of a spermatozoon?

A

a vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte for fertilization

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36
Q

secretions from the _____ ____ push the sperm along their way towards the ____ of the _____

A

sustentacular cells, ducts, testes

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37
Q

1 spermatocyte produces how many spermatids after 2 rounds of meiosis

A

4

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38
Q

most sperm don’t survive for more than ___ hours after ejaculation into the female reproductive tract

A

48

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39
Q

sperm cells travel in the _____ ____ eventually to the _____ to mature a little longer

A

seminiferous tubules, epididymis

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40
Q

3 parts of the epididymis

A

1) head
2) body
3) tail

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41
Q

head of epididymis

A

receives spermatozoa via efferent ducts

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42
Q

body of epididymis

A

coiled tubes pass through the body

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43
Q

tail of epididymis

A

tubes begin to uncoil to become a single tube (ductus deferens)

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44
Q

how does the epididymis prevent early capacitation?

A

sperm cells become motile when mixed with secretions from the seminal gland, become capable of fertilizing the egg when exposed to the female reproductive tract

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45
Q

functions of the epididymis

A

monitors or adjusts the fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, stores and facilitates functional maturation

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46
Q

the ductus deferens begins at ….

A

the tail of the epididymis

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47
Q

the ductus deferens ascends into the _____ _____ through the _____ _____

A

abdominal cavity, inguinal canal

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48
Q

the ductus deferens curves around the …

A

bladder and ureter

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49
Q

the ductus deferens descends back towards the ….

A

prostate gland before entering it

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50
Q

what is the enlarged section of the ductus deferens called

A

ampulla

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51
Q

the ampulla turns into the

A

ejaculatory duct and then this enters the prostate gland

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52
Q

3 parts of the male urethra

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy

53
Q

accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A

1) seminal glands
2) prostate
3) bulbo-urethral (cowper’s) glands

54
Q

seminal glands produce ____% of semen

A

60

55
Q

seminal glands

A

secrete alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins and empty the contents into the ejaculatory duct

56
Q

prostate gland produces ___ % of semen

A

30

57
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes acidic fluid that contains citric acid, proteolytic enzymes (PSA, amylase etc.) and seminalplasmin, these enter the prostatic urethra

58
Q

flow of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules-straight tubules- rete testis-efferent ductules-head-body-tail of epididymis-ductus deferens

59
Q

development of sperm

A

spermatogonium(2n, stem cell)-primary spermatocyte (2n)-secondary spermatocyte (n)- spermatid (n)- sperm cell or spermatozoon (n)

60
Q

cowper’s gland

A

secretes with sexual arousal : mucus and alkaline substance that protects sperm passing through urethra
paired glands located at the base of the penis, contents enter into the spongy urethra

61
Q

semen contents

A

1) spermatozoa (20-100 mL)
2) seminal fluid
3) enzymes

62
Q

seminal fluid comes from

A

60% from seminal vesicles
30% from prostate
5% from cowper’s glands
5% from epididymis

63
Q

what do the enzymes in semen do?

A

dissolves vaginal mucus and acts as an antibiotic (semiplasmin from prostate gland)

64
Q

semen will _____ in about 5 minutes due to clotting proteins from the ____ ____. after 10-20 min it will ____ due to proteolytic enzymes

A

coagulate, seminal vesicles, reliquefy

65
Q

3 parts of penis

A

1) root
2) body
3) glans

66
Q

root of penis

A

inferior to pubic symphysis and attached to the rami or ischia

67
Q

body of penis

A

moveable portion, contains erectile tissue

68
Q

glans of penis

A

expanded distal end that surround external urethral orifice

69
Q

3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue and blood vessels

A

1) corpora cavernosa
2) corpora cavernosa artery
3) corpus spongiosum

70
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

deep artery of the penis is in the center of this tissue, contains a maze of vascular channels with elastic CT and smooth muscle fibers

71
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

consists of the spongy urethra

72
Q

what part is removed in circumcision

A

the foreskin/prepuce which covers the glans

73
Q

steps of the erection of penis

A

1) parasympathetic nerves are activated
2) smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax
3) arterial vessels dilate
4) arterial vessels become engorged with blood
5) erection occurs

74
Q

semen release and ejaculation

A

the sympathetic nerves cause peristaltic action in the ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, and bulbo-urethral glands

75
Q

ejaculation occurs due to ….

A

contraction of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles of the pelvic floor

76
Q

ovarian ligament

A

ovary to uterus

77
Q

broad ligament

A

ovaries and fallopian tubes to lateral pelvic wall

78
Q

suspensory ligament

A

suspends ovaries

79
Q

oogenesis

A

the production of female gametes, occurs in ovaries

80
Q

gametes develop in____

A

ovarian follicles

81
Q

ovarian follicles are where…

A

oocytes develop

82
Q

development of ovarian follicle

A

primordial follicle-primary follicle-secondary follicle-mature follicle (graafian follicle)

83
Q

by puberty only about 400,000 ______ left

A

oocytes

84
Q

“left over” oocytes after puberty reside in the

A

cortex surrounded by a layer of cells constituting an entire structure=primordial ovarian follicle

85
Q

granulosa cells secrete

A

estrogen

86
Q

Thecal cells secrete ____ and reside in the

A

androgens, primary follicle

87
Q

ovulation is

A

gamete release

88
Q

when there is a rise in LH, what happens? and why is there a rise in LH?

A

estrogen causes LH to rise and this causes a weakening in the wall of the graafian follicle and the egg is released into the uterine tube

89
Q

after release of the egg, what is the empty follicle called?

A

corpus luteum

90
Q

corpus luteum produces…

A

progesterone

91
Q

progesterone is used to prepare the body for____ by…

A

pregnancy, maintaining the uterine wall

92
Q

if pregnancy does not occur, what happens to the wall?

A

corpus luteum decomposes and becomes the corpus albicans

93
Q

3 sections of the uterine tubes

A

1) infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus

94
Q

the infundibulum has…

A

fimbriae

95
Q

the ampulla of the uterine tubes is where

A

most fertilization occurs

96
Q

the isthmus of the uterine tubes is where

A

there is a narrowing, it connects with the uterus

97
Q

wall layers of the uterus superficial to deep

A

perimetrium
myometrium (thickest)
endometrium

98
Q

the functions of the uterus

A

provides protection for the embryo
provides nutritional support for the embryo
provides a means to remove waste produced by the embryo

99
Q

parts of the uterus

A

uterine cavity, fundus, body, isthmus, cervix, internal os, cervical canal, oxternal os

100
Q

what is retroflexion of the uterus?

A

when the uterus bends backwards towards the sacrum, supposed to be superior and covering most of bladder

101
Q

endometrium is

A

mucosa

102
Q

myometrium is

A

smooth muscle

103
Q

perimetrium is

A

serosa

104
Q

layers of the myometrium superficial to deep

A

longitudinal, circular, oblique

105
Q

what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase
3) menses

106
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

endometrial lining thickens preparing the body for the implantation of a fertilized egg

107
Q

what happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

endometrial glands enlarge and blood vessels elongate and it is ready for an egg to implant if an egg is present

108
Q

what happens during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

constriction of blood vessels causes a loss of the functional layer of the endometrium, called menstruations

109
Q

the cervix projects from the uterus into the _____ _____

A

vaginal canal

110
Q

the edges of the cervix form recesses called the _____

A

fornix

111
Q

epithelium of vagina

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

112
Q

vagina has _____ (folds)

A

rugae

113
Q

components of female external genetalia

A

vulva, vestibule

114
Q

the vulva consists of

A 
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
prepuce
hymen
115
Q

vulva is the term for…

A

external genitals

116
Q

vestibule is the

A

part of the vulva between the labia minora

117
Q

the vestibule contains

A

urethral and vaginal openings

118
Q

what is the hymen?

A

a membrane that surrounds or partly covers the external vaginal opening

119
Q

mons pubis

A

adipose tissue that covers the pubic symphysis

120
Q

prepuce of clitoris

A

covers clitoris, at junction of labia minora

121
Q

clitoris

A

mass of erectile tissue and nerves

122
Q

labia majora

A

folds of skin, contain sebaceous and sweat glands; homologous to scrotum

123
Q

labia minora

A

contains sebaceous glands; homologous to the spongy urethra

124
Q

milk can be stored in the

A

lactiferous sinuses

125
Q

prolactin is in charge of the

A

production of milk

126
Q

oxytocin is in charge of the

A

ejection of milk

127
Q

what is the nipple?

A

a series of closely spaced openings of ducts - lactiferous ducts (where milk emerges)

128
Q

areola contains

A

modified sebaceous glands

129
Q

strands of CT in between skin and fascia of the breast

A

cooper’s ligaments or suspensory ligaments of the breast, support the breast

Anatomy (26 decks)

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