Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
the testes hang inside a pouch called the _____ that is ____ of the body
A
scrotum, outside
2
Q
during development, the testes form in the _____ cavity near the _____
A
abdominal, kidneys
3
Q
testes descend toward the scrotum by passing through the ______ ______
A
inguinal canals
4
Q
the ________ all remain bundled to the testes in the _____ _____
A
blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves; spermatic cords
5
Q
______ _____ link the scrotal chambers with the _______ cavity.
A
inguinal canals, peritoneal
6
Q
the _____ _____ is a weak point and can result in ______ ______
A
spermatic cord, inguinal hernia
7
Q
______ _____ includes ______&_____ that enclose blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that supply the testes and ductus deferens
A
spermatic cord, fascia, muscle
8
Q
what is cryptorchidism
A
if the testes do not descend into the scrotum; can be corrected surgically and some cases will correct themselves within the first year. bilaterally causes infertility and higher incidence of testicular cancer
9
Q
the scrotum has how many chambers and what are they called?
A
2, scrotal cavities
10
Q
what are the scrotal chambers separated by?
A
perineal raphe
11
Q
what is the perineal raphe?
A
thickened tissue that extends from the anus, across the scrotum, and along the anterior surface of the penis
12
Q
what is the tunica vaginalis?
A
a serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and covers the inside lining of each scrotal cavity
13
Q
which muscle of the scrotum is found in the dermis?
A
dartos
14
Q
dartos muscle
A
smooth, contraction causes the wrinkling of the scrotal surface
15
Q
which muscle of the scrotum is found deep to the dermis?
A
cremaster
16
Q
cremaster muscle
A
skeletal, contraction tenses the scrotal sac and pulls it closer to the body
17
Q
why does the scrotum hang outside of the body?
A
it needs to be 2 degrees cooler than body temperature for sperm development
18
Q
what is the tunica albulginea?
A
a tough fibrous lining of the testes and is covered by the tunica vaginalis, goes into the testes and forms the septa
19
Q
the septa converge in the ______- contains the _____ _____
A
mediastinum, rete testis
20
Q
rete testis forms the _____ ____
A
efferent ductules
21
Q
the efferent ductules lead to the _______
A
epididymis
22
Q
where are the interstitial cells of the testes?
A
space between the coiled seminiferous tubules
23
Q
what do the interstitial cells of the testes do?
A
produce and release testosterone in response to LH
24
Q
testosterone stimulates _______
A
spermatogenesis
25
other names for nurse cells
sertoli and sustentacular
26
what do nurse cells do?
attach to the basement membrane and extend towards the lumen between the spermatocytes undergoing mitosis
27
functions of nurse cells
1) maintain the blood testis barrier
2) secrete androgen binding protein
3) support spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis
28
explain the blood-testis barrier
maintains a higher concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules and prevents the immune system from having access to the developing sperm
29
what is spermatogenesis?
the formation of sperm cells
30
what cell cycle forms sperm cells and where does it start?
meiosis, in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules
31
spermatogonia
are stem cells that will divide/mature into spermatocytes-spermatids-spermatozoon (sperm cell)
32
spermiogenesis
maturation process of sperm
33
mature spermatozoon are released into the _____ of _____ ____ and this process is called _____
lumen, seminiferous tubules, spermiation
34
while the _____ are maturing, they become embedded in ____ ____
spermatids, nurse cells
35
what is the acrosome of a spermatozoon?
a vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte for fertilization
36
secretions from the _____ ____ push the sperm along their way towards the ____ of the _____
sustentacular cells, ducts, testes
37
1 spermatocyte produces how many spermatids after 2 rounds of meiosis
4
38
most sperm don't survive for more than ___ hours after ejaculation into the female reproductive tract
48
39
sperm cells travel in the _____ ____ eventually to the _____ to mature a little longer
seminiferous tubules, epididymis
40
3 parts of the epididymis
1) head
2) body
3) tail
41
head of epididymis
receives spermatozoa via efferent ducts
42
body of epididymis
coiled tubes pass through the body
43
tail of epididymis
tubes begin to uncoil to become a single tube (ductus deferens)
44
how does the epididymis prevent early capacitation?
sperm cells become motile when mixed with secretions from the seminal gland, become capable of fertilizing the egg when exposed to the female reproductive tract
45
functions of the epididymis
monitors or adjusts the fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, stores and facilitates functional maturation
46
the ductus deferens begins at ....
the tail of the epididymis
47
the ductus deferens ascends into the _____ _____ through the _____ _____
abdominal cavity, inguinal canal
48
the ductus deferens curves around the ...
bladder and ureter
49
the ductus deferens descends back towards the ....
prostate gland before entering it
50
what is the enlarged section of the ductus deferens called
ampulla
51
the ampulla turns into the
ejaculatory duct and then this enters the prostate gland
52
3 parts of the male urethra
prostatic, membranous, spongy
53
accessory glands of the male reproductive system
1) seminal glands
2) prostate
3) bulbo-urethral (cowper's) glands
54
seminal glands produce ____% of semen
60
55
seminal glands
secrete alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins and empty the contents into the ejaculatory duct
56
prostate gland produces ___ % of semen
30
57
prostate gland
secretes acidic fluid that contains citric acid, proteolytic enzymes (PSA, amylase etc.) and seminalplasmin, these enter the prostatic urethra
58
flow of sperm
seminiferous tubules-straight tubules- rete testis-efferent ductules-head-body-tail of epididymis-ductus deferens
59
development of sperm
spermatogonium(2n, stem cell)-primary spermatocyte (2n)-secondary spermatocyte (n)- spermatid (n)- sperm cell or spermatozoon (n)
60
cowper's gland
secretes with sexual arousal : mucus and alkaline substance that protects sperm passing through urethra
paired glands located at the base of the penis, contents enter into the spongy urethra
61
semen contents
1) spermatozoa (20-100 mL)
2) seminal fluid
3) enzymes
62
seminal fluid comes from
60% from seminal vesicles
30% from prostate
5% from cowper's glands
5% from epididymis
63
what do the enzymes in semen do?
dissolves vaginal mucus and acts as an antibiotic (semiplasmin from prostate gland)
64
semen will _____ in about 5 minutes due to clotting proteins from the ____ ____. after 10-20 min it will ____ due to proteolytic enzymes
coagulate, seminal vesicles, reliquefy
65
3 parts of penis
1) root
2) body
3) glans
66
root of penis
inferior to pubic symphysis and attached to the rami or ischia
67
body of penis
moveable portion, contains erectile tissue
68
glans of penis
expanded distal end that surround external urethral orifice
69
3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue and blood vessels
1) corpora cavernosa
2) corpora cavernosa artery
3) corpus spongiosum
70
corpora cavernosa
deep artery of the penis is in the center of this tissue, contains a maze of vascular channels with elastic CT and smooth muscle fibers
71
corpus spongiosum
consists of the spongy urethra
72
what part is removed in circumcision
the foreskin/prepuce which covers the glans
73
steps of the erection of penis
1) parasympathetic nerves are activated
2) smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax
3) arterial vessels dilate
4) arterial vessels become engorged with blood
5) erection occurs
74
semen release and ejaculation
the sympathetic nerves cause peristaltic action in the ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, and bulbo-urethral glands
75
ejaculation occurs due to ....
contraction of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles of the pelvic floor
76
ovarian ligament
ovary to uterus
77
broad ligament
ovaries and fallopian tubes to lateral pelvic wall
78
suspensory ligament
suspends ovaries
79
oogenesis
the production of female gametes, occurs in ovaries
80
gametes develop in____
ovarian follicles
81
ovarian follicles are where...
oocytes develop
82
development of ovarian follicle
primordial follicle-primary follicle-secondary follicle-mature follicle (graafian follicle)
83
by puberty only about 400,000 ______ left
oocytes
84
"left over" oocytes after puberty reside in the
cortex surrounded by a layer of cells constituting an entire structure=primordial ovarian follicle
85
granulosa cells secrete
estrogen
86
Thecal cells secrete ____ and reside in the
androgens, primary follicle
87
ovulation is
gamete release
88
when there is a rise in LH, what happens? and why is there a rise in LH?
estrogen causes LH to rise and this causes a weakening in the wall of the graafian follicle and the egg is released into the uterine tube
89
after release of the egg, what is the empty follicle called?
corpus luteum
90
corpus luteum produces...
progesterone
91
progesterone is used to prepare the body for____ by...
pregnancy, maintaining the uterine wall
92
if pregnancy does not occur, what happens to the wall?
corpus luteum decomposes and becomes the corpus albicans
93
3 sections of the uterine tubes
1) infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus
94
the infundibulum has...
fimbriae
95
the ampulla of the uterine tubes is where
most fertilization occurs
96
the isthmus of the uterine tubes is where
there is a narrowing, it connects with the uterus
97
wall layers of the uterus superficial to deep
perimetrium
myometrium (thickest)
endometrium
98
the functions of the uterus
provides protection for the embryo
provides nutritional support for the embryo
provides a means to remove waste produced by the embryo
99
parts of the uterus
uterine cavity, fundus, body, isthmus, cervix, internal os, cervical canal, oxternal os
100
what is retroflexion of the uterus?
when the uterus bends backwards towards the sacrum, supposed to be superior and covering most of bladder
101
endometrium is
mucosa
102
myometrium is
smooth muscle
103
perimetrium is
serosa
104
layers of the myometrium superficial to deep
longitudinal, circular, oblique
105
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?
1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase
3) menses
106
what happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
endometrial lining thickens preparing the body for the implantation of a fertilized egg
107
what happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
endometrial glands enlarge and blood vessels elongate and it is ready for an egg to implant if an egg is present
108
what happens during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?
constriction of blood vessels causes a loss of the functional layer of the endometrium, called menstruations
109
the cervix projects from the uterus into the _____ _____
vaginal canal
110
the edges of the cervix form recesses called the _____
fornix
111
epithelium of vagina
non-keratinized stratified squamous
112
vagina has _____ (folds)
rugae
113
components of female external genetalia
vulva, vestibule
114
the vulva consists of
```
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
prepuce
hymen
```
115
vulva is the term for...
external genitals
116
vestibule is the
part of the vulva between the labia minora
117
the vestibule contains
urethral and vaginal openings
118
what is the hymen?
a membrane that surrounds or partly covers the external vaginal opening
119
mons pubis
adipose tissue that covers the pubic symphysis
120
prepuce of clitoris
covers clitoris, at junction of labia minora
121
clitoris
mass of erectile tissue and nerves
122
labia majora
folds of skin, contain sebaceous and sweat glands; homologous to scrotum
123
labia minora
contains sebaceous glands; homologous to the spongy urethra
124
milk can be stored in the
lactiferous sinuses
125
prolactin is in charge of the
production of milk
126
oxytocin is in charge of the
ejection of milk
127
what is the nipple?
a series of closely spaced openings of ducts - lactiferous ducts (where milk emerges)
128
areola contains
modified sebaceous glands
129
strands of CT in between skin and fascia of the breast
cooper's ligaments or suspensory ligaments of the breast, support the breast
