Reproductive System Flashcards
the testes hang inside a pouch called the _____ that is ____ of the body
scrotum, outside
during development, the testes form in the _____ cavity near the _____
abdominal, kidneys
testes descend toward the scrotum by passing through the ______ ______
inguinal canals
the ________ all remain bundled to the testes in the _____ _____
blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves; spermatic cords
______ _____ link the scrotal chambers with the _______ cavity.
inguinal canals, peritoneal
the _____ _____ is a weak point and can result in ______ ______
spermatic cord, inguinal hernia
______ _____ includes ______&_____ that enclose blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that supply the testes and ductus deferens
spermatic cord, fascia, muscle
what is cryptorchidism
if the testes do not descend into the scrotum; can be corrected surgically and some cases will correct themselves within the first year. bilaterally causes infertility and higher incidence of testicular cancer
the scrotum has how many chambers and what are they called?
2, scrotal cavities
what are the scrotal chambers separated by?
perineal raphe
what is the perineal raphe?
thickened tissue that extends from the anus, across the scrotum, and along the anterior surface of the penis
what is the tunica vaginalis?
a serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and covers the inside lining of each scrotal cavity
which muscle of the scrotum is found in the dermis?
dartos
dartos muscle
smooth, contraction causes the wrinkling of the scrotal surface
which muscle of the scrotum is found deep to the dermis?
cremaster
cremaster muscle
skeletal, contraction tenses the scrotal sac and pulls it closer to the body
why does the scrotum hang outside of the body?
it needs to be 2 degrees cooler than body temperature for sperm development
what is the tunica albulginea?
a tough fibrous lining of the testes and is covered by the tunica vaginalis, goes into the testes and forms the septa
the septa converge in the ______- contains the _____ _____
mediastinum, rete testis
rete testis forms the _____ ____
efferent ductules
the efferent ductules lead to the _______
epididymis
where are the interstitial cells of the testes?
space between the coiled seminiferous tubules
what do the interstitial cells of the testes do?
produce and release testosterone in response to LH
testosterone stimulates _______
spermatogenesis
other names for nurse cells
sertoli and sustentacular
what do nurse cells do?
attach to the basement membrane and extend towards the lumen between the spermatocytes undergoing mitosis
functions of nurse cells
1) maintain the blood testis barrier
2) secrete androgen binding protein
3) support spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis
explain the blood-testis barrier
maintains a higher concentration of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules and prevents the immune system from having access to the developing sperm
what is spermatogenesis?
the formation of sperm cells
what cell cycle forms sperm cells and where does it start?
meiosis, in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules
spermatogonia
are stem cells that will divide/mature into spermatocytes-spermatids-spermatozoon (sperm cell)
spermiogenesis
maturation process of sperm
mature spermatozoon are released into the _____ of _____ ____ and this process is called _____
lumen, seminiferous tubules, spermiation
while the _____ are maturing, they become embedded in ____ ____
spermatids, nurse cells
what is the acrosome of a spermatozoon?
a vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte for fertilization
secretions from the _____ ____ push the sperm along their way towards the ____ of the _____
sustentacular cells, ducts, testes
1 spermatocyte produces how many spermatids after 2 rounds of meiosis
4
most sperm don’t survive for more than ___ hours after ejaculation into the female reproductive tract
48
sperm cells travel in the _____ ____ eventually to the _____ to mature a little longer
seminiferous tubules, epididymis
3 parts of the epididymis
1) head
2) body
3) tail
head of epididymis
receives spermatozoa via efferent ducts
body of epididymis
coiled tubes pass through the body
tail of epididymis
tubes begin to uncoil to become a single tube (ductus deferens)
how does the epididymis prevent early capacitation?
sperm cells become motile when mixed with secretions from the seminal gland, become capable of fertilizing the egg when exposed to the female reproductive tract
functions of the epididymis
monitors or adjusts the fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, stores and facilitates functional maturation
the ductus deferens begins at ….
the tail of the epididymis
the ductus deferens ascends into the _____ _____ through the _____ _____
abdominal cavity, inguinal canal
the ductus deferens curves around the …
bladder and ureter
the ductus deferens descends back towards the ….
prostate gland before entering it
what is the enlarged section of the ductus deferens called
ampulla
the ampulla turns into the
ejaculatory duct and then this enters the prostate gland
3 parts of the male urethra
prostatic, membranous, spongy
accessory glands of the male reproductive system
1) seminal glands
2) prostate
3) bulbo-urethral (cowper’s) glands
seminal glands produce ____% of semen
60
seminal glands
secrete alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins and empty the contents into the ejaculatory duct
prostate gland produces ___ % of semen
30
prostate gland
secretes acidic fluid that contains citric acid, proteolytic enzymes (PSA, amylase etc.) and seminalplasmin, these enter the prostatic urethra
flow of sperm
seminiferous tubules-straight tubules- rete testis-efferent ductules-head-body-tail of epididymis-ductus deferens
development of sperm
spermatogonium(2n, stem cell)-primary spermatocyte (2n)-secondary spermatocyte (n)- spermatid (n)- sperm cell or spermatozoon (n)
cowper’s gland
secretes with sexual arousal : mucus and alkaline substance that protects sperm passing through urethra
paired glands located at the base of the penis, contents enter into the spongy urethra
semen contents
1) spermatozoa (20-100 mL)
2) seminal fluid
3) enzymes
seminal fluid comes from
60% from seminal vesicles
30% from prostate
5% from cowper’s glands
5% from epididymis
what do the enzymes in semen do?
dissolves vaginal mucus and acts as an antibiotic (semiplasmin from prostate gland)
semen will _____ in about 5 minutes due to clotting proteins from the ____ ____. after 10-20 min it will ____ due to proteolytic enzymes
coagulate, seminal vesicles, reliquefy
3 parts of penis
1) root
2) body
3) glans
root of penis
inferior to pubic symphysis and attached to the rami or ischia
body of penis
moveable portion, contains erectile tissue
glans of penis
expanded distal end that surround external urethral orifice
3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue and blood vessels
1) corpora cavernosa
2) corpora cavernosa artery
3) corpus spongiosum
corpora cavernosa
deep artery of the penis is in the center of this tissue, contains a maze of vascular channels with elastic CT and smooth muscle fibers
corpus spongiosum
consists of the spongy urethra
what part is removed in circumcision
the foreskin/prepuce which covers the glans
steps of the erection of penis
1) parasympathetic nerves are activated
2) smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax
3) arterial vessels dilate
4) arterial vessels become engorged with blood
5) erection occurs
semen release and ejaculation
the sympathetic nerves cause peristaltic action in the ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, and bulbo-urethral glands
ejaculation occurs due to ….
contraction of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles of the pelvic floor
ovarian ligament
ovary to uterus
broad ligament
ovaries and fallopian tubes to lateral pelvic wall
suspensory ligament
suspends ovaries
oogenesis
the production of female gametes, occurs in ovaries
gametes develop in____
ovarian follicles
ovarian follicles are where…
oocytes develop
development of ovarian follicle
primordial follicle-primary follicle-secondary follicle-mature follicle (graafian follicle)
by puberty only about 400,000 ______ left
oocytes
“left over” oocytes after puberty reside in the
cortex surrounded by a layer of cells constituting an entire structure=primordial ovarian follicle
granulosa cells secrete
estrogen
Thecal cells secrete ____ and reside in the
androgens, primary follicle
ovulation is
gamete release
when there is a rise in LH, what happens? and why is there a rise in LH?
estrogen causes LH to rise and this causes a weakening in the wall of the graafian follicle and the egg is released into the uterine tube
after release of the egg, what is the empty follicle called?
corpus luteum
corpus luteum produces…
progesterone
progesterone is used to prepare the body for____ by…
pregnancy, maintaining the uterine wall
if pregnancy does not occur, what happens to the wall?
corpus luteum decomposes and becomes the corpus albicans
3 sections of the uterine tubes
1) infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus
the infundibulum has…
fimbriae
the ampulla of the uterine tubes is where
most fertilization occurs
the isthmus of the uterine tubes is where
there is a narrowing, it connects with the uterus
wall layers of the uterus superficial to deep
perimetrium
myometrium (thickest)
endometrium
the functions of the uterus
provides protection for the embryo
provides nutritional support for the embryo
provides a means to remove waste produced by the embryo
parts of the uterus
uterine cavity, fundus, body, isthmus, cervix, internal os, cervical canal, oxternal os
what is retroflexion of the uterus?
when the uterus bends backwards towards the sacrum, supposed to be superior and covering most of bladder
endometrium is
mucosa
myometrium is
smooth muscle
perimetrium is
serosa
layers of the myometrium superficial to deep
longitudinal, circular, oblique
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?
1) proliferative phase
2) secretory phase
3) menses
what happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
endometrial lining thickens preparing the body for the implantation of a fertilized egg
what happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
endometrial glands enlarge and blood vessels elongate and it is ready for an egg to implant if an egg is present
what happens during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle?
constriction of blood vessels causes a loss of the functional layer of the endometrium, called menstruations
the cervix projects from the uterus into the _____ _____
vaginal canal
the edges of the cervix form recesses called the _____
fornix
epithelium of vagina
non-keratinized stratified squamous
vagina has _____ (folds)
rugae
components of female external genetalia
vulva, vestibule
the vulva consists of
mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris prepuce hymen
vulva is the term for…
external genitals
vestibule is the
part of the vulva between the labia minora
the vestibule contains
urethral and vaginal openings
what is the hymen?
a membrane that surrounds or partly covers the external vaginal opening
mons pubis
adipose tissue that covers the pubic symphysis
prepuce of clitoris
covers clitoris, at junction of labia minora
clitoris
mass of erectile tissue and nerves
labia majora
folds of skin, contain sebaceous and sweat glands; homologous to scrotum
labia minora
contains sebaceous glands; homologous to the spongy urethra
milk can be stored in the
lactiferous sinuses
prolactin is in charge of the
production of milk
oxytocin is in charge of the
ejection of milk
what is the nipple?
a series of closely spaced openings of ducts - lactiferous ducts (where milk emerges)
areola contains
modified sebaceous glands
strands of CT in between skin and fascia of the breast
cooper’s ligaments or suspensory ligaments of the breast, support the breast
