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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System: Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

mediastinum

A

extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, the first rib to the diaphragm and between the pleurae of the lungs

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2
Q

layers of the heart are:

A

1) fibrous pericardium
2) parietal layer of the serous pericardium
3) pericardial cavity
4) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)
5) myocardium
6) endocardium

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3
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

inelastic dense irregular CT; attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly and merges with CT of the great vessels at the base of the heart; prevents overstratching of the heart and protection and anchoring of the heart in the mediastinum

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4
Q

myocardium has these junctions:

A

desmosomes: anchoring
gap junctions: communication
intercalated discs

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5
Q

right ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit

A

pulmonary

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6
Q

left ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit

A

systemic

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7
Q

stroke volume

A

the two ventricles pumping the same volume of blood with each beat

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8
Q

difference between the wall of left ventricle versus right

A

left is thicker because of a higher workload, higher pressure and greater distances

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9
Q

cardiac output

A

bot ventricles pumping equal volumes of blood per minute

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10
Q

right atrium receives _____ blood from the _____ circuit

A

oxygen-poor, systemic

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11
Q

right ventricle pumps blood to the ____ via the _____

A

lungs, pulmonary trunk/artery

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12
Q

blood returns to the left atrium from the _____ via the _____

A

lungs, pulmonary veins

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13
Q

the left ventricle pumps blood to the _____ circuit via the _____

A

systemic, aorta

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14
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

connects aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk; remnant of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus

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15
Q

blood flow through the heart (include whether oxygenated=o or deoxygenated=d)

A

right atrium (d)-tricuspid valve-right ventricle (d)-pulmonary semilunar valve-pulmonary trunk/arteries (d)-gains oxygen and loses CO2 in pulmonary capillaries-pulmonary veins (o)-left atrium(o)-bicuspid valve-left ventricle(o)-aortic semilunar valve-aorta and systemic arteries(o)- loses oxygen and gains CO2 in systemic capillaries

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16
Q

right auricle

A

in RA, increases the capacity of the atria so that it can hold more blood

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17
Q

pectinate muscle

A

posterior wall of atria are smooth but other parts have ridges from pectinate muscles

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18
Q

fossa ovalis

A

located in the interatrial septum, remnant of foramen ovale (an opening in the interatrial septum in the fetal heart, allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus)

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19
Q

papillary muscle

A

cone shaped trabeculae carnae, cause AV valves to close when contracted

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20
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers in the ventricles

21
Q

atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

between atria and ventricles, bicuspid and tricuspid; valves are dense CT covered by endocardium, have chordae tendineae to attach to papillary muscles

22
Q

bicuspid valve

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

23
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

24
Q

semilunar valves

A

between ventricles and arteries, fibrous rings surround valve and they fuse with one another and the IV septum, rings prevent overstretching of the valves as blood passes through them

25
Q

when the ventricles are contracted, AV valves are ____ and semilunar valves are _____.

A

closed, open

26
Q

when the ventricles are relaxed, AV valves are ____ and semilunar valves are _____.

A

open, closed

27
Q

LUBB is the ___ heart sound and occurs during ____, due to the closure of the ____ valves.

A

1st, ventricular systole, AV

28
Q

DUPP is the ___ heart sound and occurs during ____, due to the closure of the ____ valves.

A

2nd, ventricular diastole, semilunar

29
Q

the heart sounds are due to

A

the blood hitting the closed valves

30
Q

coronary arteries

A

right side: right coronary-marginal branch, posterior interventricular branch
left side: left coronary-circumflex branch, anterior interventricular branch

31
Q

posterior interventricular branch supplies

A

posterior surface of right ventricle

32
Q

circumflex branch supplies

A

posterior surface of left atrium

33
Q

marginal branch supplies

A

anterior surface of right ventricle

34
Q

anterior interventricular branch supplies

A

anterior surface of left ventricle

35
Q

coronary veins

A

small cardiac, anterior cardiac, middle cardiac, great cardiac

36
Q

coronary sinus

A

drains blood into the right atrium

37
Q

a vascular sinus is…

A

a thin-walled vein that has no smooth muscle

38
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

the saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery are used to bypass the occulsion in a coronary artery

39
Q

electric flow of the heart

A

SA (sinoatrial) node-AV (atrioventricular) node-AV bundle of HIS-right and left bundle branches-purkinje fibers

40
Q

_____ is the heart’s natural pacemaker

A

the SA node

41
Q

what regulates the activity of the SA node?

A

the autonomic nervous system

42
Q

the sympathetic NS ____ the heart rate

A

speeds up

43
Q

the parasympathetic NS ____ the heart rate

A

slows down

44
Q

congenital heart defect

A

the heart’s structure is altered at birth, can impact how blood flows through the heart and how well blood is oxygenated/general efficiency of the heart and circulation

45
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

IV septum is not fully developed and thus blood between the ventricles mixes

46
Q

transposition of great vessels

A

aorta is positioned over the right ventricle rather than the left and the pulmonary trunk is positioned over the left ventricle rather than the right

47
Q

atrioventricular septal defect

A

septum between the atria and ventricles are defected and blood mixes

48
Q

patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

A

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosum don’t fully close

49
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

1) ventricular septal defect
2) stenotic pulmonary valve/artery
3) aorta positioned over the ventricular septal defect
4) right ventricle hypertrophy

Anatomy (26 decks)

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