Cardiovascular System: Heart Flashcards
mediastinum
extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, the first rib to the diaphragm and between the pleurae of the lungs
layers of the heart are:
1) fibrous pericardium
2) parietal layer of the serous pericardium
3) pericardial cavity
4) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)
5) myocardium
6) endocardium
fibrous pericardium
inelastic dense irregular CT; attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly and merges with CT of the great vessels at the base of the heart; prevents overstratching of the heart and protection and anchoring of the heart in the mediastinum
myocardium has these junctions:
desmosomes: anchoring
gap junctions: communication
intercalated discs
right ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit
pulmonary
left ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit
systemic
stroke volume
the two ventricles pumping the same volume of blood with each beat
difference between the wall of left ventricle versus right
left is thicker because of a higher workload, higher pressure and greater distances
cardiac output
bot ventricles pumping equal volumes of blood per minute
right atrium receives _____ blood from the _____ circuit
oxygen-poor, systemic
right ventricle pumps blood to the ____ via the _____
lungs, pulmonary trunk/artery
blood returns to the left atrium from the _____ via the _____
lungs, pulmonary veins
the left ventricle pumps blood to the _____ circuit via the _____
systemic, aorta
ligamentum arteriosum
connects aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk; remnant of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus
blood flow through the heart (include whether oxygenated=o or deoxygenated=d)
right atrium (d)-tricuspid valve-right ventricle (d)-pulmonary semilunar valve-pulmonary trunk/arteries (d)-gains oxygen and loses CO2 in pulmonary capillaries-pulmonary veins (o)-left atrium(o)-bicuspid valve-left ventricle(o)-aortic semilunar valve-aorta and systemic arteries(o)- loses oxygen and gains CO2 in systemic capillaries
right auricle
in RA, increases the capacity of the atria so that it can hold more blood
pectinate muscle
posterior wall of atria are smooth but other parts have ridges from pectinate muscles
fossa ovalis
located in the interatrial septum, remnant of foramen ovale (an opening in the interatrial septum in the fetal heart, allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus)
papillary muscle
cone shaped trabeculae carnae, cause AV valves to close when contracted
trabeculae carnae
raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers in the ventricles
atrioventricular valves (AV)
between atria and ventricles, bicuspid and tricuspid; valves are dense CT covered by endocardium, have chordae tendineae to attach to papillary muscles
bicuspid valve
between left atrium and left ventricle
tricuspid valve
between the right atrium and right ventricle
semilunar valves
between ventricles and arteries, fibrous rings surround valve and they fuse with one another and the IV septum, rings prevent overstretching of the valves as blood passes through them
when the ventricles are contracted, AV valves are ____ and semilunar valves are _____.
closed, open
when the ventricles are relaxed, AV valves are ____ and semilunar valves are _____.
open, closed
LUBB is the ___ heart sound and occurs during ____, due to the closure of the ____ valves.
1st, ventricular systole, AV
DUPP is the ___ heart sound and occurs during ____, due to the closure of the ____ valves.
2nd, ventricular diastole, semilunar
the heart sounds are due to
the blood hitting the closed valves
coronary arteries
right side: right coronary-marginal branch, posterior interventricular branch
left side: left coronary-circumflex branch, anterior interventricular branch
posterior interventricular branch supplies
posterior surface of right ventricle
circumflex branch supplies
posterior surface of left atrium
marginal branch supplies
anterior surface of right ventricle
anterior interventricular branch supplies
anterior surface of left ventricle
coronary veins
small cardiac, anterior cardiac, middle cardiac, great cardiac
coronary sinus
drains blood into the right atrium
a vascular sinus is…
a thin-walled vein that has no smooth muscle
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
the saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery are used to bypass the occulsion in a coronary artery
electric flow of the heart
SA (sinoatrial) node-AV (atrioventricular) node-AV bundle of HIS-right and left bundle branches-purkinje fibers
_____ is the heart’s natural pacemaker
the SA node
what regulates the activity of the SA node?
the autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic NS ____ the heart rate
speeds up
the parasympathetic NS ____ the heart rate
slows down
congenital heart defect
the heart’s structure is altered at birth, can impact how blood flows through the heart and how well blood is oxygenated/general efficiency of the heart and circulation
ventricular septal defect
IV septum is not fully developed and thus blood between the ventricles mixes
transposition of great vessels
aorta is positioned over the right ventricle rather than the left and the pulmonary trunk is positioned over the left ventricle rather than the right
atrioventricular septal defect
septum between the atria and ventricles are defected and blood mixes
patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosum don’t fully close
tetralogy of fallot
1) ventricular septal defect
2) stenotic pulmonary valve/artery
3) aorta positioned over the ventricular septal defect
4) right ventricle hypertrophy
