Cardiovascular System: Heart

Question 1

mediastinum

Answer 1

extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, the first rib to the diaphragm and between the pleurae of the lungs

Question 2

layers of the heart are:

Answer 2

1) fibrous pericardium
2) parietal layer of the serous pericardium
3) pericardial cavity
4) visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium)
5) myocardium
6) endocardium

Question 3

fibrous pericardium

Answer 3

inelastic dense irregular CT; attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly and merges with CT of the great vessels at the base of the heart; prevents overstratching of the heart and protection and anchoring of the heart in the mediastinum

Question 4

myocardium has these junctions:

Answer 4

desmosomes: anchoring
gap junctions: communication
intercalated discs

Question 5

right ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit

Answer 5

pulmonary

Question 6

left ventricle pumps blood through ______ circuit

Answer 6

systemic

Question 7

stroke volume

Answer 7

the two ventricles pumping the same volume of blood with each beat

Question 8

difference between the wall of left ventricle versus right

Answer 8

left is thicker because of a higher workload, higher pressure and greater distances

Question 9

cardiac output

Answer 9

bot ventricles pumping equal volumes of blood per minute

Question 10

right atrium receives _____ blood from the _____ circuit

Answer 10

oxygen-poor, systemic

Question 11

right ventricle pumps blood to the ____ via the _____

Answer 11

lungs, pulmonary trunk/artery

Question 12

blood returns to the left atrium from the _____ via the _____

Answer 12

lungs, pulmonary veins

Question 13

the left ventricle pumps blood to the _____ circuit via the _____

Answer 13

systemic, aorta

Question 14

ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 14

connects aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk; remnant of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus

Question 15

blood flow through the heart (include whether oxygenated=o or deoxygenated=d)

Answer 15

right atrium (d)-tricuspid valve-right ventricle (d)-pulmonary semilunar valve-pulmonary trunk/arteries (d)-gains oxygen and loses CO2 in pulmonary capillaries-pulmonary veins (o)-left atrium(o)-bicuspid valve-left ventricle(o)-aortic semilunar valve-aorta and systemic arteries(o)- loses oxygen and gains CO2 in systemic capillaries

Question 16

right auricle

Answer 16

in RA, increases the capacity of the atria so that it can hold more blood

Question 17

pectinate muscle

Answer 17

posterior wall of atria are smooth but other parts have ridges from pectinate muscles

Question 18

fossa ovalis

Answer 18

located in the interatrial septum, remnant of foramen ovale (an opening in the interatrial septum in the fetal heart, allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus)

Question 19

papillary muscle

Answer 19

cone shaped trabeculae carnae, cause AV valves to close when contracted

Question 20

trabeculae carnae

Answer 20

raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers in the ventricles

Question 21

atrioventricular valves (AV)

Answer 21

between atria and ventricles, bicuspid and tricuspid; valves are dense CT covered by endocardium, have chordae tendineae to attach to papillary muscles

Question 22

bicuspid valve

Answer 22

between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 23

tricuspid valve

Answer 23

between the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 24

semilunar valves

Answer 24

between ventricles and arteries, fibrous rings surround valve and they fuse with one another and the IV septum, rings prevent overstretching of the valves as blood passes through them

Question 25

when the ventricles are contracted, AV valves are ____ and semilunar valves are _____.

Answer 25

closed, open

Question 26

when the ventricles are relaxed, AV valves are ____ and semilunar valves are _____.

Answer 26

open, closed

Question 27

LUBB is the ___ heart sound and occurs during ____, due to the closure of the ____ valves.

Answer 27

1st, ventricular systole, AV

Question 28

DUPP is the ___ heart sound and occurs during ____, due to the closure of the ____ valves.

Answer 28

2nd, ventricular diastole, semilunar

Question 29

the heart sounds are due to

Answer 29

the blood hitting the closed valves

Question 30

coronary arteries

Answer 30

right side: right coronary-marginal branch, posterior interventricular branch left side: left coronary-circumflex branch, anterior interventricular branch

Question 31

posterior interventricular branch supplies

Answer 31

posterior surface of right ventricle

Question 32

circumflex branch supplies

Answer 32

posterior surface of left atrium

Question 33

marginal branch supplies

Answer 33

anterior surface of right ventricle

Question 34

anterior interventricular branch supplies

Answer 34

anterior surface of left ventricle

Question 35

coronary veins

Answer 35

small cardiac, anterior cardiac, middle cardiac, great cardiac

Question 36

coronary sinus

Answer 36

drains blood into the right atrium

Question 37

a vascular sinus is...

Answer 37

a thin-walled vein that has no smooth muscle

Question 38

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Answer 38

the saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery are used to bypass the occulsion in a coronary artery

Question 39

electric flow of the heart

Answer 39

SA (sinoatrial) node-AV (atrioventricular) node-AV bundle of HIS-right and left bundle branches-purkinje fibers

Question 40

_____ is the heart's natural pacemaker

Answer 40

the SA node

Question 41

what regulates the activity of the SA node?

Answer 41

the autonomic nervous system

Question 42

the sympathetic NS ____ the heart rate

Answer 42

speeds up

Question 43

the parasympathetic NS ____ the heart rate

Answer 43

slows down

Question 44

congenital heart defect

Answer 44

the heart's structure is altered at birth, can impact how blood flows through the heart and how well blood is oxygenated/general efficiency of the heart and circulation

Question 45

ventricular septal defect

Answer 45

IV septum is not fully developed and thus blood between the ventricles mixes

Question 46

transposition of great vessels

Answer 46

aorta is positioned over the right ventricle rather than the left and the pulmonary trunk is positioned over the left ventricle rather than the right

Question 47

atrioventricular septal defect

Answer 47

septum between the atria and ventricles are defected and blood mixes

Question 48

patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

Answer 48

foramen ovale and ductus arteriosum don't fully close

Question 49

tetralogy of fallot

Answer 49

1) ventricular septal defect 2) stenotic pulmonary valve/artery 3) aorta positioned over the ventricular septal defect 4) right ventricle hypertrophy