Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
what are the two groups of organs in the digestive system?
A
gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
2
Q
job of the oral cavity/teeth/tongue
A
mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions
3
Q
job of the salivary glands
A
secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates
4
Q
job of liver
A
secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions
5
Q
job of pharynx
A
muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus
6
Q
job of gallbladder
A
storage and concentration of bile
7
Q
job of pancreas
A
exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones
8
Q
job of large intestine
A
dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination
9
Q
job of esophagus
A
transport of materials to the stomach
10
Q
job of stomach
A
chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions
11
Q
job of small intestine
A
enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, and ions
12
Q
what is a mesentery?
A
extensions of the parietal peritoneum suspend the organs in the peritoneal cavity
13
Q
what does it mean to be retroperitoneal?
A
lies posterior to the peritoneum
14
Q
SADPUCKER
A
suprarenal glands aorta duodenum pancreas ureters colon kidneys rectum
15
Q
falciform ligament
A
attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall and abdomen
16
Q
greater omentum
A
drapes over transverse colon and small intestine, attaches to greater curvature of the stomach and duodenum and transverse colon
17
Q
lesser omentum
A
connects stomach and the duodenum to the lvier
18
Q
mesentery proper
A
binds the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.
19
Q
transverse mesocolon
A
transverse colon to posterior wall
20
Q
sigmoid mesocolon
A
sigmoid colon to posterior wall
21
Q
what are the layers of the GI tract? (deep to superficial)
A
1) lumen
2) mucosa
3) submucosa
4) muscularis
5) serosa
22
Q
mucosa is made of ____ epithelium (2 types)
A
simple columnar (stomach and intestines) stratified squamous (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
23
Q
submucosa contains the _____ plexus
A
sdubmucosal/plexus of Meissner-part of the enteric NS
24
Q
muscularis contains the _____ plexus
A
myenteric/plexus of Auerbach-part of the enteric NS
25
what are the layers of the muscularis layer?
circular and longitudinal, modifications to the circular layer result in valves and sphincters
26
serosa is made of ____ CT
areolar
27
what is a villi and what is its purpose?
a folding in the mucosa to increase surface area
28
what is a plica?
a folding of the mucosa and submucosa
29
microbes ferment _____ _______ such as ______
undigestible compounds, starches, cellulose, pectins, sugars
30
what is the job of the bowel?
to digest food, absorb it into the blood and to keep the solution moving down the bowel at the right rate for digestion and absorption
31
what are the different phases of peristalsis?
1) contraction of circular muscles behind the bolus
2) contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
3) contraction in circular muscle layer forces bolus forward
32
molars do what?
grind food
33
premolars do what?
crush and grind food
34
canines do what?
tear food
35
incisors do what?
cut food
36
purpose of the uvula
prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity
37
fauces
opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx
38
parotid salivary gland
largest and thick secretion including amylase
39
what are the 3 salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
40
what are deciduous teethe?
primary/baby teeth
41
how many deciduous teeth are there? total and in categories!
20 total, 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars
42
permanent/secondary dentition numbers
32 total teeth, all of the deciduous ones+3 additional molars on each side of upper and lower jaw
43
what are the layers of a tooth? (superficial to deep)
1) enamel
2) dentin
3) pulp cavity
4) root canal
44
enamel
calcium salts and protects the tooth from wear and tear
45
dentin
calcified connective tissue and makes up majority of the tooth
46
pulp cavity
contains pulp (CT containing nerves and blood vessels)
47
cementum
bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament
48
root canal
an extension of the pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels
49
periodontal ligament
helps anchor the tooth to the underlying bone
50
apical foramen
an opening at the base of the root canal through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter a tooth
51
what are the three phases of swallowing?
buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal
52
esophagus has no ____
serosa
53
what is special about the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus?
have large folds to allow expansion
54
2 sphincters of the esophagus
1) upper esophageal
| 2) lower esophageal
55
the esophagus passes through the _____ in the _____ when moving to the abdomen
hiatus, diaphragm
56
regions of the stomach superior to inferior
cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus, pyloric sphincter
57
from where does the stomach receive blood from?
all three branches of the celiac trunk: 1) left gastric artery
2) splenic artery
3) common hepatic artery
58
what is a gastric pit?
invaginations of mucosa, opening into gastric glands
59
surface mucous cell secretes _____
mucus. no shocker there
60
mucous neck cell secretes ______
also mucus. surprise.
61
parietal cell secretes _____
HCl and intrinsic factor
62
intrinsic factor
involved in synthesizing B12, and formation of red blood cells
63
chief cells secrete_____
pesinogen and gastric lipase
64
G cells secrete _____
gastrin
65
what is the importance of the muscularis in the stomach?
churns the bolus to mix it with the enzymes, has oblique muscles that do this, makes chyme
66
oblique muscles of the stomach are only found in the
body
67
HCl
kills microbes in the food, denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen into pepsin
68
mucous is important for ____ and _____
protection, lubrication
69
gastrin
stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of the stomach and relaxes the pyloric sphincter
70
gastric lipase
splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
71
function of pyloric sphincter
opens to permit passage of chyme into the duodenum
72
which digestive organ has an endocrine and digestive function?
pancreas
73
exocrine pancreas releases___through a duct to the _____
digestive juices, duodenum
74
endocrine pancreas releases ____ into the _____
hormones, blood
75
pancreatic juice
clear, consisting of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes, alkaline
76
acinar cells of the pancreas secrete ____
digestive enzymes
77
duct cells of the pancreas secrete____
water and bicarbonate
78
accessory duct=____
duct of Santorini
79
Hepatopancreatic ampulla=______
ampulla of Vater
80
pancreatic duct=______
duct of Wirsung
81
pancreatic duct is a passageway for ____ into the ______
the acinar and duct cells byproducts, duodenum
82
common bile duct converges with the ____ to form the _____
pancreatic duct/duct of Wirsung, hepatopancreatic ampulla/ampulla of Vater
83
sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla=_____
sphincter of Oddi
84
the pancreas receives blood from...
splenic artery. common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery
85
the liver produces_____
bile salts
86
the liver eliminates ____
bilirubin
87
the liver metabolizes_____ and _______
steroid hormones, drugs
88
the liver filters____ and removes____
blood, bacteria and particulate matter
89
the liver makes _____ and secretes it into the _____ _____ via the _____ _____ ______
bile, small intestine, common bile duct
90
excess bile is stored in the _______
gallbladder **bile also enters the small intestine through the common bile duct from the gallbladder when needed
91
lobes of the liver
left, right, caudate, quadrate
92
ligamentum teres
same as round ligament, free borders of the falciform ligament, remnant of umbilical vein of fetus
93
coronary ligament
extensions of parietal peritoneum that connect liver to the diaphragm
94
bile flow from the lover into duodenum
hepatocytes-bile canaliculi-small bile ducts-right and left hepatic ducts-common hepatic duct-common bile duct (or cystic duct for storage in gallbladder)-hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
95
hepatocytes arranged in _____
laminae
96
hepatic portal triad is made of ____, _____, and _____
bile duct, branch of hepatic artery, branch of hepatic portal vein
97
Kupffer cells are____ that _____
macrophages, phagocytize old blood cells, bacteria and foreign material
98
hepatocytes release...
ALT, AST, GGT, Bilirubin
99
hepatic blood flow
1) oxygenated blood from hepatic artery and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein converge in the hepatic sinusoids
2) central vein
3) hepatic vein
4) inferior vena cava
5) right atrium
100
hepatic portal vein contains _____ blood but also _____
deoxygenated blood, nutrients, drugs and possibly microbes and toxins from GI tract
101
gall bladder ____ bile and ____ to _____ bile into the _________
concentrates, secrete, cystic duct
102
bile from gallbladder to duodenum
cystic duct-common bile dutc-hepatopancreatic ampulla-duodenum
103
CCK is released by the _____ in response to _____ and _____ in chyme
small intestine, fatty acids, amino acids
104
CCK causes
the contraction of the gallbladder
105
small intestine divisions in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
106
what are circular folds of the intestines?
also calles plicae circulares, folds of the mucosa and submucosa, found in the duodenum and end about midway through the ileum
107
villi are ____ _____ of the _____
fingerlike projections, mucosa
108
microvilli are _____ formed by the folding of ______. form the ____
microscopic projections, each epithelial cell's apical membrane, brush border
109
brush border enzymes
enzymes found on the plasma membrane of the microvilli
110
purpose of microvilli
absorptive cell (absorbs nutrients)
111
purpose of goblet cell
secretes mucus
112
enteroendocrine cell
secretes the hormones secretin, cholecytsokinin or GIP
113
small intestine: duodenum special features
plica, duodenal submucosal glands
114
small intestine: ileum special features
villi, aggregate lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches)
115
small intestine: jejunum special features
plica
116
large intestine has the _____ flexure and the _____ flexure
right colic/hepatic, left colic/splenic
117
haustra are...
those bubble things in the colon
118
teniae coli are...
smooth muscle that cause the haustra to segement feces
119
ileocecal sphincter/valve
sphincter between the cecum and ileum
120
the appendix is between the ___ and the ____
cecum, ileum
121
anus is guarded by the _____ and the _____
internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter
122
___ of the rectal wall stimulates ____ _____ that activate the ______ _____
distention, stretch receptors, defecation reflex
123
external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle (voluntary),
124
internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle (involuntary)
125
intestinal glands=
crypts of Lieberkuhn
126
large intestine does not have ____ or ____ but the absorptive cells do have _____
plicae, villi, microvilli
127
haustral churning
moves contents from haustrum to haustrum by muscular contractions
128
mass peristalsis
forces contents into sigmoid colon and rectum
129
defecation reflex
eliminates feces by contraction in the sigmoid colon and rectum
