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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two groups of organs in the digestive system?

A

gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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2
Q

job of the oral cavity/teeth/tongue

A

mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions

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3
Q

job of the salivary glands

A

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

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4
Q

job of liver

A

secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

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5
Q

job of pharynx

A

muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

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6
Q

job of gallbladder

A

storage and concentration of bile

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7
Q

job of pancreas

A

exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

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8
Q

job of large intestine

A

dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

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9
Q

job of esophagus

A

transport of materials to the stomach

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10
Q

job of stomach

A

chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions

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11
Q

job of small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, and ions

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12
Q

what is a mesentery?

A

extensions of the parietal peritoneum suspend the organs in the peritoneal cavity

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13
Q

what does it mean to be retroperitoneal?

A

lies posterior to the peritoneum

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14
Q

SADPUCKER

A 
suprarenal glands
aorta
duodenum
pancreas
ureters
colon
kidneys
rectum
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15
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to the anterior abdominal wall and abdomen

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16
Q

greater omentum

A

drapes over transverse colon and small intestine, attaches to greater curvature of the stomach and duodenum and transverse colon

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17
Q

lesser omentum

A

connects stomach and the duodenum to the lvier

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18
Q

mesentery proper

A

binds the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall.

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19
Q

transverse mesocolon

A

transverse colon to posterior wall

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20
Q

sigmoid mesocolon

A

sigmoid colon to posterior wall

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21
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract? (deep to superficial)

A

1) lumen
2) mucosa
3) submucosa
4) muscularis
5) serosa

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22
Q

mucosa is made of ____ epithelium (2 types)

A 
simple columnar (stomach and intestines)
stratified squamous (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
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23
Q

submucosa contains the _____ plexus

A

sdubmucosal/plexus of Meissner-part of the enteric NS

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24
Q

muscularis contains the _____ plexus

A

myenteric/plexus of Auerbach-part of the enteric NS

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25
Q

what are the layers of the muscularis layer?

A

circular and longitudinal, modifications to the circular layer result in valves and sphincters

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26
Q

serosa is made of ____ CT

A

areolar

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27
Q

what is a villi and what is its purpose?

A

a folding in the mucosa to increase surface area

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28
Q

what is a plica?

A

a folding of the mucosa and submucosa

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29
Q

microbes ferment _____ _______ such as ______

A

undigestible compounds, starches, cellulose, pectins, sugars

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30
Q

what is the job of the bowel?

A

to digest food, absorb it into the blood and to keep the solution moving down the bowel at the right rate for digestion and absorption

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31
Q

what are the different phases of peristalsis?

A

1) contraction of circular muscles behind the bolus
2) contraction of longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus
3) contraction in circular muscle layer forces bolus forward

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32
Q

molars do what?

A

grind food

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33
Q

premolars do what?

A

crush and grind food

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34
Q

canines do what?

A

tear food

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35
Q

incisors do what?

A

cut food

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36
Q

purpose of the uvula

A

prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity

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37
Q

fauces

A

opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx

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38
Q

parotid salivary gland

A

largest and thick secretion including amylase

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39
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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40
Q

what are deciduous teethe?

A

primary/baby teeth

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41
Q

how many deciduous teeth are there? total and in categories!

A

20 total, 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars

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42
Q

permanent/secondary dentition numbers

A

32 total teeth, all of the deciduous ones+3 additional molars on each side of upper and lower jaw

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43
Q

what are the layers of a tooth? (superficial to deep)

A

1) enamel
2) dentin
3) pulp cavity
4) root canal

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44
Q

enamel

A

calcium salts and protects the tooth from wear and tear

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45
Q

dentin

A

calcified connective tissue and makes up majority of the tooth

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46
Q

pulp cavity

A

contains pulp (CT containing nerves and blood vessels)

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47
Q

cementum

A

bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament

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48
Q

root canal

A

an extension of the pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels

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49
Q

periodontal ligament

A

helps anchor the tooth to the underlying bone

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50
Q

apical foramen

A

an opening at the base of the root canal through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter a tooth

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51
Q

what are the three phases of swallowing?

A

buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal

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52
Q

esophagus has no ____

A

serosa

53
Q

what is special about the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus?

A

have large folds to allow expansion

54
Q

2 sphincters of the esophagus

A

1) upper esophageal

2) lower esophageal

55
Q

the esophagus passes through the _____ in the _____ when moving to the abdomen

A

hiatus, diaphragm

56
Q

regions of the stomach superior to inferior

A

cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus, pyloric sphincter

57
Q

from where does the stomach receive blood from?

A

all three branches of the celiac trunk: 1) left gastric artery

2) splenic artery
3) common hepatic artery

58
Q

what is a gastric pit?

A

invaginations of mucosa, opening into gastric glands

59
Q

surface mucous cell secretes _____

A

mucus. no shocker there

60
Q

mucous neck cell secretes ______

A

also mucus. surprise.

61
Q

parietal cell secretes _____

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

62
Q

intrinsic factor

A

involved in synthesizing B12, and formation of red blood cells

63
Q

chief cells secrete_____

A

pesinogen and gastric lipase

64
Q

G cells secrete _____

A

gastrin

65
Q

what is the importance of the muscularis in the stomach?

A

churns the bolus to mix it with the enzymes, has oblique muscles that do this, makes chyme

66
Q

oblique muscles of the stomach are only found in the

A

body

67
Q

HCl

A

kills microbes in the food, denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen into pepsin

68
Q

mucous is important for ____ and _____

A

protection, lubrication

69
Q

gastrin

A

stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of the stomach and relaxes the pyloric sphincter

70
Q

gastric lipase

A

splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

71
Q

function of pyloric sphincter

A

opens to permit passage of chyme into the duodenum

72
Q

which digestive organ has an endocrine and digestive function?

A

pancreas

73
Q

exocrine pancreas releases___through a duct to the _____

A

digestive juices, duodenum

74
Q

endocrine pancreas releases ____ into the _____

A

hormones, blood

75
Q

pancreatic juice

A

clear, consisting of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes, alkaline

76
Q

acinar cells of the pancreas secrete ____

A

digestive enzymes

77
Q

duct cells of the pancreas secrete____

A

water and bicarbonate

78
Q

accessory duct=____

A

duct of Santorini

79
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla=______

A

ampulla of Vater

80
Q

pancreatic duct=______

A

duct of Wirsung

81
Q

pancreatic duct is a passageway for ____ into the ______

A

the acinar and duct cells byproducts, duodenum

82
Q

common bile duct converges with the ____ to form the _____

A

pancreatic duct/duct of Wirsung, hepatopancreatic ampulla/ampulla of Vater

83
Q

sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla=_____

A

sphincter of Oddi

84
Q

the pancreas receives blood from…

A

splenic artery. common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric artery

85
Q

the liver produces_____

A

bile salts

86
Q

the liver eliminates ____

A

bilirubin

87
Q

the liver metabolizes_____ and _______

A

steroid hormones, drugs

88
Q

the liver filters____ and removes____

A

blood, bacteria and particulate matter

89
Q

the liver makes _____ and secretes it into the _____ _____ via the _____ _____ ______

A

bile, small intestine, common bile duct

90
Q

excess bile is stored in the _______

A

gallbladder **bile also enters the small intestine through the common bile duct from the gallbladder when needed

91
Q

lobes of the liver

A

left, right, caudate, quadrate

92
Q

ligamentum teres

A

same as round ligament, free borders of the falciform ligament, remnant of umbilical vein of fetus

93
Q

coronary ligament

A

extensions of parietal peritoneum that connect liver to the diaphragm

94
Q

bile flow from the lover into duodenum

A

hepatocytes-bile canaliculi-small bile ducts-right and left hepatic ducts-common hepatic duct-common bile duct (or cystic duct for storage in gallbladder)-hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

95
Q

hepatocytes arranged in _____

A

laminae

96
Q

hepatic portal triad is made of ____, _____, and _____

A

bile duct, branch of hepatic artery, branch of hepatic portal vein

97
Q

Kupffer cells are____ that _____

A

macrophages, phagocytize old blood cells, bacteria and foreign material

98
Q

hepatocytes release…

A

ALT, AST, GGT, Bilirubin

99
Q

hepatic blood flow

A

1) oxygenated blood from hepatic artery and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from hepatic portal vein converge in the hepatic sinusoids
2) central vein
3) hepatic vein
4) inferior vena cava
5) right atrium

100
Q

hepatic portal vein contains _____ blood but also _____

A

deoxygenated blood, nutrients, drugs and possibly microbes and toxins from GI tract

101
Q

gall bladder ____ bile and ____ to _____ bile into the _________

A

concentrates, secrete, cystic duct

102
Q

bile from gallbladder to duodenum

A

cystic duct-common bile dutc-hepatopancreatic ampulla-duodenum

103
Q

CCK is released by the _____ in response to _____ and _____ in chyme

A

small intestine, fatty acids, amino acids

104
Q

CCK causes

A

the contraction of the gallbladder

105
Q

small intestine divisions in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

106
Q

what are circular folds of the intestines?

A

also calles plicae circulares, folds of the mucosa and submucosa, found in the duodenum and end about midway through the ileum

107
Q

villi are ____ _____ of the _____

A

fingerlike projections, mucosa

108
Q

microvilli are _____ formed by the folding of ______. form the ____

A

microscopic projections, each epithelial cell’s apical membrane, brush border

109
Q

brush border enzymes

A

enzymes found on the plasma membrane of the microvilli

110
Q

purpose of microvilli

A

absorptive cell (absorbs nutrients)

111
Q

purpose of goblet cell

A

secretes mucus

112
Q

enteroendocrine cell

A

secretes the hormones secretin, cholecytsokinin or GIP

113
Q

small intestine: duodenum special features

A

plica, duodenal submucosal glands

114
Q

small intestine: ileum special features

A

villi, aggregate lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches)

115
Q

small intestine: jejunum special features

A

plica

116
Q

large intestine has the _____ flexure and the _____ flexure

A

right colic/hepatic, left colic/splenic

117
Q

haustra are…

A

those bubble things in the colon

118
Q

teniae coli are…

A

smooth muscle that cause the haustra to segement feces

119
Q

ileocecal sphincter/valve

A

sphincter between the cecum and ileum

120
Q

the appendix is between the ___ and the ____

A

cecum, ileum

121
Q

anus is guarded by the _____ and the _____

A

internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter

122
Q

___ of the rectal wall stimulates ____ _____ that activate the ______ _____

A

distention, stretch receptors, defecation reflex

123
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary),

124
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)

125
Q

intestinal glands=

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

126
Q

large intestine does not have ____ or ____ but the absorptive cells do have _____

A

plicae, villi, microvilli

127
Q

haustral churning

A

moves contents from haustrum to haustrum by muscular contractions

128
Q

mass peristalsis

A

forces contents into sigmoid colon and rectum

129
Q

defecation reflex

A

eliminates feces by contraction in the sigmoid colon and rectum

Anatomy (26 decks)

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