Respiratory System Flashcards
nose structures
vestibule
respiratory region
olfactory region
pharynx structures
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
larynx epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous above vocal folds, pseudostratified ciliated columnar below the vocal folds
trachea epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar, contains cilia and goblet cells
nasopharynx epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar, contains cilia and goblet cells
oropharynx epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
laryngopharynx epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
vestibule epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
main bronchi epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with cilia and goblet cells
lobar bronchi epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with cilia and goblet cells
segmental bronchi epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with cilia and goblet cells
larger bronchioles epithelium
simple ciliated columnar with cilia and goblet cells
smaller bronchioles epithelium
simple ciliated columnar
terminal bronchioles epithelium
nonciliated simple columnar
respiratory bronchioles epithelium
simple cuboidal to simple squamous
aleolar ducts epithelium
simple squamous
alveoli epithelium
simple squamous
respiratory divisions
structural: upper and lower
function: conducting zone, respiratory zone
upper respiratory system
oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, associated structures
lower respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
air moving through the upper respiratory system must be…
warmed, filtered and moistened
nasopharynx
separated from oral cavity by soft palate, has pharyngeal tonsil on posterior wall and eustachian tube on laterla wall
oropharynx
from soft palate to base on tongue
laryngopharynx
between hyoid bone and entrance to esophagus
fauces
narrow passageway from mouth to pharynx between the tongue and soft palate
soft palate
forms posterior part of the roof of the mouth, arch shaped muscular partition between naso and oropharynx
tonsils
pharyngeal (1)
palatine (2)
lingual (2)
larynx
connects laryngopharynx with trachea, 9 pieces of cartilage, contains vocal cords, ligaments and muscles
cuneiform cartilages
elastic cartilages anterior to corniculate cartilages at lateral aspect of the epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
has laryngeal prominence, anterior
cricoid cartilage
inferior to thyroid, ring that is wider on posterior side
ligament that goes from cricoid to thyroid cartilage
cricothyroid ligament
cricoid cartilage to trachea
cricotracheal ligament
vestibular folds
superior to true vocal folds, no role in sound production, help hold breath against pressure
arytenoid cartilage
2, posterior and attachment to vocal folds
corniculate cartilage
2, superior to arytenoid, sit right on top of them
thyroid cartilage to hyoid
thyrohoid membrane
epiglottis
elastic cartilage flap that covers trachea during swallowing when larynx is raised
steps of swallowing (degultition)
1) tongue forces bolus into oropharynx
2) laryngeal movement folds epiglottis, pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus
3) bolus moves along esophagus, larynx returns to normal position
glottis
narrow passageway through larynx composed of folds of mucous membrance and the space between the vocal folds
rima glottidis
space between vocal folds
true vocal folds
elastic ligaments stretched between larynx
abduction to vocal folds
done by posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, low pitch
adduction to vocal folds
done by lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, high pitch
how do the vocal folds move?
intrinsic muscle of the larynx pull on the arytenoid cartilages which causes the cartilage to pivot and slide and thus ab/adduct the vocal folds.
carina
division of trachea into right and left primary bronchi
purpose of cartilaginous rings of trachea
prevent collapse/overexpansion as pressure changes
purpose of c-shape of cartilaginous rings of trachea
room for esophagus
trachealis muscle
smooth muscle, changes diameter of trachea, posterior portion of trachea
branching of bronchial tree
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
what happens as you move inferiorly into the smaller bronchi?
more smooth muscle and less cartilage
bronchioles
contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle constricts lumen and reduces air flow
what does the sympathetic nervous system do in breathing?
relaxes bronchiole smooth muscle to increase air flow
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do in breathing?
causes constriction of bronchiole to decrease air flow
airway dilation
bronchodilation
apex of lung
superior to medial 1/3 of the clavicle
base of lung
extends from 6th costal cartilage anteriorly to 12th rib posteriorly
pleural membrane
double layer serous membrane= 1) parietal 2) visceral
pressure is below atmospheric and lung pressure so lung is always open
right lung
3 lobes-superior, middle, and inferior, broader and thicker than left
left lung
2 lobes-superior and inferior, longer than right, cardiac notch for heart
hilum
contains bronchi, pulmonary veins and arteries, lymphatic vessels, veins. held together by the pleura and CT and form the root of the lung
bronchopulmonary segments
RL has 3 lobar bronchi and LL has 2 lobar bronchi, both have 10 segmental bronchi
lobules of bronchopulmonary segment
composed of lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, branch of a terminal bronchiole
terminal bronchioles divide into..
alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs-alveoli (gas exchange occurs here)
type II alveolar cell (septal cell)
secrete surfactant-reduces friction
type I alveolar cell
simple squamous cell
alveolar macrophage
dust cell
interstitial space
elastic fibers allow recoil
muscles for inhalation
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals and diaphragm
muscles for expiration
internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis (active only!! passive just uses recoil of inspiration muscles)
DRG
dorsal respiratory group: activates phrenic and intercostal nerves during quiet breathing, part of medullary respiratory center
VRG
ventral respiratory group: involved in active inspiration/exhalation, part of medullary respiratory center
pontine group
thought to modify DRG when sleeping, speaking, exercising, etc., part of respiratory center
Pre-Botzinger Complex
thought to generate rhythm of breathing, pacemaker for DRG possibly, part of medullary respiratory center
Normal quiet breathing: DRG inactive
diaphragm and external intercostals become less active and relax, followed by the elastic recoil of lungs, results in normal quiet exhalation
Normal quiet breathing: DRG active
diaphragm contracts and external intercostals contract during their most active phase, results in normal quiet inhalation
Forceful breathing: inhalation
DRG activates VRG and the accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalenem and pectoralis minor) of inhalation contract
DRG also causes diaphragm and external intercostals to contract
Forceful breathing: exhalation
VRG causes accessory muscles of exhalation (internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis)to contract
chemoreceptors
have sensory neurons that detect levels of CO2, H+, and O2; located in the medulla and aortic (central) and carotid (peripheral) bodies. when levels of CO2, H+ increase or O2 decreases they increase respiration rate/depth
