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Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

1) differetiation of lymphocytes- T cells, B cells, and NK cells (primary lymphoid structures)
2) consist of lymphocytes and more Bcells to battle infectious agents (secondary lymphoid structures)
3) maintains normal blood volume
4) maintains chemical composition of the interstitial fluid
5) provides and alternative route for the transport of hormones, lipids, and nutrients/waste products

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2
Q

primary lymphoid

A

where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent, includes the thymus and red bone marrow

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3
Q

secondary lymphoid

A

where immune responses occur; includes lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes, spleen

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4
Q

lymph consists of

A

interstitial fluid, lymphocytes (T and B), and macrophages

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5
Q

lymphatic system consists of

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs, red bone marrow

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6
Q

flow of lymph

A

blood capillaries, interstitial space, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts, junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

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7
Q

lymphatic ducts empty lymph into

A

the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

lymphatic vessels pass lymph to

A

lymphatic ducts

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9
Q

valves ensure

A

one way flow of lymph

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10
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph from

A

lymph nodes

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11
Q

lymph nodes do what?

A

remove foreign substances through filtering, phagocytosis, and immune reactions

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12
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph from

A

lymphatic capillaries to lymph nodes

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13
Q

lymphatic capillaries do what?

A

absorb interstitial fluid and pass lymph to afferent lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

blood plasma

A

filtered from blood capillaries into interstitial spaces to become interstitial fluid

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15
Q

lymphatic capillary structure

A

larger in diameter and greater permeability compared to blood capillaries, ends of the endothelial cells that make up the wall of the capillary overlap, only allows fluid to enter

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16
Q

anchoring filaments

A

attach to endothelial cells to surround tissues

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17
Q

superficial lymphatics

A

found in subcutaneous layer, the mucous lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and the serous lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

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18
Q

deep lymphatics

A

collect lymph from skeletal muscles and tissues of the neck, limbs, and trunk; located by deep arteries and veins

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19
Q

superficial and deep lymphatic vessels converge to form

A

lymphatic trunks

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20
Q

what are the five major lymphatic trunks?

A

1) lumbar (R/L)
2) intestinal
3) bronchomediastinal (R/L)
4) subclavian (R/L)
5) jugular (R/L)

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21
Q

lymphatic trunks drain intro

A

lymphatic ducts

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22
Q

lymphatic ducts drain into

A

subclavian veins

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23
Q

thoracic duct collects lymph from

A

tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the upper body (all five left major lymphatic trunks+right lumbar)

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24
Q

right lymphatic duct drains

A

right half of the body superior to the diaphragm

right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks

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25
cisterna chyli
a dilation of the thoracic duct, anterior to L2, receives lymph from the right and left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk
26
lymphocytes
primary cells of the lymphoid system, respond to invading bacteria and viruses, abnormal body cells such as cancer cells, and foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria types: T cells, B cells, NK cells
27
where do T cells originate?
bone marrow, travel to the thymus gland and become activated by thymosin
28
different types of T cells
cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, memory
29
cytotoxic T cells
attack foreign cells and viruses
30
helper T cells
coordinates the immune response
31
suppressor T cells
coordinate the immune response
32
memory T cells
become activated if the same antigen appears in the body at a later date
33
B cells
originate and become immunocompetent in the bone marrow
34
different types of B cells
Plasma cells, Memory B cells
35
Plasma cells
produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that react with antigens
36
Memory B cells
become activated if the same antigen appears at a later date
37
NK cells (natural killer)
attack foreign cells, attack normal cells that are infected with viruses, attack cancer cells, NK cells often called immunological surveillance cells
38
cell-mediated immunity
direct cell-to-cell attack
39
antibody-mediated immunity
humoral immunity because blood is main transport for the antibodies
40
thymus
posterior to the manubrium, reaches its greatest size by puberty, 2 thymic lobes and numerous lobules separated by septa, consists of a cortex and a medulla, primary lymphoid organ
41
cortex of the thymus
stem cells that differentiate to form T cells, mature T cells migrate to the medulla
42
medulla of the thymus
T cells that remain inactive until they enter circulation and thymic corpuscles
43
thymic corpuscles
unknown function, may be the site of T cell death
44
Lymphoid nodules
secondary lymphoid tissue, have a germinal center, found in Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) -GI, urinary, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways, aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches and appendix), tonsils
45
germinal center of nodule
contains lymphocytes, appears white and contains B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
46
crypt
an invagination of the epithelium which increases the surface area, epithelium is thin here to allow transfer of antigens from environment to the lymphoid cells of the tonsils
47
tonsils
5 sets: one pharyngeal(adenoid), two palatine, two lingual
48
Waldeyer's ring
a tonsillar ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the oropharynx and at the junction of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx
49
lymph nodes
secondary lymphoid organs that are scattered throughout the body (often found in groups) , covered by a capsule of CT that divides the node into compartments
50
stroma of a lymph node
reticular fibers and fibroblasts
51
cortex of a lymph node
contains mostly secondary nodules which form in response to an antigen, where plasma and memory B cells are formed
52
paracortex/inner cortex of lymph node
doesn't have lymphatic nodules, where dendritic cells present antigens to T cells causing T cells to proliferate
53
medulla of lymph node
contains B cells, plasma cells producing antibodies that have migrated out of the cortex and macrophages
54
how does lymph enter a node?
afferent vessels that have valves
55
where does the lymph travel after entering the node?
through a series of sinuses
56
sinuses
irregular channels that contain branching reticular fibers, lymphocytes and macrophages
57
after the sinuses, where does lymph travel?
the efferent vessels in the hilum (efferent also have valves)
58
how does a lymph node filter the lymph in the sinuses?
foreign substances are trapped by the reticular fibers, macrophages destroy some foreign substances, and lymphocytes destroy other foreign substances by immune responses
59
most concentrated areas of lymph nodes
cervical, axillary, breasts, abdominal, inguinal regions
60
why are there certain regions that are more concentrated with nodes?
because here the body is more susceptible to injury or invasion
61
spleen
largest lymphoid organ, secondary
62
diaphragmatic surface
smooth, convex and conforms to the diaphragm
63
visceral surface the hilum and indentations of the spleen
gastric, renal, colic impressions
64
spleen consists of
capsule, red and white pulp
65
red pulp
contains large quantities of blood 1) removal of ruptures, worn out or defective RBCs and platelets by macrophages 2) storage of 1/3 of platelets 3) production of RBCs in fetus
66
white pulp
forms lymphoid nodules | B cells, T cells and macrophages carry out immune reactions similar to lymph nodes

Anatomy (26 decks)

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