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Anatomy > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

1) differetiation of lymphocytes- T cells, B cells, and NK cells (primary lymphoid structures)
2) consist of lymphocytes and more Bcells to battle infectious agents (secondary lymphoid structures)
3) maintains normal blood volume
4) maintains chemical composition of the interstitial fluid
5) provides and alternative route for the transport of hormones, lipids, and nutrients/waste products

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2
Q

primary lymphoid

A

where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent, includes the thymus and red bone marrow

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3
Q

secondary lymphoid

A

where immune responses occur; includes lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes, spleen

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4
Q

lymph consists of

A

interstitial fluid, lymphocytes (T and B), and macrophages

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5
Q

lymphatic system consists of

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs, red bone marrow

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6
Q

flow of lymph

A

blood capillaries, interstitial space, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts, junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

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7
Q

lymphatic ducts empty lymph into

A

the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system

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8
Q

lymphatic vessels pass lymph to

A

lymphatic ducts

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9
Q

valves ensure

A

one way flow of lymph

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10
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph from

A

lymph nodes

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11
Q

lymph nodes do what?

A

remove foreign substances through filtering, phagocytosis, and immune reactions

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12
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph from

A

lymphatic capillaries to lymph nodes

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13
Q

lymphatic capillaries do what?

A

absorb interstitial fluid and pass lymph to afferent lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

blood plasma

A

filtered from blood capillaries into interstitial spaces to become interstitial fluid

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15
Q

lymphatic capillary structure

A

larger in diameter and greater permeability compared to blood capillaries, ends of the endothelial cells that make up the wall of the capillary overlap, only allows fluid to enter

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16
Q

anchoring filaments

A

attach to endothelial cells to surround tissues

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17
Q

superficial lymphatics

A

found in subcutaneous layer, the mucous lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts, and the serous lining of the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

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18
Q

deep lymphatics

A

collect lymph from skeletal muscles and tissues of the neck, limbs, and trunk; located by deep arteries and veins

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19
Q

superficial and deep lymphatic vessels converge to form

A

lymphatic trunks

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20
Q

what are the five major lymphatic trunks?

A

1) lumbar (R/L)
2) intestinal
3) bronchomediastinal (R/L)
4) subclavian (R/L)
5) jugular (R/L)

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21
Q

lymphatic trunks drain intro

A

lymphatic ducts

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22
Q

lymphatic ducts drain into

A

subclavian veins

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23
Q

thoracic duct collects lymph from

A

tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the upper body (all five left major lymphatic trunks+right lumbar)

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24
Q

right lymphatic duct drains

A

right half of the body superior to the diaphragm

right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks

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25
Q

cisterna chyli

A

a dilation of the thoracic duct, anterior to L2, receives lymph from the right and left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk

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26
Q

lymphocytes

A

primary cells of the lymphoid system, respond to invading bacteria and viruses, abnormal body cells such as cancer cells, and foreign proteins such as toxins released by some bacteria
types: T cells, B cells, NK cells

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27
Q

where do T cells originate?

A

bone marrow, travel to the thymus gland and become activated by thymosin

28
Q

different types of T cells

A

cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, memory

29
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

attack foreign cells and viruses

30
Q

helper T cells

A

coordinates the immune response

31
Q

suppressor T cells

A

coordinate the immune response

32
Q

memory T cells

A

become activated if the same antigen appears in the body at a later date

33
Q

B cells

A

originate and become immunocompetent in the bone marrow

34
Q

different types of B cells

A

Plasma cells, Memory B cells

35
Q

Plasma cells

A

produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that react with antigens

36
Q

Memory B cells

A

become activated if the same antigen appears at a later date

37
Q

NK cells (natural killer)

A

attack foreign cells, attack normal cells that are infected with viruses, attack cancer cells, NK cells often called immunological surveillance cells

38
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

direct cell-to-cell attack

39
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A

humoral immunity because blood is main transport for the antibodies

40
Q

thymus

A

posterior to the manubrium, reaches its greatest size by puberty, 2 thymic lobes and numerous lobules separated by septa, consists of a cortex and a medulla, primary lymphoid organ

41
Q

cortex of the thymus

A

stem cells that differentiate to form T cells, mature T cells migrate to the medulla

42
Q

medulla of the thymus

A

T cells that remain inactive until they enter circulation and thymic corpuscles

43
Q

thymic corpuscles

A

unknown function, may be the site of T cell death

44
Q

Lymphoid nodules

A

secondary lymphoid tissue, have a germinal center, found in Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) -GI, urinary, reproductive tracts and respiratory airways, aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches and appendix), tonsils

45
Q

germinal center of nodule

A

contains lymphocytes, appears white and contains B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

46
Q

crypt

A

an invagination of the epithelium which increases the surface area, epithelium is thin here to allow transfer of antigens from environment to the lymphoid cells of the tonsils

47
Q

tonsils

A

5 sets: one pharyngeal(adenoid), two palatine, two lingual

48
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

a tonsillar ring at the junction of the oral cavity and the oropharynx and at the junction of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

49
Q

lymph nodes

A

secondary lymphoid organs that are scattered throughout the body (often found in groups) , covered by a capsule of CT that divides the node into compartments

50
Q

stroma of a lymph node

A

reticular fibers and fibroblasts

51
Q

cortex of a lymph node

A

contains mostly secondary nodules which form in response to an antigen, where plasma and memory B cells are formed

52
Q

paracortex/inner cortex of lymph node

A

doesn’t have lymphatic nodules, where dendritic cells present antigens to T cells causing T cells to proliferate

53
Q

medulla of lymph node

A

contains B cells, plasma cells producing antibodies that have migrated out of the cortex and macrophages

54
Q

how does lymph enter a node?

A

afferent vessels that have valves

55
Q

where does the lymph travel after entering the node?

A

through a series of sinuses

56
Q

sinuses

A

irregular channels that contain branching reticular fibers, lymphocytes and macrophages

57
Q

after the sinuses, where does lymph travel?

A

the efferent vessels in the hilum (efferent also have valves)

58
Q

how does a lymph node filter the lymph in the sinuses?

A

foreign substances are trapped by the reticular fibers, macrophages destroy some foreign substances, and lymphocytes destroy other foreign substances by immune responses

59
Q

most concentrated areas of lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, breasts, abdominal, inguinal regions

60
Q

why are there certain regions that are more concentrated with nodes?

A

because here the body is more susceptible to injury or invasion

61
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphoid organ, secondary

62
Q

diaphragmatic surface

A

smooth, convex and conforms to the diaphragm

63
Q

visceral surface the hilum and indentations of the spleen

A

gastric, renal, colic impressions

64
Q

spleen consists of

A

capsule, red and white pulp

65
Q

red pulp

A

contains large quantities of blood

1) removal of ruptures, worn out or defective RBCs and platelets by macrophages
2) storage of 1/3 of platelets
3) production of RBCs in fetus

66
Q

white pulp

A

forms lymphoid nodules

B cells, T cells and macrophages carry out immune reactions similar to lymph nodes

Anatomy (26 decks)

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