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Human Anatomy > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system purpose & functions

A
  • eliminate waste from the body
  • regulate blood volume & blood pressure
  • control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
  • regulate pH of blood
  • stroes & excretes urine

-tied together with blood in cardiovascular system

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2
Q

The three layers of smooth muscle that make up the wall of the urinary bladder are collectively referred to as the:

A

detrusor muscle

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3
Q

micturition

A

expulsion of urine from bladder

  • controlled by micturition reflux
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4
Q

urethra

A

expels urine outside the body

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5
Q

ureter

A

conducts urine from kidney to bladder

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6
Q

urinary bladder

A

stores urine until it is voided

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7
Q

renal pyramid

A

structural units that constitute the medulla

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8
Q

cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

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9
Q

renal pelvis

A

major calyces empty into this funnel-shaped region

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10
Q

Which organ is responsible for filtering the blood?

A

kidney

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11
Q

the urinary bladder is lined with:

A

transitional epithelium

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12
Q

The apex of a renal pyramid is called the renal:

A

papilla

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13
Q

The arteries that run along the corticomedullary junction of the kidney are the:

A

arcuate arteries

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14
Q

the kidney is covered by:

A

a fibrous capsule

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15
Q

the right kidney is positioned _____________ than the left kidney

A

more inferiorly

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16
Q

the renal vein, renal artery, and ureter connect to a kidney at:

A

its hilum

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17
Q

what is a nephron?

A

functional filtration unit of kidney

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18
Q

a nephron consists of:

A

a renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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19
Q

nephron function

A

filters blood
produces urine

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  1. cortical nephron- maintly sits in cortex (outer layer of kidney) - 85% of nephrons
  2. juxtamedullary nephron - 15% - closer to medulla/cortex border
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21
Q

glomerular filtration

A

movement of substances from blood within the glomerulus into capsular space

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22
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

movement of substances from tubular fluid back into the blood

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23
Q

tubular secretion

A

movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

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24
Q

Filtration

A

1st step

blood is filtered by nephron

~starts with renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerulus capsule)

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25
Q

3 main steps of urine formation:

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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26
Q

The afferent arteriole brings blood to:

A

glomerular capillaries

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27
Q

blood leaves the glomerulus in the:

A

efferent artieriole

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28
Q

Glomerulus

A

a cluster/tangle of small capillaries with 3 unique features

1) 1 of only 3 portal systems of the body [there is blood flow from artery to capillary to portal vein to capillary again] portal vein = efferent arteriole

2) blood kept under arteriolar (very high) pressure

3) the capillaries are very leaky [have holes]

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29
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

aka Bowman’s capsule

surrounds glomerulus

made of 2 layers
-visceral layer [surface]
-parietal layer [simple squamous ET, outside of capsule]

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30
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

this specialized structure will regulate blood pressure and glomerulus filtration rate

-juxtaglomerular cells [part of afferent arteriole— release renin=blood pressure increase]
-macula densa [part of DCT- modified cell group -monitor ion concentration, monitor urine content & blood pressure]

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31
Q

kidney stones

A

formed of uric acid. calcium oxalate, or calcium or magnesium phosphate

-form in collecting ducts/renal pelvis
-cause pain in kidney area to ab/pelvis area

60% pass on their own our ureter and body
others may need to be removed with lithotripsy (aiming ultrasound shock waves to break the stones into smaller pieces)

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32
Q

Blood flows from the renal artery next into the:

A

segmental arteries

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33
Q

most secretion occurs in which nephron segment?

A

distal convoluted tube

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34
Q

peritubular capillaries:

A

vessels involved in reabsorption

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35
Q

the glomerulus is the site of:

A

plasma filtration

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36
Q

__________________conducts blood out of the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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37
Q

Tubular fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to the:

A

nephron loop

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38
Q

Reabsorption is the movement of fluid and solutes from the:

A

tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

39
Q

The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the:

A

renal corpuscle

40
Q

Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?

A

proteins

41
Q

normal substances in the urine could include-

A

water
sodium
nitrogenous waste

42
Q

Name the layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane

A

fenestrated endothelium
basement membrane
visceral layer

43
Q

Name the functions that are carried out in the renal tubules

A

reabsorption
formation of urine
secretion

44
Q

nephron loop helps to -

A

concentrate urine

45
Q

Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels into the:

A

nephron loop/loop of Henle

46
Q

The capillaries that make up the glomerulus are unique (different from other capillaries in the body) for two reasons:

A

they are fenestrated and contain relatively high pressure blood

47
Q

secretion, reabsorption, and filtration are all functions of the-

A

kidney

48
Q

identify 1 and 2

A

1- liver
2- gallbladder

49
Q

The mesentery that attaches at the feature highlighted is the:

A

lesser omentum

50
Q

identify this tissue

A

kidney

circles = renal corpuscles (with the glomerulus)

51
Q

identify this

A

ureter

(inner- transitional ET)

52
Q

Identify this and what do you see?

A

Kidney

~Cortex: renal corpuscle

53
Q

Identify this and what do you see?

A

Kidney

~Cortex: renal corpuscle [glomerulus & renal capsule]

~renal tubules (Proximal and distal convoluted) – don’t need to differentiate

~Medulla: loops of henle

54
Q

identify this area

A

deep cortex of kidney

[includes renal corpuscles with glomerulus & renal capsules; renal tubules; collecting duct]

55
Q

Identify this area

A

Kidney- Medulla

[straight tubules, collecting ducts & loops of henle]

56
Q

Identify this- what kind of tissue is it?

A

Ureter

-note: transitional epithelium allows the passing of urine by expanding

57
Q

The ureter is made of _______________________, allowing for ____________________________

A

The ureter is made of transitional epithelium which allows passing of urine by expanding

58
Q

Identify this + the specific region

A

Cortex of kidney

[there are renal corpuscles present]

59
Q
A

11a. Renal cortex
11b. Renal corpuscle (or
glomerulus)

60
Q

Identify this

A

Uterus

61
Q

The pyramids and renal columns are part of the:

A

medulla of the kidney

62
Q

Urine flows from the ureters directly into the:

A

urinary bladder

63
Q

Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Cortex of kidney; Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus)

64
Q

Identify A, B, C, D

A

A- Glomerulus / Renal corpuscle

B- Afferent arteriole

C- Efferent arteriole

D- Peritubular capillaries

65
Q

Identify E, F, H, I

A

E- collecting duct

F- Loop of henle

H- arcuate vein

I- arcuate artery

66
Q

Identify J, K, L, M

A

J- interlobar vein

K- Interlobar artery

L- Interlobular vein

M- Interlobular artery

67
Q

Identify 1 and 2

A

1- renal vein

2- renal artery

68
Q

what is the green arrow pointing to?

Pink arrow?

Black arrow?

A

Green- segmental artery

Pink- interlobar artery

Black- arcuate vein

69
Q

Identify the orange arrow

Yellow dot?

A

orange= interlobular arteries

[blue=interlobular veins]

Yellow dot= fibrous capsule

70
Q

Identify 3 and 4

A

3- ureter

4- renal pelvis

71
Q

Identify A

A

Renal column

72
Q

Identify A, B, C, D, E

A

A- Major calyx

B- Minor calyx

C- renal cortex

D- renal medulla

E- renal pyramid

73
Q

Where is the hilum?

A
74
Q

identify the blue

A

renal papilla

75
Q

what is A?

A

Renal sinus (space)

76
Q

identify the highlighted structures

A

kidneys

77
Q

identify the highlighted structures

A

minor calyces

78
Q

identify the highlighted structures

A

major calyces

79
Q

identify the highlighted structures

A

ureter

80
Q

identify the highlighted structures

A

urinary bladder

81
Q

identify the green area

A

urethra [female]

82
Q

identify A

A

renal pelvis

83
Q

Trace the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron

A

glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending nephron loop > ascending nephron loop > distal tubule

84
Q

Identify A and B

A

A- Rugae

B- Trigone

85
Q

identify A

A

female urethra

86
Q

What is indicated by D in the above image?

A

renal column

87
Q

pancreas, ureters, colon, kidneys, esophagus, and rectum are all positioned:

A

retroperitoneal

88
Q

The detrusor muscle makes up:

A

wall of urinary bladder

89
Q

________ conducts urine from kidney to bladder

A

ureter

90
Q

what makes up the medulla of the kidney?

A

renal pyramids

91
Q

What regulates blood pressure and glomerulus filtration rate?

A

the juxtamedullary apparatus

92
Q

the site of plasma filtration is the-

A

glomerulus

93
Q

Reabsorption is the movement of fluid and solutes from the:

A

tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries

94
Q

Does filtration occur in the renal tubules?

A

NO

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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