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Human Anatomy > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

There are over ______ skeletal muscles.

A

700

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A

skeletal muscle (attach to bone)
cardiac muscle (makes up heart)
smooth muscle (functions of digestive system, beyond conscious control)

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3
Q

What are some characteristics of muscle?

A

muscle cells are long, narrow, elongated

muscle cell = muscle fiber

muscle is the only tissue capable of movement [through contraction- microfilament movement]

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4
Q

what are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?

A

1) excitability- responds to stimuli
2) contractibility- generates tension & shortens cell length
3) extensibility- returns to relaxed state
4) elasticity- resists stretching

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5
Q

The property of muscle cells that directly enables movement is:

A

contractibility

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6
Q

what are the functions of skeletal muscles tissue?

A

body movement

maintenece of posture

protection & support

guard openings

heat production

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7
Q

fascicle:

A

bundle of muscle fibers

-surrounded by perimysium CT [dense irregular CT]

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle connective tissue are composed of:

A

collagen, elastic fiber

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle connective tissue functions:

A

-protection
-blood vessel and nerve distribution
-attachment to skeleton

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10
Q

each individual muscle cell/fiber is surrounded by:

A

endomysium

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11
Q

myofibrils

A

make up muscle fibers

-made of myofilaments

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12
Q

what is the connective tissue over the entire muscle?

A

epimysium

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13
Q

what are the 4 patterns of skeletal muscle fiber organization?

A

1) parallel

2)convergent

3) pennate

4) circular/ sphincter

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14
Q

parallel muscles

A

muscle fascicles organized parallel to long axis of the muscle.

ex) biceps brachii; rectus abdominis

-allows the greatest distance of movement
-but relatively weak in proportion to their size

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15
Q

convergent muscles

A

triangular, has a broad base and narrow toward attachment site

-movement in different directions

ex) pectoralis major of chest

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15
Q

pennate muscles

A

feathered-like appearance, has central tendon to which vasicles are attached

-strongest muscle pattern
-don’t contract over much distance

ex) rectus femoris, extensor digitorum

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16
Q

circular muscles

A

concentric, around an opening

AKA sphincter muscle

-contracts, diameter of circle gets smaller

ex) orbicularis oris (eye)

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17
Q

direct VS indirect muscle attachment

A

direct
-periosteum and epimysium directly attached

indirect
-rope-like tendon attaches muscle to bone, skin, or other muscle
-thin flattened aponeurosis/tendon

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18
Q

which muscle pattern is widespread over a broad area and joined at a common attachment site?

A

convergent

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19
Q

The bundle of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to bone is called a(n):

A

tendon

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20
Q

The muscle that assists the agonist is called the:

A

synergist

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21
Q

A muscle attachment that is a thin, flat sheet is:

A

aponeurosis

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22
Q

The connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle is:

A

perimysium

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23
Q

A muscle that surrounds an opening is:

A

circular muscle (sphincter)

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24
Q

An individual muscle fiber (cell) is covered by a layer of connective tissue insulation called the:

A

endomysium

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25
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle fibers’ plasma membrane

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26
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle fibers’ cytoplasm

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27
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

muscle fibers’ Smooth ER

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28
Q

what are the 2 main structures that are unique to muscle fibers?

A

1) transverse tubules (T-tubules)- carry impulses from sarcolemma to help stimulate contraction

2) sarcoplasmic reticulum [internal membrane complex]
-stores calcium used to initiate contraction
-includes terminal cisternae adjecent to T-Tubules
-triad= 2 terminal cisternae + 1 T-Tubule

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29
Q

Myofibrils

A

cylindrical structures within muscle fibers that run the length of the cell
-make up 80% of fiber volume
-can shorten, resulting in contraction of muscle fiber
-contain MYOFILAMENTS

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30
Q

Myofilaments & 2 types

A

strands of protein that allow for contraction

2 types
1) thick : made of hundreds of bundled myosin molecules
2) thin : made of 2 strands of filamentous actin (F-Actin) twisted around each other; also has 2 regulatory proteins- tropomyosin and troponin

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31
Q

Myosin

A

Each myosin molecule has 2 strands, 2 intertwined tails, each with a head

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32
Q

sarcomere

A

structural and functional units within a myofibril

-contains overlapping thick and thin filaments

-one sarcomere spans from one Z disc to the next

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33
Q

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the:

A

sarcolemma

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34
Q

In a skeletal muscle fiber, a triad is composed of:

A

one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae

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35
Q

The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the:

A

sarcomere

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36
Q

The protein found in thick filaments is:

A

myosin

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37
Q

The sarcomere region with thin filaments only is the :

A

I band

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38
Q

the visible striations in skeletal muscle fibers are attributed to:

A

arrangement of thick and thin filaments in the myofibril

39
Q

Doing the splits is what kind of movement?

A

abduction of the femur

40
Q

what kind of movement is a butterfly stretch?

A

flexion at the knee
lateral rotation of femur

41
Q

A back bend is what kind of movement?

A

extension of the back

42
Q

sliding filament theory

A

during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments

-Z discs move closer together, so sarcomeres shorten
-Width of A bands remain constant, but H zones dissapear
-I bands narrow

43
Q

the M line contains:

A

thick filaments and accessory proteins

44
Q

the H zone contains:

A

thick filaments

45
Q

The A band contains:

A

thick and thin filaments

46
Q

The Z disc contains:

A

thin filaments, connectin, accessory proteins

47
Q

which event occurs during skeletal muscle contraction?

A

the area of actin and myosin overlap increases

48
Q

globular myosin heads bind to :

A

actin filaments

49
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

place where the motor neuron communicates with muscle fiber

50
Q

skeletal muscle fibers are excited by:

A

axons of somatic motor neurons

51
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fiber it controls

52
Q

in muscle contraction, a neurotransmitter:

A

diffuses across a synapse from a neuron to a muscle cell

53
Q

what is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

A

it stores CA2+ [calcium] ions for release during contraction

54
Q

when animals die, the lack of ATP causes muscles to stiffen in rigor mortis because:

A

actin and myosin cannot separate without ATP

55
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated

-moves and stabilizes skeleton
-made of myofibers>sarcomeres
-once mature, the skeletal muscle cells cannot divide or replace

56
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, striated

-only found in heart
-extensive interconnections at intercalated discs>desmosomes>gap junctions
-pacemaker cells set contraction rate of heart
-.5-1% of cardiac tissue is replaced yearly

57
Q

smooth (visceral) muscle

A

involuntary, non-striated

-remained of body’s muscle tissue after skeletal and cardiac
-all muscle tissue that are not consciously controlled and not apart of the heart
-digestive system, urinary structures, blood vessels, glands, reproductive tract..
-have actin and myosin fibers, but not arranged into sarcomeres, making it non-striated
-short fusiform cells
-1 central nucleus
-slow, efficient, fatigue resistant contractions

58
Q

What is the connective tissue covering indicated by B in the above image?

A

perimysium

59
Q

In the above image, the pre-synaptic cell would be found at:

A

A

60
Q

What is indicated by #17 in the above image?

A

myofibril

61
Q

The cellular structure responsible for storing calcium in the resting skeletal muscle cell is the:

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

The repetitive unit of contractile proteins (composed of overlapping thin and thick protein filaments) that extends from Z line to Z line is called the:

A

sarcomere

63
Q

Do neurons get in direct physical contact with the muscle cells they control?

A

No

64
Q

What is the name of the structure covered by connective tissue covering A in the above image?

A

muscle

65
Q

What is the name of #21, the three closely associated structures in the above picture?

A

triad

66
Q

In skeletal muscle, another name for the synapse is:

A

“neuromuscular junction”.

67
Q

Do skeletal muscle cells appear striated under the microscope?

A

yes

68
Q

are muscle cells also called myofibrils?

A

NO

69
Q

What type of action would be produced by a muscle anterior to the knee that is attached to bones proximal and distal to the knee?

A

extension of the leg at the knee

70
Q

Is parallel or pennate muscle fiber stronger?

A

pennate

71
Q

What is the connective tissue covering indicated by A in the above image?

A

epimysium

72
Q

The connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell is the:

A

endomysium.

73
Q

What is indicated by #20 in the above image?

A

terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

74
Q

What is indicated by #18 in the above image?

A

mitochondria

75
Q

The region above indicated by A is:

A

I band

76
Q

The region indicated by B in the above image is:

A

H zone

77
Q

Which structure in the above image represents the anchor for the thick filaments?

A

C

78
Q

Muscle fascicles are composed of bundles of :

A

muscle cells.

79
Q

The repetitive unit of contractile proteins (composed of overlapping thin and thick protein filaments) that extends from Z line to Z line is called the:

A

sarcomere

80
Q

The end of a skeletal muscle that is moved when the muscle contracts is called the:

A

insertion

81
Q

The connective tissue “sheath” that wraps around each muscle fascicle within a muscle is the:

A

perimysium

82
Q

During the contraction of a sarcomere, calcium ions bind with the protein _____.

A

troponin

83
Q

Which molecule directly supplies energy to myosin to allow the filaments to continue to contract?

A

ATP

84
Q

Contractions called _____ occur whenever the forces applied to a muscle are increased, but the muscle does not appear to be moving.

A

isometric

85
Q

The degeneration of muscle fibers caused by a lack of proper stimulation and usage is called _____.

A

atrophy

86
Q

________________muscle fibers provide powerful contractions but fatigue quickly.

A

Fast-twitch

87
Q

Which type of muscle is found in the wall of blood vessels?

A

multi-unit smooth muscle

88
Q

transverse tubules (T-tubules)

A

carry impulses from sarcolemma to help stimulate contraction

89
Q

what is the cellular structure responsible for rapid transmission of the action potential over a skeletal muscle cell?

A

transverse tubule

90
Q

thin filaments are composed mainly of:

A

actin

91
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a resting muscle cell contains large quantities of:

A

calcium ions

92
Q

at the synapse, a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the:

A

synaptic cleft

93
Q

what is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius

94
Q

the microscopic functional unit of the muscle cells that extends from Z line to Z line is called:

A

Sarcomere

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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