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Human Anatomy > Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

scientific discipline concerned with organization and structure of the human body.

Greek roots to “Cut up”

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2
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells and individual cellular structures

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3
Q

Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy

A

Study of structures visible with an unaided eye

3 types:

A) Surface anatomy
B) Systemic anatomy
C) Regional anatomy

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4
Q

Surface anatomy

A

study of general form and superficial markings of the body

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5
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Study of the 11 specific body systems

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6
Q

Regional anatomy

A

study of specific body regions, including physical and functional relationships between structures in that region

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures not visible without magnification

2 types:

A) Cytology
B) Histology

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8
Q

Histology

A

study of the structure of groups of cells and the significance of their interactions. Groups of similar cells having a collaborative function are called tissues.

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9
Q

What are 2 types of specific anatomical study?

A

1) Developmental anatomy
2) Medical/radiological

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10
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

study of structural changes taking place in an individual from fertilization to mature adult. Embryology is a specific branch of this.

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11
Q

Medical/Radiological field of developmental anatomy

A

study of changes in anatomy characterizing disease and/or injury. Study of anatomical features visible with radiographic technology for purposes of clinical diagnosis.

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12
Q

what are the 3 Basic General body divisions?

A

1) Body Wall
2) Body Cavities
3) Organs

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13
Q

Body wall

A

consists of structures forming the body’s framework, supporting and enclosing vital organs.

Comprised of the skin, skeleton, and muscle.

The head, arms, and legs are considered as specialized extensions of the body wall.

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14
Q

Body cavities

A

the large , internal body spaces filled with vital organs.

they function to protect and house internal organs while still allowing them freedom of movement

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15
Q

What is the largest body cavity?

A

Ventral (abdominal) cavity.

This cavity is divided into the Thoracic (chest) cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity

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16
Q

What does the thoracic (chest) cavity house?

A

heart and lungs

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17
Q

What does the abdominopelvic cavity house?

A

abdominal and pelvic organs (stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, reproductive structures, etc…)

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18
Q

Organs

A

discrete structures within body capable of performing specific functions

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19
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

Pneuomonic device:

MR L DICE RUNS

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20
Q

Integumentary System

A

Forms outermost part of body wall (skin).

Components: epidermis, dermis, accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, sensory endings).

Functions: thermoregulation (temperature control), sensation, protection

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

part of the body wall

Components: bones, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue.

Functions: support, protection, blood formation, mineral storage.

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22
Q

Muscular system

A

part of the body wall

Components: skeletal muscles and tendons.

Functions: support, motility, heat production

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23
Q

Nervous system

A

Components: Central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (motor and sensory nerves) nervous systems.

Functions: controls body systems, perceiving internal and external environments.

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24
Q

Endocrine system

A

components: glandular tissue throughout body.

Functions: coordinates and controls body systems using hormones.

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25
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

components: heart and blood vessels.

Functions: internal transport of dissolved materials like nutrients, gases, and wastes.

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26
Q

Lymphatic system

A

vessels and immune cells throughout body.

components: lymph vessels, nodes, organs.

Functions: internal defense, removal of cellular debris, and blood volume maintenence.

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27
Q

Respiratory system

A

structures involved in exchange of gases.

Components: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Function: exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between body and environment.

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28
Q

Digestive system

A

primarily within abdominal cavity.

Components: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestine.

Functions: process food, absorb nutrients, minerals, vitamins, water, and waste elimination.

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29
Q

Urinary system

A

primarily within pelvic cavity.

components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Functions: regulation of blood chemistry via elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products

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30
Q

Reproductive system

A

primarily within pelvic cavity.

components: sex organs (ovaries, testes) and support structures.

Functions: production of sex cells and sex hormones

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31
Q

Standard anatomical position (SAP)

A

standing erect
upper limbs at one’s sides
lower limbs together
face, palms, feet directed forward

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32
Q

Superior

A

above/ at higher level.
In humans- towards head.

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33
Q

Inferior

A

Below/ at lower level
in humans- towards feet

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34
Q

Cranial

A

toward the head.
(In humans, the term superior is more common)

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35
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail
(in humans, the term inferior is more common)

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36
Q

anterior (Ventral)

A

near the front of the body or structure (belly side)

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37
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

near the back of the body or structure.

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38
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline (longitudinal axis) of body or structure

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39
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline (longitudinal axis) of body or structure

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40
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

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41
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body

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42
Q

Proximal

A

near to attachment point (trunk). used to describe relative distance down a limb

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43
Q

Distal

A

far from point of attachment (trunk). used to describe relative distance down a limb

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44
Q

Superficial

A

toward surface of body/organ

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45
Q

Intermediate

A

between a superficial structure and a deep structure

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46
Q

Deep

A

away from the surface of the body/ organ (more internal)

47
Q

What are planes of section?

A

human body can be dissected into pieces/sections along imaginary planes. (Flat surfaces that pass through body)

48
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body/organ into right and left sections.

2 types: Midsaggital & Parasagittal

49
Q

Midsaggital plane

A

passes through midline and divides body/organ into exactly equal right/left halves

50
Q

Parasaggital plane

A

divides body/organ into unequal right/left sections

51
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

divides body/organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

52
Q

Transverse (Cross-sectional/ horizontal) plane

A

Divides body/organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections.

53
Q

Oblique plane

A

passed through body/organ at an angle that is not a right angle to any other planes, divides into unequal parts.

54
Q

Anatomical region of head

A

Cephalic

55
Q

Anatomical region of skull

A

Cranial

56
Q

Anatomical region of face

A

facial

57
Q

Anatomical region of eye

A

ocular

58
Q

Anatomical region of ear

A

otic

59
Q

Anatomical region of nose

A

nasal

60
Q

Anatomical region of cheek

A

buccal

61
Q

Anatomical region of mouth

A

oral

62
Q

Anatomical region of neck

A

cervical

63
Q

Anatomical region of chest

A

thoracic

64
Q

Anatomical region of breast

A

mammary

65
Q

Anatomical region of abdomen (belly)

A

abdominal

66
Q

Anatomical region of naval

A

umbilical

67
Q

Anatomical region of pelvis

A

pelvic

68
Q

Anatomical region of groin

A

inguinal

69
Q

Anatomical region of pubic

A

pubic

70
Q

Anatomical region of armpit

A

axillary

71
Q

Anatomical region of arm

A

brachial

72
Q

Anatomical region of forearm

A

antebrachial

73
Q

Anatomical region of front of elbow

A

antecubital

74
Q

Anatomical region of wrist

A

carpal

75
Q

Anatomical region of hand

A

manual

76
Q

Anatomical region of palm

A

palmar

77
Q

Anatomical region of fingers and toes

A

digital or phalangeal

78
Q

Anatomical region of thumb

A

pollicis

79
Q

Anatomical region of big toe

A

hallucis

80
Q

Anatomical region of thigh

A

femoral

81
Q

Anatomical region of leg

A

crural

82
Q

Anatomical region of kneecap

A

patellar

83
Q

Anatomical region of foot

A

pedal

84
Q

Anatomical region of ankle

A

tarsal

85
Q

Anatomical region of shoulder

A

acromial

86
Q

Anatomical region of back of elbow

A

olecranal

87
Q

Anatomical region of back

A

dorsal

88
Q

Anatomical region of loin (lower back)

A

lumbar

89
Q

Anatomical region of hip

A

coxal

90
Q

Anatomical region of buttock

A

gluteal

91
Q

Anatomical region of back of knee

A

popliteal

92
Q

Anatomical region of calf

A

sural

93
Q

Anatomical region of heel

A

calcaneal

94
Q

Anatomical region of sole of foot

A

plantar

95
Q

What are the 4 functions of body cavities?

A

1) house and seperate organs

2) protect and cushion organs from external impact

3) allow considerable freedom for movement of internal organs without disrupting function of other organs

4) enable different pressures to be created within body without disrupting other organs

96
Q

What are the 2 principal body cavities?

A

1) Dorsal body cavity
2) Ventral body cavity (Coelom)

97
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

cushions and protects the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

a. cranial cavity- formed by bones of skull; houses brain

b. spinal (vertebral) cavity- formed by verterbral column; houses spinal cord

98
Q

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

A

enclosed by ribs and abdominal and lumbar musculature.

Surrounds organs of respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems.

a. thoracic cavity: enclosed by ribcage and seperated from abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphram.
1. right & left pleural cavities: house the 2 lungs
2. pericardial cavity: houses heart

b. abdominopelvic cavity: enclosed by abdominal and lumbar muscles. inferor to diaphram. houses abdominal viscera (organs).
1. Abdominal cavity: separated from inferior pelvic cavity by an imaginary line at the pelvic brim; houses digestive organs and glands
2. pelvic cavity: separated from inferior abdominopelvic cavity by imaginary line at the pelvic brim. houses urinary and reproductive systems, distal portions of the digestive systems

99
Q

Serous membranes

A

line and enclose several body cavities & organs where they secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements

100
Q

What is the difference between visceral and parietal serous membranes?

A

Visceral: cover body organs

Parietal: cover and line body cavities

101
Q

Types of visceral membranes

A

[cover body organs]

a. Visceral pleura: membrane covering lungs

b. Visceral pericardium: membrane covering heart

c. Visceral peritoneum: membrane covering all abdominal organs.

102
Q

types of parietal serous membranes

A

[cover and line body cavities]

a. Parietal pleura: membrane lining pleural cavity

b. Parietal pericardium: membrane lining pericardial cavity

c. Parietal peritoneum: membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

103
Q

Supine VS prone

A

Supine: laying on back, palms facing down

Prone: laying on belly, palms open facing up

104
Q

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the ______ cavity

A

abdominopelvic

105
Q

The _______ system is responsible for taking in food, digesting it, and absorbing nutrients.

A

digestive

106
Q

A word that means “away from the head” is:

A

inferior

107
Q

Visceral pleura

A

membrane covering lungs

108
Q

visceral pericardium

A

membrane covering heart

109
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

membrane covering all abdominal organs

110
Q

Parietal pleura

A

membrane lining pleural cavity

111
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

membrane lining pericardial cavity

112
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

113
Q

the nasal region is ________ to the otic region

A

medial

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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