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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major categories of tissues in the body?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a single fertilized cell that all multicellular organisms begin life as

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3
Q

What are the 3 primitive germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

primarily develops into the epidermis (top layer of skin), epidermal derivatives (glands, hair, nails), entire nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) and neural components of the endocrine tissue (adrenal gland and posterior pituitary)

-Epithelial and nervous tissue

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

primarily develops into internal epithelial structures (lining of body cavities, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, and lymphatic system) entire muscular system, (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle), endocrine structures, and connective tissue developing into the skeletal system

-Epithelial, connective, and muscle tissue

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

primarily develops into epithelial glandular derivatives of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine systems.

-Epithelial tissue

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7
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Cellularity- cells tightly bound
  2. Polarity- one surface is attached and one is exposed
  3. Attachment- cells are firmly attached
  4. Regeneration- cells are damaged and replaced rapidly
  5. Avascular- does not contain blood vessels.
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8
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular arrangement of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple- single layer of cells

Stratified- multiple layers of cells

Pseudostratified- cells firmly attached to the basement membrane, but because of varied nucleus locations, it appears multi-layered.

Transitional- cells vary in shape and size depending on degree of tissue stretch, large and round cells…

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cell shape for epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous- cells are thin, flat, and irregular in shape

Cuboidal- cube-shaped cells

Columnar- cylindrical shaped, tall cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial stratified squamous tissues?

A

Unkeratinized- no smooth layer at the edge (vagina)/oesophagus

Keratinized- smooth layer on the edge (skin)

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11
Q

what are the 5 characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. No cellularity- cells are not closely associated
  2. No polarity- all cells contained within body, no cellular surface exposed
  3. No attachment- cells are not attached to other tissue
  4. Slow regeneration- cells are not damaged easily, so division and regeneration is slow
  5. Vascular- they have blood vessels (except cartilage)
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12
Q

Proper connective tissue

A

wide variety of cell types and protein fibers in a thick semi-fluid ground substance

characterized into loose and dense proper CT according to concentration of protein fibers

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13
Q

3 types of loose CT proper

A

a. Areolar CT “space”, widely spaced (cushion, support, mobility)

b. Adipose CT “fat” closely associated cells (heat, energy reserve, protect, cushion)

c. Reticular CT “web” (support soft tissues) fibers coursing around organ cells

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14
Q

3 types of dense CT proper

A

a. dense regular CT (strong attachment in one direction), stabilization.

b. dense irregular CT (strong attachment in multiple directions)

c. Elastic CT (elasticity) elastic fibers allows tissue to stretch and rebound shape

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15
Q

What is lacunae?

A

spaces within the matrix housing the osteocytes.

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16
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.

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17
Q

Exocrine glands

function and 3 types?

A

release secretions directly onto body’s external and internal body spaces

3 types:

a) Holocrine glands

b) Merocrine (eccrine) glands

c) apocrine glands

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18
Q

Holocrine glands

A

secrete their contents through process of cell lysis.

releases its secretions by disintegrating the whole cell So the entire cell breaks down to release what’s called sebum

associated with hair follicles

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19
Q

Merocrine (eccrine) glands

A

most common type of exocrine gland

secretes contents through process of exocytosis without causing any damage or loss in the secretory cel

sweat, salivary, gastric glands

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20
Q

Apocrine glands

A

secrete contents through process of exocytosis, allows large volumes of secretion without cell death.

secrete their secretions in the form of pinched-off buds or vesicles

Mammary glands and ceruminous (ear) glands

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21
Q

Basement membrane

A

glycoprotein secretion functioning to attach cells to the underlying tissue

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22
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

embryonic connective tissue; pluripotent cells

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23
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

extra-cellular substance consisting of the ground substance and protein fibers

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24
Q

Ground substance

A

solution surrounding the cellular and fibrous components of connective tissue

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25
Q

Fibroblast

A

Connective tissue cell responsible for secreting large amounts of protein into the extracellular matrix

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of supportive connective tissue?

A

Cartilage

Bone (osseous tissue)

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

fibrocartilage

Elastic

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of bone (osseous tissue)?

A

Compact bone (dense)

Spongy bone

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29
Q

Hyaline cartilage

Characteristics and function

A

most abundant and weakest cartilage

tough but somewhat flexible

thin groups of collagen fibers

Fx: reduces friction, provides stiff but somewhat flexible support and protection

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30
Q

Elastic cartilage

Characteristics and function

A

Most flexible, large amount of elastic fibers

support and flexibility

Fx: support and maintain shape

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30
Q

Fibrocartilage

Characteristics and function

A

strongest cartilage

interwoven, thick collagen fibers

Fx: resist compression, prevent bone to bone contact, limit joint motion

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31
Q

Compact bone (dense bone)

A

-contains few spaces between bony matrix

-forms outer wall of bones

-arrangement of matrix and osseous cells

-have lamella, lacuna, central canal, canaliculi, osteoctyes, and a calcified matrix

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32
Q

Central canal

A

forms center of osteon or haversion system.

open space in bony matrix allowing passage of blood vessels & nerves,

supply blood to active osteocytes

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33
Q

Lamellae

A

rings of bony matrix around central canal and resident blood vessels

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34
Q

Canaliculi

A

small canals connecting osteocytes within lacunae to central blood vessels

allows for better diffusion and access to nutrients

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35
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A

communicating canals connecting adjacent central canals, allowing blood flow between adjacent osteons

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36
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells “bone”
    -unspecialized bone cell that can become active
  2. Osteoblasts “bud or germ”
    -active bone matrix forming cells
    -produces osteoid which calcifies to hard bone
  3. Osteoctye “cell”
    -mature bone cells derived from osteoblast
    -maintenance of surrounding osseous tissue
  4. Osteoclast “break”
    -breakdown of matrix, re absorption of osseous tissue
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37
Q

spongy bone

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

-forms core of most bones and ends of long bones

-composed of lattice of interlocking beams/struts of bony matrix

-retrieve nutrients directly from surrounding blood

Bony beams are called Trabecula (spongy appearance)

Spaces between trabecula filled with blood forming cells comprise the red bone marrow

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38
Q

fluid connective tissue

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

comprised of blood and lymph

copious amounts of extracellular fluid containing specialized cells

carry metabolic products, nutrients, respiratory gases, chemical messengers, functional proteins, and waste products to all body cells

39
Q

Simple squamous ET

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

single layer of flat, thin, irregular shaped cells

lining blood vessels, body cavities, portions of kidney tubules

Fx: protection, allowing diffusion (absorption and secretion)

40
Q

Stratified squamous ET

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

multiple layers of flattened cells

Keratinized or unkeritanized (Depending on presence of waterproofing keratin protein)

covering skin, lining mouth, throat, anus, vagina, esophagus

Fx: protection: physical, chemical, infections

41
Q

Simple cuboidal ET

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

single layer of cube shaped cells

round, centered nuclei

no intercellular space

in glands, kidney tubules, liver, thyroid

Fx: protection, secretion, absorption

42
Q

Simple columnar ET

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

single layer of column shaped cells

no intercellular space

tall nuclei, located at basal end of cell

Lining intestine, stomach, gallbladder

Fx: protection, secretion, absorption

43
Q

Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated) ET

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

single layer of columnar cells

oval nuclei at various levels within cell, layered/striated appearance.

often have cilia on surface

lining trachea, nasal passages, bronchi

Fx: secretion, movement of surface molecules (protection)

44
Q

Transitional ET

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

multiple layers of cells of varying shapes

cell shape depends on stretch of tissue

lining urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

Fx: allowing tissue expansion/recoil without damage to epithelium or restricting organ function (stretching)

45
Q

Areolar CT (loose CT proper)

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

widely spaced cells, fills spaces between structures for support and protection

Fx: cushion, support, allowing mobilityy

46
Q

Adipose CT (loose CT proper)

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

closely associated cells, appear hollow

Fx: reduce heat loss, protect, cushion, energy reserve

47
Q

Reticular CT (loose CT proper)

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

composed of numerous reticular fibers coursing around organ cells

Fx: provide supportive framework for soft tissues

48
Q

Dense regular CT

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

Uniformly arranged collagen fibers

forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

Fx: provides strong attachment and stabilization

49
Q

Dense irregular CT

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

non-uniformly arranged protein fibers

in dermis of skin, sheath covering bones (periosteum), and capsule around various organs

Fx: provides strength to resist force applied in various directions

50
Q

Elastic CT (dense)

Characteristics & function (Fx)

A

large quantities of elastic fibers

Fx: cushion, elasticity (Stretching)

51
Q

Identify this

A

Fibrocartilage

52
Q

Identify this

A

Hyaline cartilage

53
Q

Identify this

A

Elastic Connective Tissue (CT)

54
Q

identify this

A

Elastic Cartilage CT

55
Q

Identify this

A

Compact bone (ground)

56
Q

Identify this

A

Reticular CT (loose proper CT)

57
Q

Identify this

A

Dense regular CT (dense proper)

58
Q

Identify this

A

Dense irregular CT (dense proper)

59
Q

Identify this

A

Adipose CT (loose proper)

60
Q

Identify this

A

Areolar CT (loose proper)

61
Q

Identify this

A

Transitional ET

62
Q

Identify this

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar ET

63
Q

Identify this

A

Simple columnar ET

64
Q

Identify this

A

Keratinized stratified squamous ET

65
Q

Identify this

A

Simple cuboidal ET

66
Q

The three major components of connective tissues are :

A

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.

67
Q

Which tissues are found as coverings and linings in the body?

A

Epithelial

68
Q

The epithelial tissue made of a single layer of long rectangular cells, often found in areas where absorption and secretion are important is:

A

simple columnar

69
Q

identify this

A

simple cuboidal ET

70
Q

Identify this

A

simple squamous ET

71
Q

Identify this

A

stratified squamous ET

72
Q

Identify this

A

Adipose CT

73
Q

Identify this

A

Areolar CT

74
Q

The bone cells responsible for the active secretion of bone matrix are:

A

osteoblasts

75
Q

the bony matrix is hardened by the addition of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide minerals collectively called:

A

hydroxyapatite

76
Q

Unspecialized bone cells derived from mesenchymal cells, which have potential to develop into active bone matrix secreting cells (osteoblasts) are called :

A

osteoprogenitor cells

77
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteons

78
Q

the concentric rings of matrix around the central canal are:

A

lamellae

79
Q

the small spaces which house mature osteocytes

A

lacunae

80
Q

the bony struts or “little beams” which comprise the lattice of spongy bone are:

A

trabeculae

81
Q

small communicating canals connecting osteocytes within lacunae to central blood vessels are:

A

canaliculi

82
Q

The serous membrane lining the surface of the lung is the ______________

A

visceral pleura

83
Q

cardiac muscle cells are connected to each other with specialized cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. These junctions are called ______________

A

gap junctions

84
Q

_______ bone does not have a canal.

A

spongy

85
Q

bone cells responsible for secreting bony matrix, actively building new bone tissue are called __________

A

osteoblasts

86
Q

both cartilage and bone cells reside in small spaces within their matrix called :

A

lacunae

87
Q

Identify both structures

A
  1. compact bone CT
  2. central canal
88
Q

identify

A

elastic cartilage CT

89
Q

Identify

A

Dense regular CT

90
Q

Identify

A

Reticular CT

91
Q

Identify

A

Adipose CT

92
Q

Identify

A

Areolar CT

93
Q

Identify

A

Transitional ET

94
Q

Identify

A

unkeratinized stratified squamous ET

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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