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Human Anatomy > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

Eyes use _____________ to help form visual images of the environment

A

photoreceptors

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2
Q

what are the functions of the accessory structures of the eye?

A

*protect against foreign objects
*ensure eye surface remains clean and moist

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3
Q

Eye’s accessory structures include:

A

*eyebrow, eyelid, eyelashes,

*conjunctiva [mucous membrane covering eye surface]

*Lacrimal apparatus [tears produced]

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4
Q

What are the layers of the eye wall from out to in?

A

*fibrous tunic

*vascular tunic

*retina

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5
Q

What are the 2 regions that compose the fibrous tunic of the eye wall?

A

*Sclera [majority], white of eye that provides shape and protects internal eye; dense irregular CT

*cornea [transparent avascular layer]; stratified squamous CT

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6
Q

What 3 regions compose the vascular tunic layer of the eye wall?

A

*choroid [vast network of capillaries supplying retina with oxygen/nutrients]

*ciliary body- ciliary muscles and processes that causes lens to change shape

*iris- most anterior; pigmented portion that defines pupil

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7
Q

what are the 2 layers of the retina?

A

Pigmented layer- absorbs light passing through neural layer; provides photoreceptors with nutrients & oxygens

Neural layer- houses photoreceptors and associated neurons; receives light and convert energy to impulses

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8
Q

Pupil is?
what surrounds it?

A

Pupil is the spot/black hole at the center of the eye; allows light to strike retina

iris surrounds it [colorful part]

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9
Q

in the dark, the pupil gets:

A

wider

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10
Q

Iris muscles control-

A

pupil dilation [pupil size]

[pupillary light reflex]

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11
Q

The __________ is a depression in the retina that contains the highest proportion of cones which are responsible for high quality vision and almost no rods

A

fovea/fovea centralis

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12
Q

The dark area around the fovea is called:

A

macula [dense center, back of eye with hig conc. of cones and rods]

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13
Q

Rods are important in

A

dim light

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14
Q

cones are important for

A

color & precise vision

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the neural layer of the retina?

A

1) Photoreceptor cells- outermost layer made of rods and cones

2) bipolar cells- middle layer with photoreceptors

3) ganglion cells: innermost layer of retina; its axons can leave retina and form optic nerve (CN II)

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16
Q

cone cells and rod cells differ in shape
true or false?

A

true

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17
Q

rod cells are highly sensitive to:

A

light

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18
Q

cone cells provide high-acuity ________________

A

color vision

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19
Q

density of rods and cones variest across the retina
true or false?

A

true

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20
Q

Does the retina have more cones or rods?

A

Rods

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21
Q

the lens is held in place by _______________ that suspend from the ciliary body

A

suspensory ligaments

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22
Q

photoreceptors convert light to:

A

neural signals > sent to bipolar&ganglion cells

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23
Q

each optic nerve is conducting visual stimulus information at the :

A

optic chiasm

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24
Q

Ear is divided into 3 regions:

A

inner, middle, external

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25
Q

External ear

A

skin-covered, funnel-shaped, elastic cartilage-supported structure called the auricle

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26
Q

middle ear contains:

A

tympanic cavity [medial to tympanic membrane]

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27
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A

small bones that transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear

*malleus
*incus [middle]
*stapes [between incus and oval window which opens into inner ear]

vibrate to transmit sound waves to the inner ear

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28
Q

what 2 small muscles contract to restrict movement of the ossicles during loud noises?

A

stapedius [smallest muscle in body that stabilizes stapes]
tensor tympani muscles

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29
Q

3 regions of the inner ear

A

cochlea- houses membraneous cochlear duct

vestibule- houses utricle and saccule responsible for static equilibrium

semicircular canals- dynamic equillibrium

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30
Q

static equilibrium

A

*sense housed in the vestibule- houses utricle and saccule

*awareness of head position

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31
Q

maculae of ear

A

structures located within walls of utricle and saccule within vestibules of inner ear

*have hair cells with stereocilia that project into a gelatinous layer overlayed with otoliths (tiny rocks); this is all called the otolithic membrane

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32
Q

dynamic equilibrium is housed within:

A

semicircular canals & ampulla

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33
Q

Semicircular canals are responsible for detecting:

A

rotational movement of head due to fluid endolymph pressing on cupula and bending stereocilia of hair cells in the crista ampullaris of ampulla

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34
Q

Cochlea structure & composition

A

snail-like, spiral shape

*composed of 3 fluid filled ducts in the spiral

*cochlear duct- hearing, hair cells
*scala tympani [tympanic duct]
*scala vestibuli [vestibular duct]

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35
Q

what is the pathway of sound

A

pinna/auricle of ear collects sound waves > external acoustic meatus > eardrum/tympanic membrane vibrates > ossicles move as a unit & amplify sound > stapes knocks on oval window, causing pressure within scala vestibuli > pressure waves through cochlea > cochlear duct > tectorial membrane > cochlear nerve > scala tympani > exit through the round window

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36
Q

our bodies are constantly exposed to sensory info called:

A

stimuli

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37
Q

__________ is the activation fo receptors for stimuli

A

sensation

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38
Q

our conscious awareness to stimuli is called:

A

perception

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39
Q

stimuli are detected by:

A

sensory receptors in our body

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40
Q

There are receptors for general and special senses.
General senses include:
special senses include:

A

general senses: temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure

special senses: gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, hearing

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41
Q

receptors exhibit ____________ : with prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus, they decrease action potential firing

A

adaptation

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42
Q

Tonic receptors show:

A

limited adaptation

43
Q

phasic receptors :

A

rapidly adapt to constant stimuli

44
Q

Where are general sense receptors distributed?

A

throughout the skin and organs

45
Q

special sense receptors are housed in:

A

complex organs in the head

46
Q

What are 3 criteria used to describe receptors?

A

receptor distribution
stimulus origin
modality of stimulus

47
Q

General sense somatic receptors are found in:
general sense visceral receptors are in:

A

-skin, mucous membranes

-walls of internal organs, blood vessels

48
Q

exteroceptors

A

detect stimuli from external environment

49
Q

interoceptors

A

detect stimuli in internal organs

50
Q

proprioceptors

A

detect stimuli pertaining to body position

51
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect specific molecules dissolved in fluid

52
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

53
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect changes in intensity, color, and light position

54
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch, pressure, vibration, stretch

—Baroreceptors detect pressure changes within body structures

55
Q

nociceptors

A

detect painful stimuli

56
Q

_________ receptors are the most numerous type of sensory receptor

A

tactile

57
Q

tactile receptors are mechanoreceptors that react to:

A

touch, pressure, vibration

58
Q

where are tactile receptors located?

A

dermis and subcutaneous layer

59
Q

what are the 2 types of tactile receptors?

A

1) unencapsulated [simple dendritic endings]

2) encapsulated [complex dendritic wrapped in CT or glial cells]

60
Q

The sense of taste (gustation) is enabled by:

A

chemoreceptors

61
Q

gustation is

A

special sense of taste

62
Q

Gustatory cells

A

taste cells/ taste receptors housed in specialized structures called taste buds

regenerate every 7-9 days

63
Q

taste buds are located

A

dorsal side of tongue in papillae

64
Q

olfaction takes place:

A

specialized olfactory epithelium in the nose

65
Q

the cochlear duct contains hair cells that convert sound waves into :

A

nerve impulses

66
Q

Receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to changes in gas concentrations in the blood are called:

A

chemoreceptors

67
Q

The arrangement of tunics in the eye, from the center (inside) to the periphery (outside), is:

A

retina, vascular, fibrous

68
Q

The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharp vision are:

A

cones

69
Q

Which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?

A

semicircular duct

70
Q

Unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called:

A

free nerve endings

71
Q

proprioceptors detects

A

tension in tendons, position of joints

72
Q

auditory ossicles are the

A

malleus, incus, stapes

73
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in the membranous labyrinth

74
Q

basilar membrane

A

supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)

[inferior, thicker, highly specialized membrane separating tympanic duct from cochlear duct]

75
Q

choroid

A

pigmented, darkly colored membrane; middle layer of eye

*displays an iridescent coloration - tapetum lucidum

-gives some animals night vision

76
Q

suspensory ligaments attach to

A

lens

77
Q

adaptation

A

sensitivity reduced due to constant stimulus

78
Q

olfaction

A

sensation of smell

79
Q

within the inner ear, there are 2 special sensory organs:

A

Cochlea [hearing]

Vestibular apparatus [static and dynamic equillibrium]

80
Q

tectorial membrane

A

gelatinous flap forming a roof over hair cells; ensures bending of the stereocilia

81
Q

Spiral organ (of corti)

A

specialized region of the basilar membrane composed of auditory hair cells

*movement of basilar membrane causes stereocilia to be bent against tectorial membrane, stimulating hair cells to release neurotransmitters and initiate action potential via vestibulocochlear nerve to the CNS

82
Q

The vestibular duct [scala vestibuli] and the tympanic duct [scala tympani] are filled with:

A

perilymph

83
Q

within the ampullae of the semicircular canals, are sensory structures called:

A

cristae ampullaris- sense rotation motion as endolymph moves through ampulla, bending stereocilia in the cupula

84
Q

in front of the lens is the:

behind the lens is the:

A

anterior cavity

posterior cavity

85
Q

What muscle constricts to reduce the size of the pupil in high light conditions?

A

sphincter pupillae of the iris

86
Q

Salivary glands are important in taste/gustation because:

A

they provide the fluid in which tastants are dissolved

87
Q

17 in the above image indicates:

A

cornea

88
Q

The space indicated by #17 would be filled with:

A

aqueous humor

89
Q

The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are found in what structure in the above image?

A

1

90
Q

Identify A, B, C, D

A

A- Vestibular duct (W/ perilymph)

B- Tympanic duct (W/ perilymph)

C- Tectorial membrane

D- Spiral organ (of corti)

91
Q

Identify E, F, G

A

E- Cochlear duct (W/ endolymph)

F- vestibular membrane

G- Basilar membrane

92
Q

identify

A

cochlea

93
Q

identify

A

Vestibule

94
Q

Identify A and B

A

A- utricle

B- saccule

[of vestibule of ear]

95
Q

identify

A

Semicircular canals

96
Q

identify

A

optic nerve

97
Q

Identify 1-5

A

1- conjunctiva

2- cornea [fibrous tunic]

3- lens

4- retina [neural tunic]

5- optic nerve

98
Q

identify X

A

sclera

[fibrous tunic]

99
Q

identify A and B

A

A- pupil

B- Iris

[vascular tunic]

100
Q

identify

A

choroid [vascular tunic]

101
Q

Identify X

A

ciliary body [vascular tunic]

102
Q

identify G

A

optic disc [neural tunic]

103
Q

“blind spot” is the

A

optic disc

region where optic nerve exits the eye [no photoreceptors here]

104
Q

anterior eye chamber

A

in the anterior eye cavity

space between cornea and iris

*filled with aqueous humor

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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