Reproductive system Flashcards
reproduction
biological process in which 2 individuals (parents) produce off spring
-requires sexual interaction of 2 specialized gametes
How many people are intersex?
2% of population
(shows reproductive characteristics of both gender reproductive systems)
reproductive systems have primary sex organs called _________
Gonads
What are gonads?
what do they do?
ovaries / testes
they produce sex hormones and produce sex cells (gametes) — oocytes and sperms
where do the gametes fuse?
site of fertilization
zygote
fused gamete
The primary sex organs (producing gametes and hormones) are the:
testes and ovaries
what happens in puberty?
-external sex characteristics become prominent
-reproductive organs become functional
-gametes mature
-gonads secrete sex hormones
what are the components of the female reproductive system?
primary = organs
*uterine tubes
*uterus
*vagina
*clitoris
*mammary glands
oogonia are-
primordial germ cells
at birth, there are _______ primordial follicles
at puberty, only ______ remain
1.5 million
400k
endometriosis
condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium of the uterus grow outside of uterus (in ovaries, uterine tubes, tissue, etc…)
Sx: pelvic pain, infertility, swollen growth
identify this
vagina
purple- mucosa
pink- muscularis
external female genitalia are collectively called-
vulva
mammary glands
exocrine gland that secretes milk from nipple
~15-20 lobes of glandular tissue embedded into adipose tissue of breast
the ovary is covered with:
a fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea
Uterine tube regions
infundibulum [terminates into fimbriae]
Ampula [intermediate section of tube]
isthmus [narrowing segment as approaches uterus]
uterus & 4 regions
singular, pear-shaped muscular chamber that serves as site of embryonic and fetal development
4 regions
Fundus- dome, superior
Body- majority
Isthmus- narrowing, inferior region
Cervix [neck]- inferior portion extending down to vaginal canal
Usually, opening into cervix is blocked by thick mucus plug
Uterus wall layers
Endometrium- innermost, thin mucous membrane lining uterus cavity
Myometrium- middle layer; 90% of uterus size
Perimetrium- outer layer of serosa
Vagina
the muscular, highly elastic tube that extends from uterus to the vestibule [opening to the body’s exterior]
*copulatory organ & birth canal
*mucosa= stratified squamous
~Vaginal canal: muscular tube extending from uterus to body’s exterior
~Fornix: space around the cervix; [this is where the diaphragm would go for BC]
broad ligament
a large continuous sheet of tissue that encloses the majority of female reproductive structures [ovary, uterine tube, uterus]
identify this tissue +
A, B, C, D.
Uterus histology
A= lumen
B= endometrium
C= myometrium
D= perimetrium
identify A, B, C
A= ovary
B= broad ligament
C= urinary bladder
Identify A, B, C on this cadaver
A= clitoris
B= labia majora
C= labia minora
At ovulation, an oocyte is released directly into the:
abdominopelvic cavity
identify this and the structure in the middle
Mature follicle (Graafian follicle)
Middle circle = oocyte
Primary biological function of the reproductive system:
sexual reproduction & carrying offspring
differentiation of reproductive system between male/females starts at:
7 weeks
Every fetus starts off as a -
female [then may differentiate]
Ovaries
function to produce female gametes (oocytes), as well as female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)
-almond-sized 3-5 CM , shrink during menopause
~enclosed by fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea, surrounds stroma which has 2 regions - inner medulla, and outer cortex
Medulla has blood vessels supplying the cortex
Oocytes and follicles reside in the-
outer cortex of the ovaries
Uterine tubes
~smooth muscle tubes [indirectly connected to ovary and directly connected to uterus]
Fx: draws an ovulated oocyte into tube and conducts it down the uterus [takes 3-4 days]
Usually, the sperm and oocyte will meet where?
Ampulla of the uterine tube
[fertilization occurs here]
[green area in pic]
Clitoris
-provides female sexual pleasure
~was not fully mapped until the 90s
3 areas
1) glans: visible portion
2) Body: filled with erectile tissue
3) vestibular bulbs: 2 elongated masses of tissue that fill with blood, leading vulva to expand
mons pubis
fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphysis of pelvic bones (covered with hair at puberty)
greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
paired glands at vagina base that secrete mucus into vestibule during arousal
Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands
paired glands on the right and left of urethra; secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal/orgasm
~may be part of G-Spot/ female ejaculation
primordial follicle
single layer of simple squamous estrogen producing follicular cells (granulosa cells) surrounding a primary oocyte
primary follicle
the follicle that “wakes up” in a given month, begins to grow in size
~1+ layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granula and thecal cells)
~produce estrogen in increasing amounts as they multiply
Secondary follicle
follicle expands, larger, has fluid-filled spaces appear between follicular cell layers
Mature (Graafian) follicle
a mature fluid-filled cavity present inside the ovary which contains the female gamete/ovum
The two masses of erectile tissue forming the bulk of the clitoris are:
corpora cavernosa
During ovulation, the oocyte passes into the _____.
pelvic cavity
The cervix projects into:
the vagina
Which structure contains a primary oocyte, several layers of granulosa cells, and an antrum?
antral follicle
normal site for implantation of a pre-embryo is:
uterus
what produces follicles and sex hormones?
ovary
fertilization normally occurs here:
uterine tube
the primary male sex organs are:
testes
what are the male accessory sex organs?
complex set ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis
Copulation organ = penis
function of testes
*sperm production
*secretion of androgens (like testosterone)
What are the scrotum’s 2 muscle layers & their functions?
What is the scrotum’s function?
*Cremaster muscles- can raise and lower testes
*Dartos muscle- can contract/wrinkle testes
Fx: to regulate temperature for optimal sperm production
Each testes is covered by a _______
a serous membrane called Tunica Vaginalis
~visceral & parietal layer, separated by serous fluid
Deep to this, there is Tunica albuginea of testis
Spermatagonia develop into ______________; these develop into:_____________.
Spermatagonia develop into spermatids; these develop into: sperm.
Interstitial cells in the testis are responsible for:
producing hormones called androgens (mostly testosterone)
~maintaining male reproductive structures
~development of secondary sexual characteristics (voice, muscle, bone, hair, etc.. “maleness”
Primary spermatocyte divides to produce:
2 secondary spermatocytes
the _________ is the only human cell that has flagella
sperm
What ducts will the sperm travel through?
Sperm transport is facilitated by:
smooth muscle contraction within the ducts
[stimulated by oxytocin release]
Epididymis
1st duct; stores sperm until mature
~sits on the testis
What are the 3 male accessory glands that mix with sperm to create seminal fluid?
What are their other functions?
Seminal vesicles
prostate glands
bulbourethral glands
~they also nourish sperm and neutralize acidity of vagina
tip of the penis is called:
glans
During an erection, blood enters into :
the erectile bodies through the central artery, filling in the venous spaces
what are the homologues between male and female reproductive structures?
Which STis are curable VS treatable?
Testes produce:
spermatozoa
Scrotum houses the:
testes
In the male, what cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?
interstitial (Leydig) cells
Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form a new spermatogonium and:
primary spermatocyte
Sperm are stored in the _________, where they remain until they are fully mature and capable of motility.
epididymis
identify this
seminiferous tubules
circles= section through seminiferous tubules
Spermatids in the middle of circle
Spermatagonia in the edge of circle
I = interstitial cells
The cells in the testes that nourish and protect the developing sperm are called:
sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
Identify A, B, and C
A- seminal vesicle
B- prostate gland
C- bulbourethral gland [won’t see on cadavers]
Identify A, B, C
A- Urinary bladder
B- prostrate
C- membranous urethra
Identify D, E
D- prostatic urethra
E- spongy/penile urethra
Identify F, G
F- corpus spongiosum
G- corpus cavernosum
Identify A, B, C, D
A- urinary bladder
B- ductus (vas) deferens
C- epididymis
D- Testis
Identify E, F, G, H
E- glans
F- penis
G- testis in external spermatic fascia
H- spermatic cord
the glans/head of penis is only composed of:
corpus spongiosum
identfiy A and B
A- corpus spongiosum
B- corpora cavernosa
Is the reproductive system essential to live?
No
> can have different developmental trajectories
It is the presence of ________________ that drives differentiation of male reproductive structure development
Testis-determining factor (TDF) protein
Seminiferous tubules [male RS]
site of spermatogenesis
~produce 300 million sperm daily (1,000/second)
~800 tubules; 250 distinct lobules
~inside is lined by Sertoli cells (these surround, protect, nourish sperm cells & form a barrier between blood/immune system & developing sperm = blood-testis barrier].
Ductus (vas) deferens
paired muscular tubes (12 inches) carrying spermatozoa from the epididymis within scrotum, through the inguinal canal, into the abdominal cavity, behind bladder, entering prostate
Inguinal canal
space between abdominal muscles, connecting external scrotum with abdominal cavity
Contains spermatic cord: (ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus (veins), genitofemoral nerve, deferential artery
Seminal vesicles
~paired tubular glands posterior to bladder; release fluids into ejaculatory duct
~very active, secrete 60% of semen fluid
~thickens, activates, and nourishes sperm
Prostate gland
~small muscular gland at base of bladder
~produces 20-30% of semen fluid
~help with sperm motility, stability of genetic material
~contracts at orgasm to push semen out of body
Bulbourethral glands
AKA Cowper’s glands- pea-sized glands at penis base
~secrete thick, alkaline mucus to lubricate the tip of the penis and neutralize the urinary tract
~<5% of semen fluid
[not identifiable on cadaver]
Penis is homologous to the female:
clitoris
What are the 3 main regions of the penis?
- Root- bulb and crura
- body- cylindrical portion
- Glands (head)
The penis is made of-
spongy, erectile tissue
In SAP, the penis is:
erect
Identify this
what tissue is it?
Vagina
Note: stratified squamous epithelium lines the canal
Identify this + the specific layer
Uterus - Endometrium [inner lining]
identify this
Sperm
Note: sperm head and flagella
Identify this
What is at the periphery?
what is at the center?
Male Testis
-Seminiferous tubules
—Spermatagonia at the periphery
—Spermatozoa in the center
—Interstitial/Leydig cells
Interstitial (Leydig) cells produce:
Androgens- Testosterone
Identify this + what kind of epithelium is it?
Epididymis
~ pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Identify this structure, and identify the specific cells
Seminiferous tubules
~Interstitial (Leydig) cells
Identify this
Epididymis
a. Penis
b. Corpora cavernosa
9a. Primordial follicle
9b. Mature follicle (antrum)
The outermost layer of the uterus is the:
perimetrium
The glans of the penis is primarily made of which erectile tissue?
corpus spongiosum
the coiled tubule structure that is specialized for sperm production :
seminferous tubules
fertilization of the oocyte by a spermatid most commonly occurs in:
uterine tube
The structure securing the ovary to the body wall?:
suspensory ligament
the pouch responsible for housing and maintaining temperature of the testes is:
scrotum
Identify this region + what cells is the arrow pointing to?
Testis; interstitial cells
Identify this
Epididymis
Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to?
Ovary; Antrum (follicle)
Penis
~Corpus spongiosum
Identify
vagina
Identify this
Seminiferous tubules
-note the spermatagonia
-clusters of cells in between the tubules = interstitial cells
identify the red part
spermatic chord
identify the red part
Ductus/Vas deferens
identify the red part
vagina
identify the red part
uterine tubes
identify the red parts
ovaries
what is the arrow pointing to?
Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells) in testis
The middle, muscle layer of the uterus:
myometrium
The paired erectile bodies of the clitoris that contain most of the blood during clitoral erection are the:
corpora cavernosa
The gonad that produces oocytes is called the:
ovary
The region of the uterus that protrudes into the superior end of the vagina is the:
cervix
The structure formed by the ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels, nerves, and muscles is the:
spermatic cord
The cell type in the testis that secretes testosterone:
interstitial (Leydig) cells
The ejaculatory duct is the union of the vas deferens and the:
seminal vesicle
Identify A and C
A- myometrium of the uterus
C- labia majora
A is?
spongy urethra
In this section through the testis, which letter indicates the seminiferous tubules?
A
identify the pink cells
spermatozoa
identify 2
ovary (left)
identify the red
ovaries
identify green part
inguinal canal
identify the red
scrotum
identify the circled area
epididymis
identify the circled area
testis
identify the circled area
tunica vaginalis
identify A
Ampulla of the Ductus/Vas deferens
identify circled area
penile urethra
identify circled area
prostatic urethra
the dark pigmented area surrounding the nipple is:
areola
identify the red area
mons pubis [fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphasis]
identify the red area
mons pubis [fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphasis]
the vagina is lined with _________ which allows ___________
Rugae; stretching
identify A
Fornix of vagina [around cervix]
Identify A, B, C
a- root
b- body
c- glans
identify the green and yellow
green- corpus cavernosa
yellow- corpus spongiosum
identify the red area
seminal vesicles
what is the arrow pointing to?
ejaculatory duct
identify the red area
prostate gland
Identify all parts
A- isthmus
B- ampulla
C- infundibulum
D- fimbriae
identify red area
uterus
identify specific area marked by purple circle
fundus of uterus
identify the marked area
body of uterus
the isthmus of the uterus is:
narrowing region of uterus
identify red area
cervix
what is it pointing to?
endometrium of uterus
what is it pointing to?
perimetrium of the uterus
identify the green
broad ligament
identify the green
suspensory ligament
identify #1
suspensory ligament
identify red area
round ligament
identify marked area
ovarian ligament
identify blue area
ovarian ligament (left)
corpus hemorrhagicum
phase as ruptured follicle collapses in on itself and fills with blood before developing into corpus luteum
corpus luteum
“yellow body” that produces progesterone and estrogen needed for development/maintenance of uterine endometrium
-eventually degenerates into white scar called corpus albicans
identify M
Mesoalpinx (holds uterine tubes in place) [part of broad ligament]
In this image of the histology of uterus, the layer highlighted in blue is the:
myometrium
what produces spermatazoa?
testes
secretion from ___________________ is milky; contains citric acid
prostate gland
All of the following organs produce a component of seminal fluid:
bulbourethral glands
prostate gland
seminal vesicles
