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Human Anatomy > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

reproduction

A

biological process in which 2 individuals (parents) produce off spring

-requires sexual interaction of 2 specialized gametes

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2
Q

How many people are intersex?

A

2% of population

(shows reproductive characteristics of both gender reproductive systems)

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3
Q

reproductive systems have primary sex organs called _________

A

Gonads

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4
Q

What are gonads?

what do they do?

A

ovaries / testes

they produce sex hormones and produce sex cells (gametes) — oocytes and sperms

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5
Q

where do the gametes fuse?

A

site of fertilization

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6
Q

zygote

A

fused gamete

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7
Q

The primary sex organs (producing gametes and hormones) are the:

A

testes and ovaries

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8
Q

what happens in puberty?

A

-external sex characteristics become prominent
-reproductive organs become functional
-gametes mature
-gonads secrete sex hormones

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9
Q

what are the components of the female reproductive system?

A

primary = organs

*uterine tubes
*uterus
*vagina
*clitoris
*mammary glands

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10
Q

oogonia are-

A

primordial germ cells

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11
Q

at birth, there are _______ primordial follicles

at puberty, only ______ remain

A

1.5 million

400k

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12
Q

endometriosis

A

condition in which cells similar to those in the endometrium of the uterus grow outside of uterus (in ovaries, uterine tubes, tissue, etc…)

Sx: pelvic pain, infertility, swollen growth

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13
Q

identify this

A

vagina

purple- mucosa
pink- muscularis

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14
Q

external female genitalia are collectively called-

A

vulva

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15
Q

mammary glands

A

exocrine gland that secretes milk from nipple

~15-20 lobes of glandular tissue embedded into adipose tissue of breast

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16
Q

the ovary is covered with:

A

a fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea

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17
Q

Uterine tube regions

A

infundibulum [terminates into fimbriae]
Ampula [intermediate section of tube]
isthmus [narrowing segment as approaches uterus]

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18
Q

uterus & 4 regions

A

singular, pear-shaped muscular chamber that serves as site of embryonic and fetal development

4 regions
Fundus- dome, superior
Body- majority
Isthmus- narrowing, inferior region
Cervix [neck]- inferior portion extending down to vaginal canal

Usually, opening into cervix is blocked by thick mucus plug

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19
Q

Uterus wall layers

A

Endometrium- innermost, thin mucous membrane lining uterus cavity

Myometrium- middle layer; 90% of uterus size

Perimetrium- outer layer of serosa

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20
Q

Vagina

A

the muscular, highly elastic tube that extends from uterus to the vestibule [opening to the body’s exterior]

*copulatory organ & birth canal
*mucosa= stratified squamous

~Vaginal canal: muscular tube extending from uterus to body’s exterior
~Fornix: space around the cervix; [this is where the diaphragm would go for BC]

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21
Q

broad ligament

A

a large continuous sheet of tissue that encloses the majority of female reproductive structures [ovary, uterine tube, uterus]

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22
Q

identify this tissue +
A, B, C, D.

A

Uterus histology

A= lumen

B= endometrium

C= myometrium

D= perimetrium

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23
Q

identify A, B, C

A

A= ovary

B= broad ligament

C= urinary bladder

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24
Q

Identify A, B, C on this cadaver

A

A= clitoris

B= labia majora

C= labia minora

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25
Q

At ovulation, an oocyte is released directly into the:

A

abdominopelvic cavity

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26
Q

identify this and the structure in the middle

A

Mature follicle (Graafian follicle)

Middle circle = oocyte

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27
Q

Primary biological function of the reproductive system:

A

sexual reproduction & carrying offspring

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28
Q

differentiation of reproductive system between male/females starts at:

A

7 weeks

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29
Q

Every fetus starts off as a -

A

female [then may differentiate]

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30
Q

Ovaries

A

function to produce female gametes (oocytes), as well as female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)

-almond-sized 3-5 CM , shrink during menopause

~enclosed by fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea, surrounds stroma which has 2 regions - inner medulla, and outer cortex

Medulla has blood vessels supplying the cortex

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31
Q

Oocytes and follicles reside in the-

A

outer cortex of the ovaries

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32
Q

Uterine tubes

A

~smooth muscle tubes [indirectly connected to ovary and directly connected to uterus]

Fx: draws an ovulated oocyte into tube and conducts it down the uterus [takes 3-4 days]

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33
Q

Usually, the sperm and oocyte will meet where?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

[fertilization occurs here]

[green area in pic]

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34
Q

Clitoris

A

-provides female sexual pleasure
~was not fully mapped until the 90s

3 areas

1) glans: visible portion
2) Body: filled with erectile tissue
3) vestibular bulbs: 2 elongated masses of tissue that fill with blood, leading vulva to expand

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35
Q

mons pubis

A

fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphysis of pelvic bones (covered with hair at puberty)

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36
Q

greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

A

paired glands at vagina base that secrete mucus into vestibule during arousal

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37
Q

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

A

paired glands on the right and left of urethra; secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal/orgasm

~may be part of G-Spot/ female ejaculation

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38
Q

primordial follicle

A

single layer of simple squamous estrogen producing follicular cells (granulosa cells) surrounding a primary oocyte

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39
Q

primary follicle

A

the follicle that “wakes up” in a given month, begins to grow in size

~1+ layers of cuboidal follicular cells (granula and thecal cells)

~produce estrogen in increasing amounts as they multiply

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40
Q

Secondary follicle

A

follicle expands, larger, has fluid-filled spaces appear between follicular cell layers

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41
Q

Mature (Graafian) follicle

A

a mature fluid-filled cavity present inside the ovary which contains the female gamete/ovum

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42
Q

The two masses of erectile tissue forming the bulk of the clitoris are:

A

corpora cavernosa

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43
Q

During ovulation, the oocyte passes into the _____.

A

pelvic cavity

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44
Q

The cervix projects into:

A

the vagina

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45
Q

Which structure contains a primary oocyte, several layers of granulosa cells, and an antrum?

A

antral follicle

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46
Q

normal site for implantation of a pre-embryo is:

A

uterus

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47
Q

what produces follicles and sex hormones?

A

ovary

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48
Q

fertilization normally occurs here:

A

uterine tube

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49
Q

the primary male sex organs are:

A

testes

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50
Q

what are the male accessory sex organs?

A

complex set ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis

Copulation organ = penis

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51
Q

function of testes

A

*sperm production
*secretion of androgens (like testosterone)

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52
Q

What are the scrotum’s 2 muscle layers & their functions?

What is the scrotum’s function?

A

*Cremaster muscles- can raise and lower testes

*Dartos muscle- can contract/wrinkle testes

Fx: to regulate temperature for optimal sperm production

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53
Q

Each testes is covered by a _______

A

a serous membrane called Tunica Vaginalis

~visceral & parietal layer, separated by serous fluid

Deep to this, there is Tunica albuginea of testis

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54
Q

Spermatagonia develop into ______________; these develop into:_____________.

A

Spermatagonia develop into spermatids; these develop into: sperm.

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55
Q

Interstitial cells in the testis are responsible for:

A

producing hormones called androgens (mostly testosterone)

~maintaining male reproductive structures
~development of secondary sexual characteristics (voice, muscle, bone, hair, etc.. “maleness”

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56
Q

Primary spermatocyte divides to produce:

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

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57
Q

the _________ is the only human cell that has flagella

A

sperm

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58
Q

What ducts will the sperm travel through?

A
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59
Q

Sperm transport is facilitated by:

A

smooth muscle contraction within the ducts
[stimulated by oxytocin release]

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60
Q

Epididymis

A

1st duct; stores sperm until mature

~sits on the testis

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61
Q

What are the 3 male accessory glands that mix with sperm to create seminal fluid?

What are their other functions?

A

Seminal vesicles
prostate glands
bulbourethral glands

~they also nourish sperm and neutralize acidity of vagina

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62
Q

tip of the penis is called:

A

glans

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63
Q

During an erection, blood enters into :

A

the erectile bodies through the central artery, filling in the venous spaces

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64
Q

what are the homologues between male and female reproductive structures?

A
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65
Q

Which STis are curable VS treatable?

A
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66
Q

Testes produce:

A

spermatozoa

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67
Q

Scrotum houses the:

A

testes

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68
Q

In the male, what cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?

A

interstitial (Leydig) cells

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69
Q

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form a new spermatogonium and:

A

primary spermatocyte

70
Q

Sperm are stored in the _________, where they remain until they are fully mature and capable of motility.

A

epididymis

71
Q

identify this

A

seminiferous tubules

circles= section through seminiferous tubules

Spermatids in the middle of circle
Spermatagonia in the edge of circle

I = interstitial cells

72
Q

The cells in the testes that nourish and protect the developing sperm are called:

A

sustentacular (Sertoli) cells

73
Q

Identify A, B, and C

A

A- seminal vesicle

B- prostate gland

C- bulbourethral gland [won’t see on cadavers]

74
Q

Identify A, B, C

A

A- Urinary bladder

B- prostrate

C- membranous urethra

75
Q

Identify D, E

A

D- prostatic urethra

E- spongy/penile urethra

76
Q

Identify F, G

A

F- corpus spongiosum

G- corpus cavernosum

77
Q

Identify A, B, C, D

A

A- urinary bladder

B- ductus (vas) deferens

C- epididymis

D- Testis

78
Q

Identify E, F, G, H

A

E- glans

F- penis

G- testis in external spermatic fascia

H- spermatic cord

79
Q

the glans/head of penis is only composed of:

A

corpus spongiosum

80
Q

identfiy A and B

A

A- corpus spongiosum

B- corpora cavernosa

81
Q

Is the reproductive system essential to live?

A

No

> can have different developmental trajectories

82
Q

It is the presence of ________________ that drives differentiation of male reproductive structure development

A

Testis-determining factor (TDF) protein

83
Q

Seminiferous tubules [male RS]

A

site of spermatogenesis

~produce 300 million sperm daily (1,000/second)
~800 tubules; 250 distinct lobules
~inside is lined by Sertoli cells (these surround, protect, nourish sperm cells & form a barrier between blood/immune system & developing sperm = blood-testis barrier].

84
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

paired muscular tubes (12 inches) carrying spermatozoa from the epididymis within scrotum, through the inguinal canal, into the abdominal cavity, behind bladder, entering prostate

85
Q

Inguinal canal

A

space between abdominal muscles, connecting external scrotum with abdominal cavity

Contains spermatic cord: (ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus (veins), genitofemoral nerve, deferential artery

86
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

~paired tubular glands posterior to bladder; release fluids into ejaculatory duct

~very active, secrete 60% of semen fluid

~thickens, activates, and nourishes sperm

87
Q

Prostate gland

A

~small muscular gland at base of bladder

~produces 20-30% of semen fluid

~help with sperm motility, stability of genetic material

~contracts at orgasm to push semen out of body

88
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

AKA Cowper’s glands- pea-sized glands at penis base

~secrete thick, alkaline mucus to lubricate the tip of the penis and neutralize the urinary tract

~<5% of semen fluid

[not identifiable on cadaver]

89
Q

Penis is homologous to the female:

A

clitoris

90
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the penis?

A
  1. Root- bulb and crura
  2. body- cylindrical portion
  3. Glands (head)
91
Q

The penis is made of-

A

spongy, erectile tissue

92
Q

In SAP, the penis is:

A

erect

93
Q

Identify this

what tissue is it?

A

Vagina

Note: stratified squamous epithelium lines the canal

94
Q

Identify this + the specific layer

A

Uterus - Endometrium [inner lining]

95
Q

identify this

A

Sperm

Note: sperm head and flagella

96
Q

Identify this

What is at the periphery?
what is at the center?

A

Male Testis

-Seminiferous tubules
—Spermatagonia at the periphery
—Spermatozoa in the center
—Interstitial/Leydig cells

97
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells produce:

A

Androgens- Testosterone

98
Q

Identify this + what kind of epithelium is it?

A

Epididymis

~ pseudostratified columnar epithelium

99
Q

Identify this structure, and identify the specific cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

~Interstitial (Leydig) cells

100
Q

Identify this

A

Epididymis

101
Q
A

a. Penis
b. Corpora cavernosa

102
Q
A

9a. Primordial follicle
9b. Mature follicle (antrum)

103
Q

The outermost layer of the uterus is the:

A

perimetrium

104
Q

The glans of the penis is primarily made of which erectile tissue?

A

corpus spongiosum

105
Q

the coiled tubule structure that is specialized for sperm production :

A

seminferous tubules

106
Q

fertilization of the oocyte by a spermatid most commonly occurs in:

A

uterine tube

107
Q

The structure securing the ovary to the body wall?:

A

suspensory ligament

108
Q

the pouch responsible for housing and maintaining temperature of the testes is:

A

scrotum

109
Q

Identify this region + what cells is the arrow pointing to?

A

Testis; interstitial cells

110
Q

Identify this

A

Epididymis

111
Q

Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Ovary; Antrum (follicle)

112
Q
A

Penis
~Corpus spongiosum

113
Q

Identify

A

vagina

114
Q

Identify this

A

Seminiferous tubules

-note the spermatagonia

-clusters of cells in between the tubules = interstitial cells

115
Q

identify the red part

A

spermatic chord

116
Q

identify the red part

A

Ductus/Vas deferens

117
Q

identify the red part

A

vagina

118
Q

identify the red part

A

uterine tubes

119
Q

identify the red parts

A

ovaries

120
Q

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells) in testis

121
Q

The middle, muscle layer of the uterus:

A

myometrium

122
Q

The paired erectile bodies of the clitoris that contain most of the blood during clitoral erection are the:

A

corpora cavernosa

123
Q

The gonad that produces oocytes is called the:

A

ovary

124
Q

The region of the uterus that protrudes into the superior end of the vagina is the:

A

cervix

125
Q

The structure formed by the ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels, nerves, and muscles is the:

A

spermatic cord

126
Q

The cell type in the testis that secretes testosterone:

A

interstitial (Leydig) cells

127
Q

The ejaculatory duct is the union of the vas deferens and the:

A

seminal vesicle

128
Q

Identify A and C

A

A- myometrium of the uterus

C- labia majora

129
Q

A is?

A

spongy urethra

130
Q

In this section through the testis, which letter indicates the seminiferous tubules?

A

A

131
Q

identify the pink cells

A

spermatozoa

132
Q

identify 2

A

ovary (left)

133
Q

identify the red

A

ovaries

134
Q

identify green part

A

inguinal canal

135
Q

identify the red

A

scrotum

136
Q

identify the circled area

A

epididymis

137
Q

identify the circled area

A

testis

138
Q

identify the circled area

A

tunica vaginalis

139
Q

identify A

A

Ampulla of the Ductus/Vas deferens

140
Q

identify circled area

A

penile urethra

141
Q

identify circled area

A

prostatic urethra

142
Q

the dark pigmented area surrounding the nipple is:

A

areola

143
Q

identify the red area

A

mons pubis [fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphasis]

144
Q

identify the red area

A

mons pubis [fleshy adipose pad between skin and pubic symphasis]

145
Q

the vagina is lined with _________ which allows ___________

A

Rugae; stretching

146
Q

identify A

A

Fornix of vagina [around cervix]

147
Q

Identify A, B, C

A

a- root

b- body

c- glans

148
Q

identify the green and yellow

A

green- corpus cavernosa

yellow- corpus spongiosum

149
Q

identify the red area

A

seminal vesicles

150
Q

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

ejaculatory duct

150
Q

identify the red area

A

prostate gland

151
Q

Identify all parts

A

A- isthmus

B- ampulla

C- infundibulum

D- fimbriae

152
Q

identify red area

A

uterus

153
Q

identify specific area marked by purple circle

A

fundus of uterus

154
Q

identify the marked area

A

body of uterus

155
Q

the isthmus of the uterus is:

A

narrowing region of uterus

156
Q

identify red area

A

cervix

157
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

endometrium of uterus

158
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

perimetrium of the uterus

159
Q

identify the green

A

broad ligament

160
Q

identify the green

A

suspensory ligament

161
Q

identify #1

A

suspensory ligament

162
Q

identify red area

A

round ligament

163
Q

identify marked area

A

ovarian ligament

164
Q

identify blue area

A

ovarian ligament (left)

165
Q

corpus hemorrhagicum

A

phase as ruptured follicle collapses in on itself and fills with blood before developing into corpus luteum

166
Q

corpus luteum

A

“yellow body” that produces progesterone and estrogen needed for development/maintenance of uterine endometrium

-eventually degenerates into white scar called corpus albicans

167
Q

identify M

A

Mesoalpinx (holds uterine tubes in place) [part of broad ligament]

168
Q

In this image of the histology of uterus, the layer highlighted in blue is the:

A

myometrium

169
Q

what produces spermatazoa?

A

testes

170
Q

secretion from ___________________ is milky; contains citric acid

A

prostate gland

171
Q

All of the following organs produce a component of seminal fluid:

A

bulbourethral glands
prostate gland
seminal vesicles

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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