Cardiovascular system/ vessels Flashcards
Functions of blood
*transports substances throughout the body [hormones, nutrients, waste, O2, Co2]
*maintains stable internal environment [temperature, pH, fluid levels]
*Protection [carries antibodies, leukocytes [WBC] protects against infection by triggering immune response to antigens
what are the 2 major body fluid compartments?
- Intracellular compartment: 60% of total water in body; cytoplasm
- Extracellular compartment: interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) AKA internal environment, & plasma
Plasma
*travels through body in blood vessels
*transports blood cells, proteins (clotting factors, antibodies), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, wastes
Major components of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood vessels
—arteries, capillaries, veins
Blood
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells RBC
-lack nucleus & organelles; biconcave disc shape
-ability to be filled with max amount of hemoglobin
-they pass thru small blood vessels and line up in single file line termed a rouleau
25% of total cells in the body
*Fx: pick up and inhale oxygen from lungs and transport to body tissues (and some Co2 back to lungs)
Erythrocyte shape:
biconcave, round disc
Erythrocytes contain __________ to transport oxygen
hemoglobin
Agglutination reaction
Clumping due to mismatched blood
~Antibodies bind to surface antigens causing RBC to clump up and block blood vessels
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Universal donor?
Recipient- Type AB
~can get blood from any donor, bc they don’t have any antibodies in plasma for A or B
Donor- Type O
~give blood to anyone; RBC don’t express any surface antigens
Platelets
*small, irregular membrane-enclosed cell fragments
~produced in red marrow by megakaryocytes
~involved in blood clotting (form a fiber web that traps blood cells to form scabs & clots)
Leukocytes
White blood cells WBC
1.5-3x bigger than RBC; have a nucleus and organelles
~help initiate immune response and defend the body against pathogens
~flexible and motile; chemotaxis
Leukopenia- reduced # of WBC
Leukocytosis- elevated # of WBC
~widely employ Phagocytosis [cell eating] destroy pathogens using lysosomes
What are the different types of Leukocytes?
- Granulocytes
—neutrophils
—eosinophils
—basophils - Agranulocytes
—lymphocytes
—monocytes
what is the most common type of WBC?
Neutrophils
Neutrophils defend the body by:
performing phagocytosis on bacteria
Eosinophils
rare in blood (2-4%)
~bilobed nucleus
~stained red/pink/orange granules
-defend against parasites [attack worms]
-involved in allergic reactions
Basophil
Rarest WBC >1%
~involved in allergic reactions and inflammation [release histamine and heparin]
~bilobed nucleus
Monocytes
3d most common WBC {2-8% total WBC}
~largest WBC; perform phagocytosis
~kidney/C shaped nucleus
~abundant cytoplasm around nucleus
Lymphocytes
2nd most common (30% of WBC)
~thin rim of cytoplasm
- T lymphocytes- cytotoxic, disable and poison hostile cells
- B lymphocytes- produce antibodies
Mnemonic to remember abundance of blood cells
The heart pumps blood _______ a minute
in a life time?
65-75x
2.5 billion x in a life time
The heart is made of:
cardiac muscle
-myocardium
What are the heart layers from out to inner?
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
Where is the heart’s apex?
The tip of the left ventricle; bottom
What is blood made of?
*type of fluid connective tissue
*complex mixture of cells, chemicals, fluids
*RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma, with other chemicals/proteins
About 55% plasma
describe the histology of myocardial cells
*striated, branched, single nucleus
*physically connected to eachother@ intercalated discs (desmosomes + gap junction) allowing electric currents to pass from one cell to another almost instantaneously to contract almost simultaneously
the heart is enclosed by:
a tough sac called the pericardium
[it restricts heart movements so it only moves slightly within thorax]
which arteries are responsible for a heart attack?
coronary arteries
Define myocardial infarction
a heart attack
*blockage in artery that serve surface of heart; clot; blood can’t pass through = death in heart region
*electrical signals not sent as efficiently
Fossa ovale, pectinate muscles, and SA node are all features of the:
right atrium
The myocardial layer is very thick in the _________ventricle
left
the ___________ is the center of the cardiovascular system
heart
__________ carry blood away from the heart
arteries
_________ carry blood back toward the heart
veins
the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called:
great vessels
heart valves ensure its blood flow is ________________
undirectional
the heart generates _____________________through alternate cycles of contraction and relaxation
blood pressure
[force of blood]
Effects of high VS low blood pressure
too high: risk of damage to capillaries and delicate vessels traveling to organs
too low: blood can’t properly circulate against gravity
What are the 2 circulations of the cardiovascular system?
- pulmonary circulation [starts with right side of heart pumping deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to lungs; after oxygen pickup and co2 release, pulmonary veins carry blood to left side of heart]
- systemic circulation [left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries to body’s cells; nutrients, gases, wastes exchanged and system veins carry blood back to right side of heart]
explain the heart’s position/location
*along with midline. below sternum, in the mediastinum space
*slightly rotated so apex points to the left
what is the composition of the pericardium?
- Fibrous pericardium- tough outer sac
- serous pericardium- parietal & visceral layers
-pericardial cavity- thin space between layers of serous pericardium containing serous fluid
what are the layers of the heart wall?
Blood within the chambers of the heart is physically separated from the heart itself by the innermost lining of the heart, the:
endocardium
the heart has a fibrous _________
skeleton
The heart’s fibrous skeleton is made of:
function?
dense regular CT between Artia and ventricles
*provides structural support and acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
*does not conduct electrically, ensuring that chambers are separately stimulated
the anterior part of each atrium forms an:
auricle
right atrium feeds the _______ ventricle, which feeds ________________, which feeds into ___________ circulation
right; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary circulation
left atrium feeds ________ventricle, which feeds ________, which feeds into _____________ circulation
left; aorta; systemic circulation
Heart’s four hollow chambers are:
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
the heart’s four valves are:
2x atrioventricular (AV) valves [their closure causes the first heart sound; lubb]
2x semilunar valves as base of great arteries [closure causes second heart sound; dupp]
The right atrium receives venous blood from 3 large veins:
Superior vena cava [from body superior to heart]
Inferior vena cava [from body inferiort to heart]
coronary sinus [from blood vessels that nourish the heart]
pectinate muscles are:
ridges on internal surface of atrial valve
right atrioventricular valve is also called ?
What does it do?
AKA tricuspid valve
*ensures one way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle
The right ventricle has a thick wall between right and left ventricle called the:
intraventricular septum
the inner wall of each ventricle displays irregular muscular ridges called:
trabeculae carneae [reduces suction]
papillary muscles are:
cone-shaped projections anchoring the chordae tendineae
Oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the ______________
left atrium
left atrioventricular valve
AKA Bicuspid/ two flap/ mitral valve
*controls flow through opening between left atrium and ventricle
the right coronary artery branches into:
right marginal artery [supplies right border of heart]
posterior interventricular artery [supplies posterior surface of ventricles]
the left coronary artery branches into:
anterior interventricular artery [AKA left anterior descending artery;supplies anterior surface of ventricles & most of interventricular septum]
Circumflex artery [supples left atrium and ventricle]
the heart exhibits autorhythmicity; meaning:
it initiates its own heartbeat
[the heart produces its own pulses through electrochemical stimuli originating from a small group of cells in the wall of the right atrium, known as the sinoatrial node (or SA node)].
The conducting system consists of:
specialized myocardial cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells
the heart is innervated/controlled by:
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
[not initiated, but can increase or decrease the rate of heartbeat]
Sympathetic VS parasympathetic
sympathetic: fight, flight, increases heart rate
parasympathetic: rest, digest, decreases heart rate
Cardiac cycle
time from start of one heartbeat to the start of the next
includes contraction [systole] and relaxation [diastole]
What are the 5 steps in one cardiac cycle?
Which type of leukocyte increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?
eosinophil
Which cell forms platelets in the red bone marrow?
megakaryocyte
A person with blood type A has:
anti-B antibodies in her blood plasma
A mature ______________ is filled with hemoglobin, has a biconcave disc shape, and no organelles
erythrocyte
what is the correct circulatory sequence for blood to pass through part of the heart?
starting from right atrium>
right atrium, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
The tunics of a capillary include:
the endothelium and basement membrane only.
the largest tunic of a vein is the:
tunica externa
Arteries typically carry blood under________________, while veins carry blood under____________________.
high pressure;
low pressure.
The primary function of the cardiovascular system is:
to efficiently deliver nutrient-rich, oxygenated blood to metabolically active tissue cells and remove waste products
Venule
smallest veins
All blood vessels [except capillaries] are composed of what 3 layers?
Describe them.
- tunica externa (adventitia): outer layer of thick fibrous CT
- Tunica media [middle layer of circular smooth muscle and CT] contraction results in vasoconstriction & relaxation results in vasodilation.
- Tunica intima [interna]: innermost vessel wall; single layer of simple squamous ET called endothelial cells. [collectively called endothelium]
identify the blue
superior vena cava
identify the pink
aortic arch
Systemic circulation extends to :
all body regions
pulmonary circulation consists of :
vessels to and from lungs
Arteries become smaller as they branch and lead to :
capillaries
Veins become progressively ________ as they merge and approach heart
larger
Anastomosis
convergence of 2+ vessels
[more common with veins than arteries]
[end arteries do not form anastomoses]
companion vessels are:
arteries and veins that lie next to each other
capillary walls only contain which tunica?
Tunica intima
_________ have valves
veins [not venules though]
what are the 3 basic types of arteries?
elastic
muscular
arterioles
in general, as an artery diameter decreases, there is a corresponding decrease in :
and increase in:
decrease- elastic fibers ;
increase- smooth muscle
the largest arteries are:
elastic arteries
ex) near heart, allows stretch when heart pumps blood into them
muscular arteries branch into:
arterioles (smallest)
Arterioles branch into:
capillaries
venules originate at:
capillary beds
where do you get metabolic exchange between blood and tissues? [functional units of the cardiovascular system]
capillaries
capillaries originate at:
precapillary sphincters
what are the 3 types of capillaries?
continuous [complete lining of endothelial cells, tight junctions; found in muscles, brain; simple diffusion or pinocytosis]
fenestrated [endothelial cells have pores; found in small intestine, glomerulus, wherever there is lot of fluid]
sinusoid [large gaps between endothelial cells; transport of large molecules & cells; found in areas of cell entry/exit, like bone marrow, liver, spleen]
__________ function as blood reservoirs
veins
at rest, veins hold about ______% of the body’s blood
60%
Identify the 2 structures
orange arrow: artery [smaller lumen, muscular thick wall]
left side: vein [bigger lumen, thinner tunics, lost shape without blood]
Pressure vessels-
Exchange vessels-
capacitance vessels-
arteries- (pressure vessels)
capillaries- (exchange vessels)
veins- (capacitance vessels)
skeletal muscle pump
skeletal muscles moving/squeezing/ contracting on veins which exert pressure on veins, pushing blood along
[factor helping venous return]
respiratory pump
decreases pressure in thorax as lungs expand in inhalation; moves blood up from abdomen; at exhalation, there is increased pressure and this pushes blood along in thoracic cavity
What 2 factors help to overcome the pressure gradient in veins and return blood back to the heart?
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
varicose veins
large, swollen, twisting veins that may appear blue/purple; occurs when incompetent/faulty valves allow blood to flow in the wrong direction or pool
[around anus, it is hemmoroids]
Main functions of the lymphatic system
*transport fluids
*helps fight infections
Excess interstitial fluid that leaked out of blood capillaries enters lymph vessels; this fluid is then called:
lymph
Lymph vessels return the fluid to:
venous circulation
lymph is moved through the system by:
muscle contraction
fetus receives oxygen and nutrients through
placenta
-umbilical arteries and vein
What are the 2 shunts that allow bypassing of the pulmonary circuit for a fetus?
Ductus ateriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus :
a shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and is essential for normal fetal circulation [prioritizes brain]
identify left and right
left- artery wall
right- venous wall
identify
Valve [cadaver]
identify the pink
aorta
What are the ABCs of the heart?
A- aorta
B- brachiocephalic trunk
C- left common carotid
S- left Subclavian artery
superior mesenteric vein drains into :
hepatic portal vein
Site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid is:
capillary
The common site for venipuncture is
median cubital vein
common iliac arteries-
bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
popliteal artery is the continuation of:
femoral artery
brachiocephalic trunk sends oxygenated blood to:
right upper limb
pulmonary vein drains directly into:
left atrium
Some venous blood from the upper limb drains through the:
cephalic vein
Identify the direct branches of the celiac trunk:
common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery
Which is the correct pathway that blood follows through the upper limb arteries?
subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar
After birth, the umbilical vein becomes the:
round ligament/ligamentum teres
identify A
celiac trunk
identify A
Renal artery
identify highlighted area
descending/abdominal aorta
identify highlighted area
right and left common iliac artery
identify A and B
A- renal artery
B- renal vein
the popliteal artery splits into:
anterior and posterior tibial artery
identify the highlighted part
inferior vena cava
identify the highlighted parts
renal veins
[above is suprarenal vein]
which blood cells have a limited lifespan, are shaped like biconcave disks, lack nuclei, are packed with the protein hemoglobin?
Erythrocytes
Aside from erythrocytes and platelets, the cell type visible in the above image is:
basophil
Which is the second most common type of white blood cell?
lymphocyte
The type of white blood cell that is subdivided into T and B subtypes is:
lymphocyte
Blood is a ____________ ___________.
connective tissue.
Aside from erythrocytes and platelets, the cell type visible in the above image is:
monocyte
Aside from erythrocytes and platelets, the cell type visible in the above image is:
lymphocyte
Which layer of the heart ventricular wall is the thickest?
myocardium
The endocardium lining the heart chambers is __________________ epithelial tissue.
simple squamous
Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through the:
aortic semilunar valve
The ______ ventricle of the heart is more muscular than the _______
left; right
The papillary muscles and chordae tendinae function to prevent:
the valves from swinging backwards
gap junctions
myofilaments
intercalated disks
striations
these are all present in:
myocardial (cardiac) muscle?
Blood within the atria and ventricles is separated from the myocardium by:
endocardium
__ blood vessels drain into the right atrium.
3
All of the “exchange” functions of the cardiovascular system are associated with ______________.
capillaries.
identify this
cardiac muscle
identify this
cardiac muscle
identify the WBC
neutrophil
identify the WBC
eosinophil
identify purple area
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary veins
identify A
coronary sinus
identify A B C D
A- left atrium
B- right atrium
C- right ventricle
D- left ventricle
identify the base and apex on the heart
identify A
Fossa ovalis
identify A
papillary muscles
identify the blue
pectinate muscles
chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
identify the blue
Chordae tendineae
identify the red
Chordae tendineae
identify A
trabeculae carnae
identify the red
interventricular septum
identify boxed area
interventricular septum
identify A
Left subclavian artery
identify A
Brachiocephalic trunk
identify all parts
identify A and B
A- Pulmonary semilunar valve
B- Aortic semilunar valve
the primary role of erythrocytes is:
transport of oxygen
three _______ drain into the right atrium
veins
the most common white blood cell type is
neutrophil
what do the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae do?
prevent valves from swinging open backwards
the second vessel off the aortic arch is:
left common carotid artery
the shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver is:
ductus venous
what are the specialized muscle fibers that initiate heart beat?
sinoatrial node
Identify A, B, C
A- Great cardiac vein
B- coronary sinus
C- inferior vena cava
Identify D, E, F
D- small cardiac vein
E- middle cardiac vein
F- posterior interventricular artery
Identify A, B, C, D
A- right coronary artery
B- right auricle///
C- right atrium
D-superior vena cava
Identify E, F, G, H, I
E- ascending aorta
F- brachiocephalic trunk (artery)
G- left common carotid artery
H- left subclavian artery
I- aortic arch
identify J, K ,L, M, N
J- pulmonary trunk
K- pulmonary arteries
L- pulmonary veins
M & N = left atrium / left auricle
identify O
[2 seperate vessels, top and bottom arrow]
top arrow: left coronary artery
bottom arrow: circumflex artery
identify P, Q, R, S, T
P- anterior interventricular artery
Q- great cardiac vein
R- left ventricle
S- interventricular sulcus
T- right ventricle
identify circled area
anterior interventricular sulcus
identify circled area
anterior coronary sulcus
identify circled area
posterior interventricular sulcus
Identify A, B, C, D
A- Right AV valve/ tricuspid
B- trabeculae carneae
C- papillary muscles
D- Pulmonary semilunar valve
Identify E, F, G
E- Aortic semilunar valve
F- Left AV valve/ bicuspid/ mitral
G- interventricular septum
identify the 3 areas
blue arrow= tunica intima
black bracket= tunica media
green bracket= tunica externa/adventitia.
identify the green
great saphenous vein
identify
Femoral vein
identify
Femoral Artery
what is AV?
adrenal vein
identify the blue
subclavian veins
what is it pointing to?
right subclavian artery
identify
left common carotid artery
identify
vertebral artery
identify
Axillary Artery
identify
axillary veins
identify A and B
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
identify
gonadal artery
identify
gonadal vein
identify
common iliac artery
identify
common iliac vein
identify
Left External Iliac Artery
identify
Left Internal Iliac Artery
identify
Brachiocephalic vein
identify
Internal jugular vein
identify
External jugular vein
identify green
median cubital vein
identify
Cephalic vein
identify
basilic vein
