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Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular system/ vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system/ vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

*transports substances throughout the body [hormones, nutrients, waste, O2, Co2]

*maintains stable internal environment [temperature, pH, fluid levels]

*Protection [carries antibodies, leukocytes [WBC] protects against infection by triggering immune response to antigens

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2
Q

what are the 2 major body fluid compartments?

A
  1. Intracellular compartment: 60% of total water in body; cytoplasm
  2. Extracellular compartment: interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) AKA internal environment, & plasma
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3
Q

Plasma

A

*travels through body in blood vessels

*transports blood cells, proteins (clotting factors, antibodies), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, wastes

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4
Q

Major components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
—arteries, capillaries, veins
Blood

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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells RBC

-lack nucleus & organelles; biconcave disc shape
-ability to be filled with max amount of hemoglobin
-they pass thru small blood vessels and line up in single file line termed a rouleau

25% of total cells in the body

*Fx: pick up and inhale oxygen from lungs and transport to body tissues (and some Co2 back to lungs)

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6
Q

Erythrocyte shape:

A

biconcave, round disc

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7
Q

Erythrocytes contain __________ to transport oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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8
Q

Agglutination reaction

A

Clumping due to mismatched blood

~Antibodies bind to surface antigens causing RBC to clump up and block blood vessels

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9
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

Universal donor?

A

Recipient- Type AB

~can get blood from any donor, bc they don’t have any antibodies in plasma for A or B

Donor- Type O

~give blood to anyone; RBC don’t express any surface antigens

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10
Q

Platelets

A

*small, irregular membrane-enclosed cell fragments
~produced in red marrow by megakaryocytes
~involved in blood clotting (form a fiber web that traps blood cells to form scabs & clots)

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11
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells WBC

1.5-3x bigger than RBC; have a nucleus and organelles
~help initiate immune response and defend the body against pathogens
~flexible and motile; chemotaxis

Leukopenia- reduced # of WBC
Leukocytosis- elevated # of WBC

~widely employ Phagocytosis [cell eating] destroy pathogens using lysosomes

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12
Q

What are the different types of Leukocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes
    —neutrophils
    —eosinophils
    —basophils
  2. Agranulocytes
    —lymphocytes
    —monocytes
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13
Q

what is the most common type of WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Neutrophils defend the body by:

A

performing phagocytosis on bacteria

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15
Q

Eosinophils

A

rare in blood (2-4%)

~bilobed nucleus
~stained red/pink/orange granules
-defend against parasites [attack worms]
-involved in allergic reactions

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16
Q

Basophil

A

Rarest WBC >1%

~involved in allergic reactions and inflammation [release histamine and heparin]
~bilobed nucleus

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17
Q

Monocytes

A

3d most common WBC {2-8% total WBC}

~largest WBC; perform phagocytosis
~kidney/C shaped nucleus
~abundant cytoplasm around nucleus

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18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2nd most common (30% of WBC)

~thin rim of cytoplasm

  1. T lymphocytes- cytotoxic, disable and poison hostile cells
  2. B lymphocytes- produce antibodies
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19
Q

Mnemonic to remember abundance of blood cells

A
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20
Q

The heart pumps blood _______ a minute

in a life time?

A

65-75x

2.5 billion x in a life time

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21
Q

The heart is made of:

A

cardiac muscle
-myocardium

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22
Q

What are the heart layers from out to inner?

A

Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
myocardium
endocardium

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23
Q

Where is the heart’s apex?

A

The tip of the left ventricle; bottom

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24
Q

What is blood made of?

A

*type of fluid connective tissue

*complex mixture of cells, chemicals, fluids
*RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma, with other chemicals/proteins

About 55% plasma

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25
Q

describe the histology of myocardial cells

A

*striated, branched, single nucleus

*physically connected to eachother@ intercalated discs (desmosomes + gap junction) allowing electric currents to pass from one cell to another almost instantaneously to contract almost simultaneously

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26
Q

the heart is enclosed by:

A

a tough sac called the pericardium

[it restricts heart movements so it only moves slightly within thorax]

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27
Q

which arteries are responsible for a heart attack?

A

coronary arteries

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28
Q

Define myocardial infarction

A

a heart attack

*blockage in artery that serve surface of heart; clot; blood can’t pass through = death in heart region

*electrical signals not sent as efficiently

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29
Q

Fossa ovale, pectinate muscles, and SA node are all features of the:

A

right atrium

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30
Q

The myocardial layer is very thick in the _________ventricle

A

left

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31
Q

the ___________ is the center of the cardiovascular system

A

heart

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32
Q

__________ carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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33
Q

_________ carry blood back toward the heart

A

veins

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34
Q

the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called:

A

great vessels

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35
Q

heart valves ensure its blood flow is ________________

A

undirectional

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36
Q

the heart generates _____________________through alternate cycles of contraction and relaxation

A

blood pressure

[force of blood]

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37
Q

Effects of high VS low blood pressure

A

too high: risk of damage to capillaries and delicate vessels traveling to organs

too low: blood can’t properly circulate against gravity

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38
Q

What are the 2 circulations of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. pulmonary circulation [starts with right side of heart pumping deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to lungs; after oxygen pickup and co2 release, pulmonary veins carry blood to left side of heart]
  2. systemic circulation [left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries to body’s cells; nutrients, gases, wastes exchanged and system veins carry blood back to right side of heart]
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39
Q

explain the heart’s position/location

A

*along with midline. below sternum, in the mediastinum space

*slightly rotated so apex points to the left

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40
Q

what is the composition of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium- tough outer sac
  2. serous pericardium- parietal & visceral layers
    -pericardial cavity- thin space between layers of serous pericardium containing serous fluid
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41
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall?

A
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42
Q

Blood within the chambers of the heart is physically separated from the heart itself by the innermost lining of the heart, the:

A

endocardium

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43
Q

the heart has a fibrous _________

A

skeleton

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44
Q

The heart’s fibrous skeleton is made of:
function?

A

dense regular CT between Artia and ventricles

*provides structural support and acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

*does not conduct electrically, ensuring that chambers are separately stimulated

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45
Q

the anterior part of each atrium forms an:

A

auricle

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46
Q

right atrium feeds the _______ ventricle, which feeds ________________, which feeds into ___________ circulation

A

right; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary circulation

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47
Q

left atrium feeds ________ventricle, which feeds ________, which feeds into _____________ circulation

A

left; aorta; systemic circulation

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48
Q

Heart’s four hollow chambers are:

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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49
Q

the heart’s four valves are:

A

2x atrioventricular (AV) valves [their closure causes the first heart sound; lubb]

2x semilunar valves as base of great arteries [closure causes second heart sound; dupp]

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50
Q

The right atrium receives venous blood from 3 large veins:

A

Superior vena cava [from body superior to heart]

Inferior vena cava [from body inferiort to heart]

coronary sinus [from blood vessels that nourish the heart]

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51
Q

pectinate muscles are:

A

ridges on internal surface of atrial valve

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52
Q

right atrioventricular valve is also called ?
What does it do?

A

AKA tricuspid valve

*ensures one way blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle

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53
Q

The right ventricle has a thick wall between right and left ventricle called the:

A

intraventricular septum

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54
Q

the inner wall of each ventricle displays irregular muscular ridges called:

A

trabeculae carneae [reduces suction]

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55
Q

papillary muscles are:

A

cone-shaped projections anchoring the chordae tendineae

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56
Q

Oxygenated blood from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the ______________

A

left atrium

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57
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

AKA Bicuspid/ two flap/ mitral valve

*controls flow through opening between left atrium and ventricle

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58
Q

the right coronary artery branches into:

A

right marginal artery [supplies right border of heart]

posterior interventricular artery [supplies posterior surface of ventricles]

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59
Q

the left coronary artery branches into:

A

anterior interventricular artery [AKA left anterior descending artery;supplies anterior surface of ventricles & most of interventricular septum]

Circumflex artery [supples left atrium and ventricle]

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60
Q

the heart exhibits autorhythmicity; meaning:

A

it initiates its own heartbeat

[the heart produces its own pulses through electrochemical stimuli originating from a small group of cells in the wall of the right atrium, known as the sinoatrial node (or SA node)].

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61
Q

The conducting system consists of:

A

specialized myocardial cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells

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62
Q

the heart is innervated/controlled by:

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

[not initiated, but can increase or decrease the rate of heartbeat]

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63
Q

Sympathetic VS parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: fight, flight, increases heart rate

parasympathetic: rest, digest, decreases heart rate

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64
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

time from start of one heartbeat to the start of the next

includes contraction [systole] and relaxation [diastole]

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65
Q

What are the 5 steps in one cardiac cycle?

A
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66
Q

Which type of leukocyte increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?

A

eosinophil

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67
Q

Which cell forms platelets in the red bone marrow?

A

megakaryocyte

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68
Q

A person with blood type A has:

A

anti-B antibodies in her blood plasma

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69
Q

A mature ______________ is filled with hemoglobin, has a biconcave disc shape, and no organelles

A

erythrocyte

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70
Q

what is the correct circulatory sequence for blood to pass through part of the heart?

starting from right atrium>

A

right atrium, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve

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71
Q

The tunics of a capillary include:

A

the endothelium and basement membrane only.

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72
Q

the largest tunic of a vein is the:

A

tunica externa

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73
Q

Arteries typically carry blood under________________, while veins carry blood under____________________.

A

high pressure;

low pressure.

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74
Q

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is:

A

to efficiently deliver nutrient-rich, oxygenated blood to metabolically active tissue cells and remove waste products

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75
Q

Venule

A

smallest veins

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76
Q

All blood vessels [except capillaries] are composed of what 3 layers?

Describe them.

A
  1. tunica externa (adventitia): outer layer of thick fibrous CT
  2. Tunica media [middle layer of circular smooth muscle and CT] contraction results in vasoconstriction & relaxation results in vasodilation.
  3. Tunica intima [interna]: innermost vessel wall; single layer of simple squamous ET called endothelial cells. [collectively called endothelium]
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77
Q

identify the blue

A

superior vena cava

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78
Q

identify the pink

A

aortic arch

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79
Q

Systemic circulation extends to :

A

all body regions

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80
Q

pulmonary circulation consists of :

A

vessels to and from lungs

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81
Q

Arteries become smaller as they branch and lead to :

A

capillaries

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82
Q

Veins become progressively ________ as they merge and approach heart

A

larger

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83
Q

Anastomosis

A

convergence of 2+ vessels

[more common with veins than arteries]

[end arteries do not form anastomoses]

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84
Q

companion vessels are:

A

arteries and veins that lie next to each other

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85
Q

capillary walls only contain which tunica?

A

Tunica intima

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86
Q

_________ have valves

A

veins [not venules though]

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87
Q

what are the 3 basic types of arteries?

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

88
Q

in general, as an artery diameter decreases, there is a corresponding decrease in :
and increase in:

A

decrease- elastic fibers ;

increase- smooth muscle

89
Q

the largest arteries are:

A

elastic arteries

ex) near heart, allows stretch when heart pumps blood into them

90
Q

muscular arteries branch into:

A

arterioles (smallest)

91
Q

Arterioles branch into:

A

capillaries

92
Q

venules originate at:

A

capillary beds

93
Q

where do you get metabolic exchange between blood and tissues? [functional units of the cardiovascular system]

A

capillaries

94
Q

capillaries originate at:

A

precapillary sphincters

95
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous [complete lining of endothelial cells, tight junctions; found in muscles, brain; simple diffusion or pinocytosis]

fenestrated [endothelial cells have pores; found in small intestine, glomerulus, wherever there is lot of fluid]

sinusoid [large gaps between endothelial cells; transport of large molecules & cells; found in areas of cell entry/exit, like bone marrow, liver, spleen]

96
Q

__________ function as blood reservoirs

A

veins

97
Q

at rest, veins hold about ______% of the body’s blood

A

60%

98
Q

Identify the 2 structures

A

orange arrow: artery [smaller lumen, muscular thick wall]

left side: vein [bigger lumen, thinner tunics, lost shape without blood]

99
Q

Pressure vessels-
Exchange vessels-
capacitance vessels-

A

arteries- (pressure vessels)

capillaries- (exchange vessels)

veins- (capacitance vessels)

100
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

skeletal muscles moving/squeezing/ contracting on veins which exert pressure on veins, pushing blood along

[factor helping venous return]

101
Q

respiratory pump

A

decreases pressure in thorax as lungs expand in inhalation; moves blood up from abdomen; at exhalation, there is increased pressure and this pushes blood along in thoracic cavity

102
Q

What 2 factors help to overcome the pressure gradient in veins and return blood back to the heart?

A

skeletal muscle pump

respiratory pump

103
Q

varicose veins

A

large, swollen, twisting veins that may appear blue/purple; occurs when incompetent/faulty valves allow blood to flow in the wrong direction or pool

[around anus, it is hemmoroids]

104
Q

Main functions of the lymphatic system

A

*transport fluids
*helps fight infections

105
Q

Excess interstitial fluid that leaked out of blood capillaries enters lymph vessels; this fluid is then called:

A

lymph

106
Q

Lymph vessels return the fluid to:

A

venous circulation

107
Q

lymph is moved through the system by:

A

muscle contraction

108
Q

fetus receives oxygen and nutrients through

A

placenta

-umbilical arteries and vein

109
Q

What are the 2 shunts that allow bypassing of the pulmonary circuit for a fetus?

A

Ductus ateriosus
foramen ovale

110
Q

ductus venosus :

A

a shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and is essential for normal fetal circulation [prioritizes brain]

111
Q

identify left and right

A

left- artery wall

right- venous wall

112
Q

identify

A

Valve [cadaver]

113
Q

identify the pink

A

aorta

114
Q

What are the ABCs of the heart?

A

A- aorta

B- brachiocephalic trunk

C- left common carotid

S- left Subclavian artery

115
Q

superior mesenteric vein drains into :

A

hepatic portal vein

116
Q

Site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid is:

A

capillary

117
Q

The common site for venipuncture is

A

median cubital vein

118
Q

common iliac arteries-

A

bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

119
Q

popliteal artery is the continuation of:

A

femoral artery

120
Q

brachiocephalic trunk sends oxygenated blood to:

A

right upper limb

121
Q

pulmonary vein drains directly into:

A

left atrium

122
Q

Some venous blood from the upper limb drains through the:

A

cephalic vein

123
Q

Identify the direct branches of the celiac trunk:

A

common hepatic artery
left gastric artery
splenic artery

124
Q

Which is the correct pathway that blood follows through the upper limb arteries?

A

subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar

125
Q

After birth, the umbilical vein becomes the:

A

round ligament/ligamentum teres

126
Q

identify A

A

celiac trunk

127
Q

identify A

A

Renal artery

128
Q

identify highlighted area

A

descending/abdominal aorta

129
Q

identify highlighted area

A

right and left common iliac artery

130
Q

identify A and B

A

A- renal artery

B- renal vein

131
Q

the popliteal artery splits into:

A

anterior and posterior tibial artery

132
Q

identify the highlighted part

A

inferior vena cava

133
Q

identify the highlighted parts

A

renal veins

[above is suprarenal vein]

134
Q

which blood cells have a limited lifespan, are shaped like biconcave disks, lack nuclei, are packed with the protein hemoglobin?

A

Erythrocytes

135
Q

Aside from erythrocytes and platelets, the cell type visible in the above image is:

A

basophil

136
Q

Which is the second most common type of white blood cell?

A

lymphocyte

137
Q

The type of white blood cell that is subdivided into T and B subtypes is:

A

lymphocyte

138
Q

Blood is a ____________ ___________.

A

connective tissue.

139
Q

Aside from erythrocytes and platelets, the cell type visible in the above image is:

A

monocyte

140
Q

Aside from erythrocytes and platelets, the cell type visible in the above image is:

A

lymphocyte

141
Q

Which layer of the heart ventricular wall is the thickest?

A

myocardium

142
Q

The endocardium lining the heart chambers is __________________ epithelial tissue.

A

simple squamous

143
Q

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through the:

A

aortic semilunar valve

144
Q

The ______ ventricle of the heart is more muscular than the _______

A

left; right

145
Q

The papillary muscles and chordae tendinae function to prevent:

A

the valves from swinging backwards

146
Q

gap junctions
myofilaments
intercalated disks
striations

these are all present in:

A

myocardial (cardiac) muscle?

147
Q

Blood within the atria and ventricles is separated from the myocardium by:

A

endocardium

148
Q

__ blood vessels drain into the right atrium.

A

3

149
Q

All of the “exchange” functions of the cardiovascular system are associated with ______________.

A

capillaries.

150
Q

identify this

A

cardiac muscle

151
Q

identify this

A

cardiac muscle

152
Q

identify the WBC

A

neutrophil

153
Q

identify the WBC

A

eosinophil

154
Q

identify purple area

A

pulmonary trunk

155
Q
A

pulmonary veins

156
Q

identify A

A

coronary sinus

157
Q

identify A B C D

A

A- left atrium

B- right atrium

C- right ventricle

D- left ventricle

158
Q

identify the base and apex on the heart

A
159
Q

identify A

A

Fossa ovalis

160
Q

identify A

A

papillary muscles

161
Q

identify the blue

A

pectinate muscles

162
Q
A

chordae tendineae

163
Q
A

papillary muscles

164
Q

identify the blue

A

Chordae tendineae

165
Q

identify the red

A

Chordae tendineae

166
Q

identify A

A

trabeculae carnae

167
Q

identify the red

A

interventricular septum

168
Q

identify boxed area

A

interventricular septum

169
Q

identify A

A

Left subclavian artery

170
Q

identify A

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

171
Q

identify all parts

A
172
Q

identify A and B

A

A- Pulmonary semilunar valve

B- Aortic semilunar valve

173
Q

the primary role of erythrocytes is:

A

transport of oxygen

174
Q

three _______ drain into the right atrium

A

veins

175
Q

the most common white blood cell type is

A

neutrophil

176
Q

what do the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae do?

A

prevent valves from swinging open backwards

177
Q

the second vessel off the aortic arch is:

A

left common carotid artery

178
Q

the shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver is:

A

ductus venous

179
Q

what are the specialized muscle fibers that initiate heart beat?

A

sinoatrial node

180
Q

Identify A, B, C

A

A- Great cardiac vein

B- coronary sinus

C- inferior vena cava

181
Q

Identify D, E, F

A

D- small cardiac vein

E- middle cardiac vein

F- posterior interventricular artery

182
Q

Identify A, B, C, D

A

A- right coronary artery

B- right auricle///
C- right atrium

D-superior vena cava

183
Q

Identify E, F, G, H, I

A

E- ascending aorta

F- brachiocephalic trunk (artery)

G- left common carotid artery

H- left subclavian artery

I- aortic arch

184
Q

identify J, K ,L, M, N

A

J- pulmonary trunk

K- pulmonary arteries

L- pulmonary veins

M & N = left atrium / left auricle

185
Q

identify O

[2 seperate vessels, top and bottom arrow]

A

top arrow: left coronary artery

bottom arrow: circumflex artery

186
Q

identify P, Q, R, S, T

A

P- anterior interventricular artery

Q- great cardiac vein

R- left ventricle

S- interventricular sulcus

T- right ventricle

187
Q

identify circled area

A

anterior interventricular sulcus

188
Q

identify circled area

A

anterior coronary sulcus

189
Q

identify circled area

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

190
Q

Identify A, B, C, D

A

A- Right AV valve/ tricuspid

B- trabeculae carneae

C- papillary muscles

D- Pulmonary semilunar valve

191
Q

Identify E, F, G

A

E- Aortic semilunar valve

F- Left AV valve/ bicuspid/ mitral

G- interventricular septum

192
Q

identify the 3 areas

A

blue arrow= tunica intima

black bracket= tunica media

green bracket= tunica externa/adventitia.

193
Q

identify the green

A

great saphenous vein

194
Q

identify

A

Femoral vein

195
Q

identify

A

Femoral Artery

196
Q

what is AV?

A

adrenal vein

197
Q

identify the blue

A

subclavian veins

198
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

right subclavian artery

199
Q

identify

A

left common carotid artery

200
Q

identify

A

vertebral artery

201
Q

identify

A

Axillary Artery

202
Q

identify

A

axillary veins

203
Q

identify A and B

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

204
Q

identify

A

gonadal artery

205
Q

identify

A

gonadal vein

206
Q

identify

A

common iliac artery

207
Q

identify

A

common iliac vein

208
Q

identify

A

Left External Iliac Artery

209
Q

identify

A

Left Internal Iliac Artery

210
Q

identify

A

Brachiocephalic vein

211
Q

identify

A

Internal jugular vein

212
Q

identify

A

External jugular vein

213
Q

identify green

A

median cubital vein

214
Q

identify

A

Cephalic vein

215
Q

identify

A

basilic vein

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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