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Human Anatomy > Skeletal system/Skull bones > Flashcards

Skeletal system/Skull bones Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system is made of:

A

skeletal bones
cartilage
ligaments
connective tissues

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2
Q

Bones

A

dynamic organs (not dead ), consist of several tissue types

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3
Q

Function of skeletal system

A

-support
-storage of minerals (calcium, phosphate)
-blood cell production (red, white, platelets)
-leverage/movement
-protection

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4
Q

Cartilage

A

semirigid connective tissue

-avascular
-weaker than bone, but more flexible/resilient

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5
Q

Chondroblasts

A

produce matrix

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6
Q

Chondrocytes

A

surrounded by matrix
-occupy lacunae

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7
Q

Which cartilage is found in joint surfaces, ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea

A

Hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and insertions of tendons and ligaments?

A

fibrocartilage

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9
Q

Which cartilage is found in ears and entryway into the respiratory system?

A

elastic cartilage

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10
Q

compact bone (cortical bone)

A

dense, solid

forms walls of bones

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11
Q

spongy bones (trabecular/cancellous bone)

A

open network of plates

ends of bones

surrounds medullary cavity (which consists of bone marrow)

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12
Q

What are the 7 categories of bones according to their shapes?

A

sutural
irregular
short
pneumatized
flat
long
sesamoid

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13
Q

_________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull.

A

sesamoid

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13
Q

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the ________________

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

process

A

general term for any bump

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15
Q

ramus

A

process (bump) at a distinct angle to the bone

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16
Q

tuberosity

A

smaller rough projection

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17
Q

tubercule

A

small rounded projection

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18
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge

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19
Q

foramen

A

rounded opening

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20
Q

fissure

A

opening with irregular (often jagged) margins

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21
Q

meatus

A

entrance to long canal

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22
Q

sinus (term- opening)

A

hollow chamber

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23
Q

canal

A

elongated passage

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24
Q

frontal bone

A

forms forehead, roof of orbits (eye sockets) and most of anterior portion of cranial floor

  1. frontal squama- flattened expanse (forehead)
  2. supraorbital foramen or notch- superior margin of the orbit, passage for blood vessels and nerves of forehead
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25
Q

parietal bones

A

forms most of lateral/posterior wall of cranium.

functions as muscle attachment site (for temporalis muscle)

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26
Q

occipital bone

A

forms posterior, lateral, and inferior surface of cranium

  1. foramen magnum
  2. occipital condyles
  3. hypoglossal canal
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27
Q

temporal bones

A

form inferior, lateral walls of cranium

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28
Q

external auditory canal (meatus)

[temporal bone- external]

A

ear canal. opening into interior of ear, conducting sound waves to the interior of the ear (ends at eardrum- tympanic membrane)

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29
Q

zygomatic process

[temporal bone- external]

A

articulation with zygomatic bone - forms posterior aspect of the zygomatic arch or cheek bone (attachment site for mastication- chewing -muscles)

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30
Q

mandibular fossa

[temporal bone- external]

A

depression anterior to external auditory canal which articulates w/ mandible (lower jaw)

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31
Q

mastoid process

[temporal bone- external]

A

breast-shaped, posterior-ventral process just posterior to external auditory canal

-serves as site for neck muscle attachment

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32
Q

petrous portion

[temporal bone- internal]

A

large raised region on cranial floor

-contains inner and middle ear structures

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33
Q

internal acoustic meatus/canal

[temporal bone- internal]

A

small canal on the posterior medial surface of the petrous portion

-carries the auditory nerve (CN VIII) and facial nerve (CN VII)

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34
Q

jugular foramen

[temporal bone- internal]

A

medium-sized jagged hole visible from both the cranial floor and the inferior skull surface.

from inferior skull surface, passage lies between mastoid process and occipital condyles

allows passage of jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X) and spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

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35
Q

carotid canal

[temporal bone- internal]

A

exits at formamen lacerum

medium-sized canal seen from both cranial floor and inferior skull surface.

from inferior skull surface, canal lies interior to jugular foramen

canal runs in a lateral inferior to a medial superior direction.

-carries internal carotid artery (supplies blood to brain)

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36
Q

foramen lacerum

[temporal bone- internal]

A

jagged opening inferior to exit of the carotid canal on the medial surface

-extends between occipital and temporal bone

(in living skull, filled with hyaline cartilage)

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37
Q

sphenoid bone

A

lies at base of cranium “keystone” of skull as it articulates with ALL other cranial bones.

displays a distinct bat-like shape

  1. lesser wing
  2. greater wing
  3. sella turcica
  4. body
  5. optic canal
  6. superior orbital fissue
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38
Q

What are the 3 foramen on the lateral sides of the sella turcica? [sphenoid bone]

A

foramen rotundum

foramen ovale

foramen spinosum

(ROS top to bottom)

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39
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

sponge like bone that forms majority of nasal structures

directly behind the nasal bones and medial to eye orbits

  1. Crista galli
  2. cribriform plate
  3. lateral masses
  4. perpendicular plate:
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40
Q

sutures

A

tight immovable joints found ONLY in skull

-bind cranial bones together with dense irregular CT

Locate:

coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
squamous suture

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41
Q

fontanels

A

temporary fibrous connections between cranial bones in infant skull

-allow for increased flexibility and distortion of skull to help ensure passage of infant head through birth canal

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42
Q

crista galli (Ethmoid bone)

A

“crest”, “rooster” - vertical projection, site for attachment of the brain’s coverings

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43
Q

cribriform plate (Ethmoid bone)

A

porous bone projection through frontal bone. allows entrance of olfactory nerves. small olfactory foramina allow passage of olfactory nerves

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44
Q

lateral masses (Ethmoid bone)

A

delicate scrolled bones called conchae or turbinates; circulate inhaled air. combo of superior and middle nasal conchae.

mass on sides of the ethmoid

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45
Q

perpendicular plate (Ethmoid bone)

A

superior nasal septum.
-thin sheet of bone dividing the nasal cavity in half.

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46
Q

What is this hole?

A

Foramen magnum

-large hole in base of skull
-connects cranial and spinal cavities

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47
Q

What are the pink parts?

A

occipital condyles

convex surfaces on either side of foramen magnum - articulates with first vertebra

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48
Q

what is the small green part?

A

hypoglossal canal

small passage present along lateral border of foramen magnum - allows passage of hypoglossal nerve, innervating tongue

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49
Q

Facial bone- mandible

A

U-shaped lower jaw bone

-largest, strongest, and only moving bone in skull

  1. body of mandible
  2. Ramus
  3. coronoid process
  4. condylar process
  5. alveolar process
  6. mental foramen
  7. mandibular foramen (canal)
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50
Q

Body of mandible

A

U-shaped horizontal portion bending at angle

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51
Q

Ramus of mandible

A

“branch”
2 lateral raised walls serving as muscle attachment sites (masseter muscle)

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52
Q

coronoid process (of mandible)

A

anterior superior projection of ramus

-resembles a fin, serves as muscle attachment site (temporalis muscle)

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53
Q

condylar process (of mandible)

A

posterior superior rounded process - articulates w/ temporal bone forming temporomandibular joint (TMJ) at the mandibular fossa

-the ONLY synovial joint in skull

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54
Q

alveolar process (of mandible)

A

oral margins accommodating teeth within the superior surface of body

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55
Q

mental foramen

A

small holes on lateral-anterior surfaces of mental region. allows passage of mental nerve (chin and lips)

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56
Q

mandibular foramen (canal)

A

medium-sized hole on medial aspect of ramus

-allows passage of mandibular nerve and blood vessels to teeth and gums

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57
Q

maxillary bones

A

bones unite to form upper jaw

articles w/ every bone in face EXCEPT mandible

  1. alveolar processes- margins accommodating teeth
  2. palatine process- forms anterior 3/4 of hard plate
  3. inferior orbital fissure- elongated hole in inferior orbit
  4. teeth
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58
Q

zygomatic bones

A

cheek bones

form lateral wall of orbit and anterior portion of zygomatic arch

  1. temporal process: articulation with temporal bone . forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch.
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59
Q

Nasal bones

what cartilage make them up?

A

forming bridge of nose

(mostly hyaline and elastic cartilage)

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60
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

smallest bones in skull

medial and anterior portion of orbit (tear area)

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61
Q

Lacrimal bones 2 parts:

A
  1. lacrimal foramen- drains eye fluids into nasal cavity
  2. lacrimal fossa- allows passage of lacrimal duct into nasal cavity
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62
Q

Vomer bone

A

inferior portion of nasal septum

thin triangle/ plow shaped bone

unites with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

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63
Q

identify 9

A

Inferior nasal conchae

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64
Q

Identify the green area

A

palatine bone

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65
Q

Hyoid bone

A

embedded within neck muscle

aids in tongue movement and swallowing

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66
Q

Middle ear ossicles

A

tiny bones of middle ear (in petrous portion of temporal bone)

-amplify the vibrations produced by sound waves entering the ear

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67
Q

The immature cells that produce osteoid (bone precursor) are called:

A

osteoblasts

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68
Q

The cartilage type found at the end of bones where they form highly movable joints is:

A

hyaline cartilage

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69
Q

Name #8

A

lambdoidal suture

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70
Q

Which bone is #12?

A

vomer

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71
Q

Sutural bones

A

bones that fill gaps in skull

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72
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes with notched or ridged surfaces & irregular internal features

ex) vertebrae

Fx: protection of nervous tissue; allows multiple anchor points; maintains tongue attachment

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73
Q

short bones

A

box like bones

compact bone on surface, spongy bone inside

fx: provide support and stability with little to no movement

EX) Tarsal and carpal bones

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74
Q

Pneumatized bones

A

hollow or have air pockets

ex) ethmoid bone of skull

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75
Q

flat bones

A

thin, roughly paralell surfaces of compact bone, sandwich around spongy bone

ex) roof of skull, sternum, ribs

Fx: protect underlying surfaces and provide a surface area for attachment

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76
Q

long bones

A

long, slender (typical dog bone shape)

ex) arm, leg bones, phalanges (fingers)

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77
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

embedded within a tendon or muscle

Small “sesame seed” nickname

Largest sesamoid bone is the patella (knee cap)

fx: provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over and increase tendon ability to transmit muscular forces/ change direction of muscle pull

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78
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

frontal bone

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79
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

parietal bone

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80
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

occipital bone

81
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

temporal bone

82
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

sphenoid bone

83
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

ethmoid bone

84
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

mandible

85
Q

Which bone is highlighted?

A

maxillary bones

86
Q

Name the red suture

A

Squamos suture

87
Q

The bone cell type that is responsible for the dissolving/removal of old bone is the:

A

osteoclast

88
Q

Identify:

A

elastic cartilage CT

89
Q

What is indicated by the red arrows in the above image? (pointing to thin dark lines, narrow channels through the ECM)

A

canaliculi

90
Q

As children, _____________ are more active, and bones are increasing in size.

A

osteoblasts

91
Q

The weakest of the cartilages is:

A

hyaline cartilage

92
Q

When cartilage increase in width by growing at its periphery, this is known as:

A

appositional growth

93
Q

The communicating canals connecting adjacent central canals, allowing blood flow between adjacent osteons are:

A

perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

94
Q

The big hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord exits is the:

A

foramen magnum

95
Q

The bone that makes up the forehead is the:

A

frontal bone

96
Q

Identify the bone on A

A

parietal

97
Q

Identify bone on O

A

sphenoid

98
Q

Identify bone on O

A

sphenoid

99
Q

Identify U

A

mandible

100
Q

identify G

A

external auditory canal

101
Q

Identify K

A

zygomatic process
(of temporal bone)

102
Q

identify B

A

squamous suture

103
Q

identify M

A

coronal suture

104
Q

which bone is on E?

A

occipital

105
Q

what bone is on C?

A

sphenoid

106
Q

Identify bone on D

A

temporal

107
Q

Identify bone on A

A

Ethmoid

108
Q

identify the red line

A

lambdoid suture

109
Q

Identify A

A

parietal bone

110
Q

Identify B

A

occipital bone

111
Q

What kind of bone is a femur?

A

long bone

112
Q

A small space within compact bone housing an osteocyte is:

A

lacuna

113
Q

identify #2

A

diaphysis

114
Q

Identify #1 and #3

A

epiphysis

115
Q

identify #4

A

medullary cavity

116
Q

identify #7

A

metaphysis

117
Q

Identify #2

A

transverse process

117
Q

this vertebra is from which region?

A

thoracic

118
Q

Flat bones of skull are formed by :

A

intramembranous ossification

119
Q

epiphysis

A

end of a long bone

120
Q

osteoid

A

organic components of bone matrix

121
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

stimulates osteoclast activity

122
Q

endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity

contains osteoprogenitor cells & osteoclasts

active during bone growth and remodeling

123
Q

osteoclasts are responsible for:

A

bone resportion

124
Q

Vitamin D increases _______________ in intestine.

A

calcium absorption

125
Q

identify anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossas

A
126
Q

identify the line to the middle of the forehead

A

frontal squama

127
Q

calvaria

A

top of skull/ skull cap

128
Q

identify inside the white boxes

A

supraorbital foramen

129
Q

Parietal bones forms through________________ ossification?

A

intramembranous

130
Q

During fetal development, intramembranous ossification occurs in:

A

mesenchyme

131
Q

Endochondral ossification begins with a ________ ________ model of bone.

A

hyaline cartilage

132
Q

Which bone contains the obturator foramen?

A

coxal bone

133
Q

Production of new bone _______ as a result of increased sex hormone production at puberty.

A

increases rapidly

134
Q

A bone increases in length through ______________ growth.

A

interstitial

135
Q

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.

A

spongy

136
Q

The important steps of bone repair after a fracture, in order, are:

A

clot formation (hematoma) , callus formation, bone production, and remodeling

137
Q

A fracture that breaks the skin is described as:

A

open

138
Q

identify B

A

talus

139
Q

identify A

A

calcaneus

140
Q

identify the red

A

phalanges (distal, middle, proximal…)

141
Q

identify the green area

A

metatarsals

142
Q

identify D

A

sphenoid bone

143
Q

identify B and C

A

B: frontal bone

c: temporal bone

144
Q

identify E and F

A

E: nasal bone

F: zygomatic bone

145
Q

Identify H and I

A

H: maxilla

I: Mandible

146
Q

Identify A B and C

A

A: coronal suture

b: parietal bone

c: zygomatic process

147
Q

Identify D E and F

A

D: temporal bone

E: squamous suture

F: lambdoid suture

148
Q

identify H I and J

A

H: occipital bone

I: mastoid process

J: external auditory canal

149
Q

identify H I and J

A

H: occipital bone

I: mastoid process

J: external auditory canal

150
Q

identify S

A

coronoid process

151
Q

identify T

A

mandibular foramen

152
Q

identify Z

A

mental foramen

153
Q

Identify A and B

A

A: palatine process (of maxilla)

B: vomer

154
Q

identify E and F

A

E: mandibular fossa

F: carotid canal

155
Q

Identify H and J

A

H: foramen magnum

J: occipital condyle

156
Q

Identify K, M, and N

A

K: mastoid process

M: foramen lacerum

N: foramen ovale

157
Q

identify Q

A

palatine bone

158
Q

Identify A, D, J

A

A: frontal bone

D: nasal bone

J: mandible bone

159
Q

Identify C, E, F

A

C: crista galli

E: cribriform plate (of ethmoid)

F: perpendicular plate (of ethmoid)

160
Q

identify H, I, Q

A

H: maxilla

I: palatine bone

Q: internal acoustic meatus

161
Q

Identify B, C, E, & F

A

B: zygomatic process

C: mandibular fossa

E: styloid process

F: mastoid process

162
Q

identify i and K

A

I: lesser wing

K: greater wing

163
Q

identify J and L

A

J: superior orbital fissue

L: foramen spinosum

164
Q

identify O and P

A

O: foramen ovale

P: foramen rotundum

165
Q

what bone is this?

A

hyoid bone

166
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

sella turcica (of sphenoid)

167
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage protecting bony surfaces

168
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous connective tissue covering outer bone

-has osteoprogenitor and osteoclasts, for bone remodeling

169
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate into ostoclasts > lay down bone matrix > ossification center > spicules > spongy bone

ex) clavicles, most cranial bones

170
Q

endochondral ossification

A

“within cartilage”

occurs within hyaline cartilage

formation of long bones, growth, bone enlargement

171
Q

yellow bone marrow is found only in:

A

long bones

172
Q

the only point of direct articulation between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton is the :

A

clavicle

173
Q

the mature bone cell found enclosed within bone matrix (inside microscopic spaces) is the :

A

osteocyte

174
Q

the epiphyseal line is made of :

A

compact bone CT

175
Q

within long bones, the PRIMARY ossification center occurs within the :

A

diaphysis

176
Q

long bones are formed through what kind of ossification?

A

endochondral

177
Q

nutrient vessels

A

artery and vein

largest blood vessels supplying bone

-enter through the foramen in the diaphysis, then into central canals

178
Q

epiphyseal vessels

A

penetrate compact bone of epiphysis; supply blood to spongy bone

179
Q

periosteal vessels

A

provide blood to superficial osteons from the periosteum
(outside CT)

180
Q

osteogenesis

A

formation of new bone

181
Q

Identify the suture on the yellow dot

A

squamous suture

182
Q

Identify the green and blue dot

A

green: zygomatic bone

blue: ramus of mandible

183
Q

Identify the bone and side

A

Left ulna

184
Q

identify the green, blue, and red dot

A

green: styloid process of ulna

blue: olecranon process

red: radial notch

185
Q

Identify the bone + specific structure on the green dot

Where is the pipe cleaner passing thru?

A

Temporal bone

Petrous portion

Pipe cleaner passing thru: jugular foramen

186
Q

Identify the specific bone name and #

+ the green dot

A

Cervical vertebrae Axis c2

Green: Dens / odontoid process

187
Q

identify the bone and side

A

right rib

188
Q

identify the bone and side

A

right rib

189
Q

An epiphyseal line appears when:

A

epiphyseal plate growth has ended

190
Q

Long bones, such as the femur, increase in size throughout childhood by __________.

A

interstitial growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth

191
Q

What is the effect of exercise on bone mass?

A

weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass, especially in young people

192
Q

What is the first stage in bone healing after a fracture?

A

formation of a fracture hematoma (clot)

193
Q

What is the first stage in bone healing after a fracture?

A

formation of a fracture hematoma (clot)

194
Q

identify A

A

olfactory foramina (cribriform plate of ethmoid)

195
Q

identify B

A

B: optic canal (sphenoid)

196
Q

identify G

A

G: carotid canal/foramen lacerum (sphenoid)

197
Q

F and E?

A

E: foramen ovale (sphenoid)
F: foramen spinosum (sphenoid)

198
Q

h?

A

H: internal acoustic meatus (temporal)

199
Q

J and I?

A

*I: jugular foramen
*J: foramen magnum

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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