Skeletal system/Skull bones Flashcards
The skeletal system is made of:
skeletal bones
cartilage
ligaments
connective tissues
Bones
dynamic organs (not dead ), consist of several tissue types
Function of skeletal system
-support
-storage of minerals (calcium, phosphate)
-blood cell production (red, white, platelets)
-leverage/movement
-protection
Cartilage
semirigid connective tissue
-avascular
-weaker than bone, but more flexible/resilient
Chondroblasts
produce matrix
Chondrocytes
surrounded by matrix
-occupy lacunae
Which cartilage is found in joint surfaces, ribs, nose, larynx, and trachea
Hyaline cartilage
Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and insertions of tendons and ligaments?
fibrocartilage
Which cartilage is found in ears and entryway into the respiratory system?
elastic cartilage
compact bone (cortical bone)
dense, solid
forms walls of bones
spongy bones (trabecular/cancellous bone)
open network of plates
ends of bones
surrounds medullary cavity (which consists of bone marrow)
What are the 7 categories of bones according to their shapes?
sutural
irregular
short
pneumatized
flat
long
sesamoid
_________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull.
sesamoid
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the ________________
diaphysis
process
general term for any bump
ramus
process (bump) at a distinct angle to the bone
tuberosity
smaller rough projection
tubercule
small rounded projection
crest
prominent ridge
foramen
rounded opening
fissure
opening with irregular (often jagged) margins
meatus
entrance to long canal
sinus (term- opening)
hollow chamber
canal
elongated passage
frontal bone
forms forehead, roof of orbits (eye sockets) and most of anterior portion of cranial floor
- frontal squama- flattened expanse (forehead)
- supraorbital foramen or notch- superior margin of the orbit, passage for blood vessels and nerves of forehead
parietal bones
forms most of lateral/posterior wall of cranium.
functions as muscle attachment site (for temporalis muscle)
occipital bone
forms posterior, lateral, and inferior surface of cranium
- foramen magnum
- occipital condyles
- hypoglossal canal
temporal bones
form inferior, lateral walls of cranium
external auditory canal (meatus)
[temporal bone- external]
ear canal. opening into interior of ear, conducting sound waves to the interior of the ear (ends at eardrum- tympanic membrane)
zygomatic process
[temporal bone- external]
articulation with zygomatic bone - forms posterior aspect of the zygomatic arch or cheek bone (attachment site for mastication- chewing -muscles)
mandibular fossa
[temporal bone- external]
depression anterior to external auditory canal which articulates w/ mandible (lower jaw)
mastoid process
[temporal bone- external]
breast-shaped, posterior-ventral process just posterior to external auditory canal
-serves as site for neck muscle attachment
petrous portion
[temporal bone- internal]
large raised region on cranial floor
-contains inner and middle ear structures
internal acoustic meatus/canal
[temporal bone- internal]
small canal on the posterior medial surface of the petrous portion
-carries the auditory nerve (CN VIII) and facial nerve (CN VII)
jugular foramen
[temporal bone- internal]
medium-sized jagged hole visible from both the cranial floor and the inferior skull surface.
from inferior skull surface, passage lies between mastoid process and occipital condyles
allows passage of jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X) and spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
carotid canal
[temporal bone- internal]
exits at formamen lacerum
medium-sized canal seen from both cranial floor and inferior skull surface.
from inferior skull surface, canal lies interior to jugular foramen
canal runs in a lateral inferior to a medial superior direction.
-carries internal carotid artery (supplies blood to brain)
foramen lacerum
[temporal bone- internal]
jagged opening inferior to exit of the carotid canal on the medial surface
-extends between occipital and temporal bone
(in living skull, filled with hyaline cartilage)
sphenoid bone
lies at base of cranium “keystone” of skull as it articulates with ALL other cranial bones.
displays a distinct bat-like shape
- lesser wing
- greater wing
- sella turcica
- body
- optic canal
- superior orbital fissue
What are the 3 foramen on the lateral sides of the sella turcica? [sphenoid bone]
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
(ROS top to bottom)
Ethmoid bone
sponge like bone that forms majority of nasal structures
directly behind the nasal bones and medial to eye orbits
- Crista galli
- cribriform plate
- lateral masses
- perpendicular plate:
sutures
tight immovable joints found ONLY in skull
-bind cranial bones together with dense irregular CT
Locate:
coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
squamous suture
fontanels
temporary fibrous connections between cranial bones in infant skull
-allow for increased flexibility and distortion of skull to help ensure passage of infant head through birth canal
crista galli (Ethmoid bone)
“crest”, “rooster” - vertical projection, site for attachment of the brain’s coverings
cribriform plate (Ethmoid bone)
porous bone projection through frontal bone. allows entrance of olfactory nerves. small olfactory foramina allow passage of olfactory nerves
lateral masses (Ethmoid bone)
delicate scrolled bones called conchae or turbinates; circulate inhaled air. combo of superior and middle nasal conchae.
mass on sides of the ethmoid
perpendicular plate (Ethmoid bone)
superior nasal septum.
-thin sheet of bone dividing the nasal cavity in half.
What is this hole?
Foramen magnum
-large hole in base of skull
-connects cranial and spinal cavities
What are the pink parts?
occipital condyles
convex surfaces on either side of foramen magnum - articulates with first vertebra
what is the small green part?
hypoglossal canal
small passage present along lateral border of foramen magnum - allows passage of hypoglossal nerve, innervating tongue
Facial bone- mandible
U-shaped lower jaw bone
-largest, strongest, and only moving bone in skull
- body of mandible
- Ramus
- coronoid process
- condylar process
- alveolar process
- mental foramen
- mandibular foramen (canal)
Body of mandible
U-shaped horizontal portion bending at angle
Ramus of mandible
“branch”
2 lateral raised walls serving as muscle attachment sites (masseter muscle)
coronoid process (of mandible)
anterior superior projection of ramus
-resembles a fin, serves as muscle attachment site (temporalis muscle)
condylar process (of mandible)
posterior superior rounded process - articulates w/ temporal bone forming temporomandibular joint (TMJ) at the mandibular fossa
-the ONLY synovial joint in skull
alveolar process (of mandible)
oral margins accommodating teeth within the superior surface of body
mental foramen
small holes on lateral-anterior surfaces of mental region. allows passage of mental nerve (chin and lips)
mandibular foramen (canal)
medium-sized hole on medial aspect of ramus
-allows passage of mandibular nerve and blood vessels to teeth and gums
maxillary bones
bones unite to form upper jaw
articles w/ every bone in face EXCEPT mandible
- alveolar processes- margins accommodating teeth
- palatine process- forms anterior 3/4 of hard plate
- inferior orbital fissure- elongated hole in inferior orbit
- teeth
zygomatic bones
cheek bones
form lateral wall of orbit and anterior portion of zygomatic arch
- temporal process: articulation with temporal bone . forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch.
Nasal bones
what cartilage make them up?
forming bridge of nose
(mostly hyaline and elastic cartilage)
Lacrimal bones
smallest bones in skull
medial and anterior portion of orbit (tear area)
Lacrimal bones 2 parts:
- lacrimal foramen- drains eye fluids into nasal cavity
- lacrimal fossa- allows passage of lacrimal duct into nasal cavity
Vomer bone
inferior portion of nasal septum
thin triangle/ plow shaped bone
unites with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
identify 9
Inferior nasal conchae
Identify the green area
palatine bone
Hyoid bone
embedded within neck muscle
aids in tongue movement and swallowing
Middle ear ossicles
tiny bones of middle ear (in petrous portion of temporal bone)
-amplify the vibrations produced by sound waves entering the ear
The immature cells that produce osteoid (bone precursor) are called:
osteoblasts
The cartilage type found at the end of bones where they form highly movable joints is:
hyaline cartilage
Name #8
lambdoidal suture
Which bone is #12?
vomer
Sutural bones
bones that fill gaps in skull
irregular bones
complex shapes with notched or ridged surfaces & irregular internal features
ex) vertebrae
Fx: protection of nervous tissue; allows multiple anchor points; maintains tongue attachment
short bones
box like bones
compact bone on surface, spongy bone inside
fx: provide support and stability with little to no movement
EX) Tarsal and carpal bones
Pneumatized bones
hollow or have air pockets
ex) ethmoid bone of skull
flat bones
thin, roughly paralell surfaces of compact bone, sandwich around spongy bone
ex) roof of skull, sternum, ribs
Fx: protect underlying surfaces and provide a surface area for attachment
long bones
long, slender (typical dog bone shape)
ex) arm, leg bones, phalanges (fingers)
Sesamoid bones
embedded within a tendon or muscle
Small “sesame seed” nickname
Largest sesamoid bone is the patella (knee cap)
fx: provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over and increase tendon ability to transmit muscular forces/ change direction of muscle pull
Which bone is highlighted?
frontal bone
Which bone is highlighted?
parietal bone
Which bone is highlighted?
occipital bone
Which bone is highlighted?
temporal bone
Which bone is highlighted?
sphenoid bone
Which bone is highlighted?
ethmoid bone
Which bone is highlighted?
mandible
Which bone is highlighted?
maxillary bones
Name the red suture
Squamos suture
The bone cell type that is responsible for the dissolving/removal of old bone is the:
osteoclast
Identify:
elastic cartilage CT
What is indicated by the red arrows in the above image? (pointing to thin dark lines, narrow channels through the ECM)
canaliculi
As children, _____________ are more active, and bones are increasing in size.
osteoblasts
The weakest of the cartilages is:
hyaline cartilage
When cartilage increase in width by growing at its periphery, this is known as:
appositional growth
The communicating canals connecting adjacent central canals, allowing blood flow between adjacent osteons are:
perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
The big hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord exits is the:
foramen magnum
The bone that makes up the forehead is the:
frontal bone
Identify the bone on A
parietal
Identify bone on O
sphenoid
Identify bone on O
sphenoid
Identify U
mandible
identify G
external auditory canal
Identify K
zygomatic process
(of temporal bone)
identify B
squamous suture
identify M
coronal suture
which bone is on E?
occipital
what bone is on C?
sphenoid
Identify bone on D
temporal
Identify bone on A
Ethmoid
identify the red line
lambdoid suture
Identify A
parietal bone
Identify B
occipital bone
What kind of bone is a femur?
long bone
A small space within compact bone housing an osteocyte is:
lacuna
identify #2
diaphysis
Identify #1 and #3
epiphysis
identify #4
medullary cavity
identify #7
metaphysis
Identify #2
transverse process
this vertebra is from which region?
thoracic
Flat bones of skull are formed by :
intramembranous ossification
epiphysis
end of a long bone
osteoid
organic components of bone matrix
parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclast activity
endosteum
lines medullary cavity
contains osteoprogenitor cells & osteoclasts
active during bone growth and remodeling
osteoclasts are responsible for:
bone resportion
Vitamin D increases _______________ in intestine.
calcium absorption
identify anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossas
identify the line to the middle of the forehead
frontal squama
calvaria
top of skull/ skull cap
identify inside the white boxes
supraorbital foramen
Parietal bones forms through________________ ossification?
intramembranous
During fetal development, intramembranous ossification occurs in:
mesenchyme
Endochondral ossification begins with a ________ ________ model of bone.
hyaline cartilage
Which bone contains the obturator foramen?
coxal bone
Production of new bone _______ as a result of increased sex hormone production at puberty.
increases rapidly
A bone increases in length through ______________ growth.
interstitial
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
spongy
The important steps of bone repair after a fracture, in order, are:
clot formation (hematoma) , callus formation, bone production, and remodeling
A fracture that breaks the skin is described as:
open
identify B
talus
identify A
calcaneus
identify the red
phalanges (distal, middle, proximal…)
identify the green area
metatarsals
identify D
sphenoid bone
identify B and C
B: frontal bone
c: temporal bone
identify E and F
E: nasal bone
F: zygomatic bone
Identify H and I
H: maxilla
I: Mandible
Identify A B and C
A: coronal suture
b: parietal bone
c: zygomatic process
Identify D E and F
D: temporal bone
E: squamous suture
F: lambdoid suture
identify H I and J
H: occipital bone
I: mastoid process
J: external auditory canal
identify H I and J
H: occipital bone
I: mastoid process
J: external auditory canal
identify S
coronoid process
identify T
mandibular foramen
identify Z
mental foramen
Identify A and B
A: palatine process (of maxilla)
B: vomer
identify E and F
E: mandibular fossa
F: carotid canal
Identify H and J
H: foramen magnum
J: occipital condyle
Identify K, M, and N
K: mastoid process
M: foramen lacerum
N: foramen ovale
identify Q
palatine bone
Identify A, D, J
A: frontal bone
D: nasal bone
J: mandible bone
Identify C, E, F
C: crista galli
E: cribriform plate (of ethmoid)
F: perpendicular plate (of ethmoid)
identify H, I, Q
H: maxilla
I: palatine bone
Q: internal acoustic meatus
Identify B, C, E, & F
B: zygomatic process
C: mandibular fossa
E: styloid process
F: mastoid process
identify i and K
I: lesser wing
K: greater wing
identify J and L
J: superior orbital fissue
L: foramen spinosum
identify O and P
O: foramen ovale
P: foramen rotundum
what bone is this?
hyoid bone
what is it pointing to?
sella turcica (of sphenoid)
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage protecting bony surfaces
periosteum
fibrous connective tissue covering outer bone
-has osteoprogenitor and osteoclasts, for bone remodeling
intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal cells differentiate into ostoclasts > lay down bone matrix > ossification center > spicules > spongy bone
ex) clavicles, most cranial bones
endochondral ossification
“within cartilage”
occurs within hyaline cartilage
formation of long bones, growth, bone enlargement
yellow bone marrow is found only in:
long bones
the only point of direct articulation between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton is the :
clavicle
the mature bone cell found enclosed within bone matrix (inside microscopic spaces) is the :
osteocyte
the epiphyseal line is made of :
compact bone CT
within long bones, the PRIMARY ossification center occurs within the :
diaphysis
long bones are formed through what kind of ossification?
endochondral
nutrient vessels
artery and vein
largest blood vessels supplying bone
-enter through the foramen in the diaphysis, then into central canals
epiphyseal vessels
penetrate compact bone of epiphysis; supply blood to spongy bone
periosteal vessels
provide blood to superficial osteons from the periosteum
(outside CT)
osteogenesis
formation of new bone
Identify the suture on the yellow dot
squamous suture
Identify the green and blue dot
green: zygomatic bone
blue: ramus of mandible
Identify the bone and side
Left ulna
identify the green, blue, and red dot
green: styloid process of ulna
blue: olecranon process
red: radial notch
Identify the bone + specific structure on the green dot
Where is the pipe cleaner passing thru?
Temporal bone
Petrous portion
Pipe cleaner passing thru: jugular foramen
Identify the specific bone name and #
+ the green dot
Cervical vertebrae Axis c2
Green: Dens / odontoid process
identify the bone and side
right rib
identify the bone and side
right rib
An epiphyseal line appears when:
epiphyseal plate growth has ended
Long bones, such as the femur, increase in size throughout childhood by __________.
interstitial growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth
What is the effect of exercise on bone mass?
weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass, especially in young people
What is the first stage in bone healing after a fracture?
formation of a fracture hematoma (clot)
What is the first stage in bone healing after a fracture?
formation of a fracture hematoma (clot)
identify A
olfactory foramina (cribriform plate of ethmoid)
identify B
B: optic canal (sphenoid)
identify G
G: carotid canal/foramen lacerum (sphenoid)
F and E?
E: foramen ovale (sphenoid)
F: foramen spinosum (sphenoid)
h?
H: internal acoustic meatus (temporal)
J and I?
*I: jugular foramen
*J: foramen magnum
