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Human Anatomy > Chapter 2: Microscope / Cytology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Microscope / Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Magnification

A

the enlargement of a specimen’s image size beyond actual size or the ratio of an object’s image to it’s actual size.

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2
Q

Resolving power (resolution)

A

a measure of the images clarity; it is the minimum distance that 2 points can be clearly seen as distinct and separate points

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3
Q

Ocular lens (eyepiece/ eye tube)

A

the last lens through which light passes before entering your eye.
It magnifies images 10x.
It is adjustable to accommodate different interpupillary distances.

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4
Q

Arm (component of microscope)

A

supports body and associated lenses.
The bottom of the arm houses the cord wrap.

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5
Q

Base/stand

A

supports arm & provides stabilty to microscope.
Location of on/off switch, light source (LED), rheostat (adjust light intensity), and focus knobs.

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6
Q

Nosepiece

A

mounts objective lens to body. Rotate it for different objective lens.

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7
Q

Objective lenses

A

Scanning - 4x- RED

Low power - 10x- YELLOW.

High power - 40x BLUE

Oil immersion- 100x- White (we won’t use this one)

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8
Q

Stage

A

flat surface where slides are secured.

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9
Q

Mechanical stage

A

a. slide grips (secure slide on stage)

b. X/Y stage control: 2 knobs for precise movement of slide.

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10
Q

Coarse & Fine adjustments

A

Fine focus knob - moves stage in smaller increments

Course focus knob- moves stage in large increments

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11
Q

Condenser lens with iris diaphram adjustment

A

focuses/condenses light for optimal illumination

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12
Q

Field of view

A

area of slide that is visible when viewing through microscope.

Field of view decreases when increasing magnification.

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13
Q

Depth of field

A

clearly visible distance into slide

Depth of field decreases with increasing magnification

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14
Q

Parforcal microscope

A

microscope which allows changing objectives without significant changes of focus

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15
Q

Working distance

A

distance between specimen and the objective lens

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16
Q

Wet mound slide

A

temporary slide preparation where specimen is suspended in a liquid (usually under cover slip)

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17
Q

Prepared slide

A

permanent slide preparation where specimen is fixed and bonded under cover slip

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18
Q

Cell membrane - function and composition

A

Cx: lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, and proteins

Fx: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of entrance/exit materials

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19
Q

Cytosol - function and composition

A

Cx: fluid component of cytoplasm

Fx: distributes materials by diffusion

20
Q

Cytoskeleton - function and composition

A

Cx: protein framework/ proteins organized in filaments “microtubules and microfilaments” in cytoplasm

Fx: strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials

21
Q

Microvilli - function and composition

A

Cx: nonmobile membrane extensions containing microfilaments

Fx: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular structures and materials

22
Q

Centrioles - function and composition

A

Cx: microtubule subunits

Fx: essential for the movement of chromosomes during division “form the spindle apparatus”, organize cytoskeleton

23
Q

Cilia - function and composition

A

Cx: mobile membrane extensions containing microtubules

Fx: Movement of materials over cell surface

24
Q

Ribosomes - function and composition

A

Cx: RNA and protein structures “attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and free in the cytoplasm”

Fx: protein synthesis

25
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum - function and composition

A

Cx: network of membrane channels with attached ribosomes

Fx: modification and packaging of newly synthesized polypeptides

26
Q

Smooth endoplastic reticulum - function and composition

A

Cx: network of membranous channels “cisternae”

Fx: lipid and carbohydrate synthesis without ribosomes attached

27
Q

Golgi apparatus - function and composition

A

Cx: stacks of flattened membranes

Fx: storage, alteration, packaging of newly synthesized proteins

28
Q

Lysosomes - function and composition

A

Cx: vesicles containing digestive enzymes

Fx: intracellular removal of damaged organelles and/or pathogens

29
Q

Peroxisomes - function and composition

A

Cx: Vesicles containing degradative enzymes

Fx: catabolism of fats and other organic compounds

30
Q

Mitochondria - function and composition

A

Cx: double membraned structure filled with metabolic enzymes

Fx: converts 95% of organic energy into cellular energy known as ATP

31
Q

Nucleus - function and composition

A

Cx: double membraned structure containing cellular DNA organized into chromosomes

Fx: Storage and processing of genetic material

32
Q

Gap junction

A

They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

33
Q

Tight Junction

A

The lipid portions of two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. This kind of attachment is so tight that tight junctions largely prevent water and solutes from passing between the cells.

34
Q

Cell membranes are primarily made of a double layer of:

A

phospholipids

35
Q

Cells that produce lots of protein have a lot of:

A

ribosomes

36
Q

The cell organelle that contains the DNA is the:

A

nucleus

37
Q

The intercellular junction that forms a strong “spot weld” between the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells is:

A

Desmosome

38
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane function as:

A

gated channels
leak channels
active pumps

39
Q

Cells that use a lot of energy (like muscle cells) would be expected to have many of what organelle?

A

mitochondria

40
Q

endocytosis

A

bulk transport into the cell

-ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles

41
Q

The plasma membrane is described as ‘selectively permeable’ because it:

A

allows free passage of some materials but restricts passage of others

42
Q

Identify this

A

areolar (loose) connective tissue

43
Q

Identify this

A

unkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

44
Q

Identify this

A

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

45
Q

Identify this

A

reticular connective tissue

46
Q

At higher magnification, the depth of field _________

A

decreases

47
Q

cell that produces a lot of lipids and carbs would have lots of this organelle :

A

smooth ER

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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