Chapter 2: Microscope / Cytology Flashcards
Magnification
the enlargement of a specimen’s image size beyond actual size or the ratio of an object’s image to it’s actual size.
Resolving power (resolution)
a measure of the images clarity; it is the minimum distance that 2 points can be clearly seen as distinct and separate points
Ocular lens (eyepiece/ eye tube)
the last lens through which light passes before entering your eye.
It magnifies images 10x.
It is adjustable to accommodate different interpupillary distances.
Arm (component of microscope)
supports body and associated lenses.
The bottom of the arm houses the cord wrap.
Base/stand
supports arm & provides stabilty to microscope.
Location of on/off switch, light source (LED), rheostat (adjust light intensity), and focus knobs.
Nosepiece
mounts objective lens to body. Rotate it for different objective lens.
Objective lenses
Scanning - 4x- RED
Low power - 10x- YELLOW.
High power - 40x BLUE
Oil immersion- 100x- White (we won’t use this one)
Stage
flat surface where slides are secured.
Mechanical stage
a. slide grips (secure slide on stage)
b. X/Y stage control: 2 knobs for precise movement of slide.
Coarse & Fine adjustments
Fine focus knob - moves stage in smaller increments
Course focus knob- moves stage in large increments
Condenser lens with iris diaphram adjustment
focuses/condenses light for optimal illumination
Field of view
area of slide that is visible when viewing through microscope.
Field of view decreases when increasing magnification.
Depth of field
clearly visible distance into slide
Depth of field decreases with increasing magnification
Parforcal microscope
microscope which allows changing objectives without significant changes of focus
Working distance
distance between specimen and the objective lens
Wet mound slide
temporary slide preparation where specimen is suspended in a liquid (usually under cover slip)
Prepared slide
permanent slide preparation where specimen is fixed and bonded under cover slip
Cell membrane - function and composition
Cx: lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, and proteins
Fx: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of entrance/exit materials
Cytosol - function and composition
Cx: fluid component of cytoplasm
Fx: distributes materials by diffusion
Cytoskeleton - function and composition
Cx: protein framework/ proteins organized in filaments “microtubules and microfilaments” in cytoplasm
Fx: strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials
Microvilli - function and composition
Cx: nonmobile membrane extensions containing microfilaments
Fx: increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular structures and materials
Centrioles - function and composition
Cx: microtubule subunits
Fx: essential for the movement of chromosomes during division “form the spindle apparatus”, organize cytoskeleton
Cilia - function and composition
Cx: mobile membrane extensions containing microtubules
Fx: Movement of materials over cell surface
Ribosomes - function and composition
Cx: RNA and protein structures “attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and free in the cytoplasm”
Fx: protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - function and composition
Cx: network of membrane channels with attached ribosomes
Fx: modification and packaging of newly synthesized polypeptides
Smooth endoplastic reticulum - function and composition
Cx: network of membranous channels “cisternae”
Fx: lipid and carbohydrate synthesis without ribosomes attached
Golgi apparatus - function and composition
Cx: stacks of flattened membranes
Fx: storage, alteration, packaging of newly synthesized proteins
Lysosomes - function and composition
Cx: vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Fx: intracellular removal of damaged organelles and/or pathogens
Peroxisomes - function and composition
Cx: Vesicles containing degradative enzymes
Fx: catabolism of fats and other organic compounds
Mitochondria - function and composition
Cx: double membraned structure filled with metabolic enzymes
Fx: converts 95% of organic energy into cellular energy known as ATP
Nucleus - function and composition
Cx: double membraned structure containing cellular DNA organized into chromosomes
Fx: Storage and processing of genetic material
Gap junction
They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.
Tight Junction
The lipid portions of two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. This kind of attachment is so tight that tight junctions largely prevent water and solutes from passing between the cells.
Cell membranes are primarily made of a double layer of:
phospholipids
Cells that produce lots of protein have a lot of:
ribosomes
The cell organelle that contains the DNA is the:
nucleus
The intercellular junction that forms a strong “spot weld” between the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells is:
Desmosome
Proteins in the cell membrane function as:
gated channels
leak channels
active pumps
Cells that use a lot of energy (like muscle cells) would be expected to have many of what organelle?
mitochondria
endocytosis
bulk transport into the cell
-ingestion of large particles (such as bacteria) and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles
The plasma membrane is described as ‘selectively permeable’ because it:
allows free passage of some materials but restricts passage of others
Identify this
areolar (loose) connective tissue
Identify this
unkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Identify this
simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Identify this
reticular connective tissue
At higher magnification, the depth of field _________
decreases
cell that produces a lot of lipids and carbs would have lots of this organelle :
smooth ER
