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Human Anatomy > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

ingestion

A

process of bringing food into mouth

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2
Q

digestion

A

reducing food that you brought in body into its basic molecular building blocks

mechanical- physically breaking down food

chemical- in the intestines, food broken down into simplest form ; breaking chemical bonds

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3
Q

absorption

A

food brought across into body from GI tract

-food absorption takes place in small intestine, and some water absorption in large intestine

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4
Q

egestion

A

elimination/defecation/pooping/waste removal

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5
Q

dorsal cavity

A

cranial & spinal cavity

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6
Q

ventral cavity

A

thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

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7
Q

peritoneum

A

surrounds organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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8
Q

The mesentery that secures the small intestine is the:

A

mesentery proper

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9
Q

omenta

A

fold of peritoneum that connects stomach with another viscera

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10
Q

lesser omentum

A

runs from liver to lesser curvature of stomach

~functions to secure position of the stomach inferior to the liver

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11
Q

greater omentum

A

big flap that drops down from the stomach and covers the small intestine

~largest mesentery in the body; filled with adipose tissue

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12
Q

general fx of digestive system

A

to digest, mix, transport, and break down food
absorb nutrients, expel wastes

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13
Q

bolus

A

food mixed with saliva that goes down the digestive tract

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14
Q

chyme

A

stomach converts bolus into chyme

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15
Q

oral cavity

A

-teeth& tongue: mechanical digestion
-openings for salivary glands (chemical digestion start)

boundary-roof of mouth

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16
Q

oral cavity is lined by:

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx (only part of respiratory system- airway)
  2. oropharynx- behind oral cavity; shared passageway for air and food
  3. laryngopharynx; connects to esophagus; broad opening into trachae; during swallowing, food has right of way not air.>stomach.

Oro & Laryngopharynx have non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-pharyngeal constrictors- peristalsis, constrict to help propel bolus downwards

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18
Q

4 tunics of GI tract in order

A

Mucosa- innermost

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa/adventitia

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19
Q

Mucosa

A

-inner epithelium (tissue varies)
-underlying areolar CT called Lamina Propria
-thin layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosa

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20
Q

Submucosa

A

arealor or irregular dense CT binds mucosa to the muscularis
-mucin secreting glands to protect digestive tract against digestion

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21
Q

muscularis

A

2 layers of smooth muscle
-inner circular layer which contracts like a sphincter to help push food
-outer longitudinal layer shortens the tube; mixing food

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22
Q

serosa/adventitia

A

arealor CT with collagen and elastic fibers; if covered with visceral peritoneum then called Serosa, if not than it is adventitia

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23
Q

esophagus

A

conducts food inferiorly through thoracic cavity down into the stomach

-has all 4 tunics/layers

-made of skeletal & smooth muscle

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24
Q

stomach

A

upper left quadrant of the abdomen

-continues mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus
-bolus is processed into chyme
-temporarily stores food

4 regions

  1. cardia- entryway where esophagus meets stomach
  2. fundus- superior, lateral part; dome
  3. Body; largest part
  4. pylorus- exit region/funnel

Has greater (inferior) and lesser (superior) curvature

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25
Q

small intestine (3 parts) & function

A

made of the
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

DJ Ileum

Fx: primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption; secretes additional enzymes & mucus

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26
Q

duodenum

A

1st segment of small intestine; short

-receives secretions from pancreas and liver ; neutralizes acidic chyme

-mucosa : simple columnmar epithelium;; organized into vili
-submucosa: glandular structures, duodenal glands- submucosa/runner glands secrete an alkaline fluid

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27
Q

jejunum

A

-final stages of chemical digestion & majority of nutrient absorption
-mucosa: simple columnar epithelium;; pronounced villi where absorption takes place
-submucosa- nothing interesting here

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28
Q

lleum

A

-final stages of nutrient absorption
-mucosa: simple columnar epithelium; copious goblet cells; organized into villi
-submucosa: large purple lymph nodules (peyer’s patches)

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29
Q

Large intestine function

A

-absorbs most of water and ions from remaining material
-solidifes and stores feces

Cecum- food comes in and comes out in lower right quadrant of abdomen

Vermiform appendix (appendix)- important in immune regulation; storing bacteria

Ileocecal valve- prevents microbes from traveling from large to small intestine

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30
Q

Large intestine components [3]

A

Cecum- food comes in and comes out in lower right quadrant of abdomen

Vermiform appendix (appendix)- important in immune regulation; storing bacteria

Ileocecal valve- prevents microbes from traveling from large to small intestine

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31
Q

The region of the GI tract where the majority of absorption takes place is the:

A

small intestine

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32
Q

liver

A

largest abdominal organ (3.5 lbs) ; has 4 lobes

-refines blood from the digestive tract & secretes material to be removed from body

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33
Q

gallbladder

A

temporarily stores bile produced in liver

-green
-receives bile from hepatic ducts
-right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct, which drains the gall bladder

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34
Q

pancreas

A

large exocrine/endocrine gland secreting hormones to control blood sugar

secretes pancreatic juice [digestive chemicals and enzymes] to help with digestion

99% of cells are acinar cells = exocrine
1% is endocrine cells [release insulin & hormones]

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35
Q

identify 8

A

submucosa

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36
Q

The cell type that produces pepsinogen in the stomach is the:

A

chief cell

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37
Q

identify 16

A

the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

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38
Q

The sphincter that controls the rate of emptying of the stomach is the:

A

pyloric sphincter

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39
Q

The tunic of the GI tract that is responsible for peristalsis is the:

A

muscularis externa

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40
Q

The ____ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in position.

A

mesenteries

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41
Q

The mesentery that hangs from the inferior stomach is the:

A

greater omentum

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42
Q

Most of the chemical digestion & absorption of our food occurs within the:

A

small intestine

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43
Q

The main pancreatic duct merges with the _____, and their contents empty into the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla.

A

common bile duct

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44
Q

Which one of these organs is retroperitoneal?

pancreas
stomach
transverse colon
ileum

A

pancreas

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45
Q

Material leaving the ascending colon next enters the:

A

transverse colon

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46
Q

The _____________ cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl).

A

parietal

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47
Q

Which organ is found in the upper right abdomen?

liver
spleen
vermiform appendix
descending colon

A

liver

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48
Q

function of circular folds

A

increase surface area of small intestine

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49
Q

what attaches the liver to abdominal wall?

A

falciform ligament

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50
Q

what restricts chyme entry into small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

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51
Q

haustra

A

sacs of large intestine wall

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52
Q

peristalsis

A

process to propel materials thru GI tract

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53
Q

which is the epithelium lining the small intestine?

A

simple columnar

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54
Q

which is the epithelium lining the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous

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55
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

lymphatic nodules in the wall of the ileum

-responsible for monitoring making sure bacteria not making wrong way into small intestine from large intestine

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56
Q

To tell the 3 regions of the small intestine apart, the most important tunic to look at is the:

A

submucosa

[most differences]

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57
Q

salivary glands

3 glands?

primary function?

A
  • parotid salivary gland [25% of total saliva]
  • submandibular salivary gland [70%]
  • sublingual salivary glands [mucus secretions]

Primary Fx: moistens mucus membrane and start the breakdown of carbohydrates

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58
Q

papillae [tongue]

function?

4 types?

A

bumps on tongue

-increase surface area on tongue

circumvallate
fungiform
foliate
filiform

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59
Q

foliate & fungiform, & circumvallate papilla house:

A

taste buds

-contained modified cilia that allow sense of taste

-filiform papilla do not have taste buds

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60
Q

what goes on inside the buccal cavity?

A

3 pairs of salivary glands (6 total)
-produces up to 1.5 liters of saliva daily (majority water)

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61
Q

Alimentary canal is the-

A

digestive tract

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62
Q

around how long is the digestive system?

A

~30 foot long, open-ended, muscular tube

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63
Q

How many teeth does one have?

A

32

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64
Q

in the buccal cavity, __________________ breaks down starch

A

salivary amylase

65
Q

the stomach serves to digest the bolus by adding:

A

enzymes (pepsinogen) and acids (hCl) to bolus, which becomes more liquid = chyme

66
Q

fauces

A

opening into oropharynx

67
Q

falciform ligament

A

double fold of peritoneum dividing liver into right and left halves; secures liver to diaphragm and posterior abdominal wall

68
Q

mesentery proper

A

present between small intestine and dorsal body wall; numerous blood vessels

69
Q

mesocolon

A

mesentery anchoring the large intestine (colon) to the dorsal body wall

70
Q

diaphragm

A

forms the cranial wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

~essential muscle in the process of effective respiration; upon inhalation, it contracts and flattens, & thoracic cavity enlarges

Has a CENTRAL TENDON- thin and strong aponeurosis into which diaphragm muscle fibers insert with 3 openings

71
Q

The 3 parts of the central tendon [of the diaphragm]

A
  1. vena caval foramen
  2. esophageal hiatus
  3. aortic hiatus
72
Q

the gall bladder is filled and drained by:

A

cystic duct

73
Q

the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the:

A

common bile duct

74
Q

The common bile duct drains:

A

bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum

75
Q

spleen

A

dark red structure lying along lateral curving surface of stomach; oval; left side of abdominal cavity

Function: to remove old/abnormal blood cells from circulation, begin hemoglobin metabolism; stores iron; initiates immune responses

[no actual digestive function but close to digestive structures…]

76
Q

identify the cecum, sigmoid, ascending, transverse, and descending colon

A
77
Q

Absorption of ___________ is a function of the digestive system.

A

nutrients

78
Q

In the above image, the letter C indicates:

A

uvula

79
Q

In the above image, the nasopharynx would be found at:

A

14

80
Q

In the above image, C is the:

F is:

A

C: parotid salivary glands

F: submandibular salivary gland

81
Q

identify this

A

Esophagus

82
Q

identify this area

what feature would you find here?

A

stomach; gastric pits

83
Q

identify this area

A

ileum

84
Q

Identify this-

& what structure do you see?

A

Ileum

[note peyer’s patch]

85
Q

identify this area

what do you see here?

A

Jejeunum

~ has long villi

86
Q

Identify this area

what do you see?

A

Duodenum

~has villi
~mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa layer

87
Q

Identify this & what do you see here?

A

Stomach mucosa

~gastric pits on top/edge
~gastric glands in the middle edge (above submucosa)

88
Q

Gastric glands- what 3 cells do they contain and what each do they secrete?

A

Chief cells - pepsinogen: breaks down proteins

Parietal cells - Hcl: stomach acid

Enteroendocrine cells - secrete digestion regulation hormones

89
Q

Identify this area

[mucosa has which tissue type?]

A

Esophagus
[mucosa with stratified squamous epithelium]

90
Q

Identify the left and right structures

A

left- trachea

right- esophagus

91
Q

Round ligament

A

a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein

92
Q

Rugae [of stomach]

A

the ridged lining of the stomach

93
Q

Identify this

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Duodenum

Arrow pointing to: Duodenal (Brunner’s) glands

94
Q

Identify this region

A

Jejunum

95
Q

Identify this

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Ileum

Arrow pointing to: Peyer’s patches (Lymph nodules)

96
Q

Identify this

what is the arrow pointing to?

A

Stomach

Arrow pointing to: Gastric pits/glands

97
Q

Identify this region

A

Esophagus

98
Q

The innermost tunic of the GI tract is:

A

mucosa

99
Q

Describe the trachea’s epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

100
Q

The liver is an ___________ organ

A

accessory

101
Q

The structures in the larynx that vibrate to produce sound:

A

vocal folds

102
Q

the sphincter controlling the emptying of the stomach is:

A

pyloric sphincter

103
Q

the outermost tunic of the GI tract is the:

A

serosa/ adventitia

104
Q

Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to

A

Stomach; Gastric pits

105
Q

Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to

A

Ileum; Peyer’s patches

106
Q

Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to

A

Duodenum; duodenal glands

107
Q

Identify this region

A

Jejunum

108
Q

Identify this region

A

Esophagus

109
Q

Identify this + what is the arrow pointing to

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

110
Q

Identify this

A

diaphragm

111
Q

Identify this

A

diaphragm

112
Q

Identify this organ, A, B, C, and D

A

Liver

A- right lobe

B- left lobe

C- falciform ligament

D- gallbladder

113
Q

Identify A, B, C

A

A- common hepatic duct

B- cystic duct

C- common bile duct

114
Q

Identify A, B, C

A

A- common bile duct

B- common hepatic duct

C- cystic duct

115
Q

Identify A

A

Pancreas

116
Q

identify A

A

Spleen

117
Q

identify

A

parotid salivary gland

118
Q

identify

A

sublingual salivary gland

119
Q

identify

A

submandibular salivary gland

120
Q

identify the papillae on the back/ side of the tongue

A

Foliate papillae

121
Q

identify these papillae (posterior, v-shaped row of 8-12)

A

Circumvallate papillae

122
Q

Filiform papillae lack:

A

taste buds

123
Q

Identify A, B

A

A- Filiform papillae

B- Fungiform papillae

124
Q

identify the green

A

greater omentum

125
Q

what is the red arrow pointing to?

A

falciform ligament

126
Q

what is the red arrow pointing to?

A

falciform ligament

127
Q

identify the green

A

round ligament

128
Q

identify circled areas

A

mesocolon

129
Q

A and B are:

A

A- mesocolon

B- mesentery proper

130
Q

Identify all parts

A

A- pylorus

B- cardia

C- fundus

D- rugae (folds)

E- pyloric sphincter

131
Q

identify the green

A

stomach

132
Q

identify the green

A

body of stomach

133
Q

identify the green

A

small intestine

134
Q

identify small intestine regions by color

A

yellow- Duodenum

purple- jejunum

pink- ileum

135
Q

identify the green (bottom)

A

appendix

136
Q

identify highlighted area

A

cecum of colon

137
Q

what is it circling?

A

haustra

138
Q

thin bands of muscle around the large intestine that produce haustra are-

A

taeniae coli

139
Q

Identify A, B, C

A

A- ascending colon

B- transverse colon

C- descending colon

140
Q

Greater VS lesser curvature of stomach

A
141
Q

Vestibule of mouth

A

space between teeth/lips/cheeks

142
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

large aggregations of white blood cells involved in immunity/ infection recognition

[pair of palatine tonsils; 5 total tonsils]

143
Q

Fauces

A

latin=throat

opening into pharynx

144
Q

identify top structure [white]

A

hyoid

145
Q

Cecum

A

pouch/large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from the small intestine

~1st region of the large intestine.

~separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, which limits the rate of food passage into the cecum and may help prevent material from returning to the small intestine.

146
Q

Vermiform appendix (appendix)

A

important in immune regulation; storing bacteria

147
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

prevents microbes from traveling from large to small intestine

148
Q

which salivary gland secretes the most mucus?

A

submandibular salivary glands (70%)

149
Q

the opening into the oropharynx is the-

A

fauces

150
Q

the cystic duct fills and drains :

A

the gall bladder

151
Q

segmentation/mixing is

A

churning of chyme

152
Q

serous membrane covering the muscularis externa is

A

serosa

153
Q

chewing is _________ digestion

A

mechanical

154
Q

what produces and stores secretions?

A

accessory organs

155
Q

The tunic of the GI tract that is responsible for peristalsis is the:

A

muscularis externa

156
Q

submucosa contains which tissue

A

dense irregular CT and blood vessels

157
Q

Pancreatic juice is produced by :

A

the acinar cells of the pancreas

158
Q

Pancreatic juice has a ___________________ pH

A

alkaline

159
Q

pancreatic juice is secreted through the ________ and into the _______________

A

main pancreatic duct and into the duodenum

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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