Cumulative Final Review Flashcards
Anatomical position and specific regional and directional terms are used in anatomy to:
provide a standard that facilitates communication and decreases chances for errors
The inside of the elbow, a common site for blood draw, is called the _______ region
antecubital
Cutting a coronal/frontal section through the body would separate the:
anterior and posterior portions of the body
The back of the knee region is referred to as the _________ region
popliteal
The body cavity that holds the brain and is the space inside the skull is the ________ cavity
cranial
The palm is ______ to the back of the hand
anterior
Body structures that are found “towards the front” are described as :
anterior
The layer of serous membrane that directly contacts an organ is called:
visceral
You fall and break your pedal region. What part of the body is affected?
foot
The ______ region is the “front” of the knee:
patellar
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the ______ cavity
abdominopelvic
The wrist is referred to as the _______ region
carpal
A word that means “away from the head” is:
inferior
The _________ system is responsible for taking in food, digesting it, and absorbing nutrients.
digestive
A midsagittal plane of section divides the body into:
equal left and right halves.
Cell membranes are primarily made of a double layer of:
phospholipids
Cells that produce lots of protein have a lot of:
ribosomes
The cell organelle that contains the DNA is the:
nucleus
The intercellular junction that forms a strong “spot weld” between the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells is:
desmosome
Cells that use a lot of energy (like muscle cells) would be expected to have many of this organelle:
mitochondria
The three major components of __________________ are cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.
connective tissues
____________ tissues are found as coverings and linings in the body.
Epithelial
The epithelial tissue made of a single layer of long rectangular cells, often found in areas where absorption and secretion are important is:
simple columnar
What tissue type is shown here?
simple cuboidal ET
The image is an illustration of what tissue type?
simple squamous ET
What tissue type is shown in the top half of the above image (where all the arrows are)?
stratified squamous ET
The tissue type shown in the above image is?
adipose CT
What tissue type is shown in the above image?
areolar CT
The tissue type shown in the top half of the above image is?
simple columnar ET
The upper arm region (the “bicep” area) is referred to as the _________ region
brachial
Which organ system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients around the body?
cardiovascular system
A person lying face ______ is lying prone.
down
Which term describes dividing the body or body structures into superior / inferior sections:
transverse section
The buccal region is ________ to the oral region.
lateral
The pericardial membrane is found around the _____ within the _____ cavity.
heart, thoracic
Proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are packaged and modified in the:
Golgi apparatus
The type of cell-cell junctions composed of interlocking protein pores that span the gap between the cells and allow cytoplasmic exchange are:
gap junctions
_________ increase the surface area of a cell and are useful for absorption.
Microvilli
Release of the contents of a vesicle outside the cell membrane is called:
exocytosis
Diffusion is the movement of molecules :
down a concentration gradient.
Generally, cartilage has poor healing abilities. This is primarily due to:
the avascular nature of cartilage, limiting nutrients to only those that diffuse in
The tissue lining the alveoli of the lungs is specialized to allow rapid simple diffusion through the epithelial cells. These epithelial cells are most likely:
simple squamous ET
Biceps tendon forms a strong attachment between muscle and bone. It is exposed to high degrees of stretch in one direction. The biceps tendon is most likely which of the following connective tissues:
dense regular CT
An epithelial tissue that is composed of multiple cell layers with cube shaped cells at the basal layer and flattened cells at the apical surface is a _______________ epithelial tissue.
stratified squamous ET
The immature bone cells responsible for the secretion of new osteoid matrix (osteogenesis) are:
osteoblasts
Mammary glands (milk glands) function to release their cellular products onto the cell surface by releasing apical portion of the cell into a duct. This moderate secretion is an example of ____:
apocrine secretion
In cartilage and bone, cells are found in small spaces called:
lacunae
The bone cell type that is responsible for the dissolving/removal of old bone is the:
osteoclast
The___________ membrane is composed of epithelial and connective tissue layers.
cutaneous
The epidermal cells that protect other cells from the damaging effects of UV light are:
melanocytes
The _________ pili muscle is responsible for the formation of “goose bumps”.
arrector
From which specific stratum are many of the accessory structures in the skin derived:
stratum germinativum/basale
The anatomical term / region for the eye is:
ocular
The anatomical term / region for thigh is:
femoral
The anatomical term / region for posterior elbow is:
olecranal
The anatomical term / region used for the hand is:
manual
The anatomical term / region used for the forearm is:
antebrachial
The anatomical term / region used for the armpit is:
axillary
The anatomical term / region used for the posterior leg is:
sural
The specific glands in the skin that secrete an oily product onto the skin and into hair follicles use what type of exocrine secretion:
holocrine
The layer just below the skin, connecting the cutaneous membrane to underlying structures, is primarily composed of what tissue type:
adipose tissue
In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix is made of protein fibers and the:
ground substance
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the:
strata corneum
The supportive struts or “little beams” of osseous tissue comprising the lattice of spongy bone are called:
trabeculae
The component of the plasma membrane that stabilizes the membrane at high or low temperatures:
cholesterol
identify
elastic cartilage CT
identify tissue
compact bone CT
What is indicated by the red arrows in the above image? (pointing to thin dark lines, narrow channels through the ECM)
canaliculi
As children, _____________ are more active, and bones are increasing in size.
osteoblasts
The weakest of the cartilages is:
hyaline
When cartilage increase in width by growing at its periphery, this is known as:
appositional growth
The communicating canals connecting adjacent central canals, allowing blood flow between adjacent osteons are:
perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
The image shows a posterior view of the skull. What is indicated with the red line?
A is?
B is?
lambdoid suture
a= parietal bone
b= occipital bone
The big hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord exits is the:
foramen magnum
The bone that makes up the forehead is the:
frontal bone
parietal bone is formed thru:
intramembranous ossification
During fetal development, intramembranous ossification occurs in:
mesenchyme
Endochondral ossification begins with a _____ model of bone.
hyaline cartilage
Which bone contains the obturator foramen?
coxal bone
Formation of new bone _____ as a result of increased sex hormone (estrogen or testosterone) production at puberty.
increases
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
spongy
A fracture that breaks the skin is described as:
open
A
Increasing the structural stability of a joint will also result in decreasing :
mobility of the joint.
All synovial joints are :
diarthrotic.
Each bone of the skeletal system can be described as an :
organ.
_____ is continually being taken apart and rebuilt throughout life.
Bone
Red bone marrow, the site of red blood cell production, is found within the spaces in:
spongy bone.
The enlarged distal and proximal ends of long bones are the:
epiphysis
The active region of long bone growth (growing in length) is the:
metaphysis
The epiphyseal plate is primarily composed of:
hyaline cartilage
Within long bones the secondary ossification center occurs within the:
epiphysis
Which cranial bones articulates with all other cranial bones?
sphenoid
The sacrum in the adult can be structurally classified as a(n):
bony fusion (synostosis)
Cranial bones are knit together at sutures that do not allow for any movement. These sutures are structurally classified as:
fibrous joints
Rotating just the palm and forearm from standard anatomical position to a posterior position is called:
pronation
Rotating the entire upper extremity from standard anatomical position to a posterior position is called:
medial rotation
The motion of moving the sole of the foot toward the midline is:
inversion
The forward motions produced by the lower extremity when kicking a ball is HIP __ & KNEE __.
flexion ; extension
The motion of lifting your arms out to the side to form a T shape is:
abduction
Which is considered an accessory structure to synovial joints:
ligaments
_________ are synovial fluid filled sacs located in areas of friction during joint / tissue motion
Bursae
Which structure enlarges the edge of the glenoid fossa, functioning to deepen and make more stable the articulation:
glenoid labrum
The large soft spot on the top of an infants head is called a
fontanel
The bone cell type that is responsible for dissolving bone matrix and releasing stored minerals:
osteoclast
The hardness of bone is due to minerals called:
hydroxyapatites
The “extra” bones that may form between the usual bones of the skull are called:
wormian/sutural bones
The ______________ of a typical vertebra projects posteriorly, and is thickest and most blunt in appearance in lumbar vertebrae.
spinous process
What is the last stage in the repair of a bone fracture?
bony callus
The jelly-like inner core of the vertebral disc is the:
nucleus pulposus
The largest foramen in the skull is
foramen magnum
Only movable bone in skull
mandible
In adult long bones, the remnant of the growth plate is the
epiphyseal line
The big toe (digit 1) is specifically called the ___
hallux
The name of the second cervical vertebra is the
axis
The only bone that does not articulate with any other bone is the
hyoid
Ribs 1–7 are anatomically commonly referred to as (two words):
true/ vertebrosternal
The only bone with projections called trochanters is the
femur
The bones that form the fingers and toes are the
phalanges
The flat bones are formed through ________ ossification
intramembranous
rope-like connective tissue structures connecting muscles to bone are
tendons
The connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell is the :
endomysium.
Skeletal muscle cells appear ________ under the microscope.
striated
In skeletal muscle, another name for the synapse is :
“neuromuscular junction”.
The cellular structure responsible for storing calcium in the resting skeletal muscle cell is the:
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Muscle fascicles are composed of bundles of:
muscle cells.
The repetitive unit of contractile proteins (composed of overlapping thin and thick protein filaments) that extends from Z line to Z line is called the:
sarcomere
The end of a skeletal muscle that is moved when the muscle contracts is called the:
insertion
The connective tissue “sheath” that wraps around each muscle fascicle within a muscle is the:
perimysium
The cell type that produces pepsinogen in the stomach is the:
chief cells
The peritoneal membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity forms folds called:
mesenteries.
Sphincters in the alimentary canal are usually formed by thickenings in:
the circular layer of the muscularis externa.
The sphincter that controls the rate of emptying of the stomach is the:
pyloric
The wrist flexor that is missing in ~10% of the population is:
palmaris longus
The sarcolemma is:
the plasma membrane of muscle cells
Cardiac muscle cells are connected at :
intercalated discs.
The type of myofilament associated with the light “I” band of the sarcomere:
actin
The connective tissue “sheath” that wraps around each muscle fascicle within a muscle is the:
perimysium
The flat sheet of connective tissue that attaches the abdominal muscles to the linea alba is:
aponeurosis
The abdominal muscle that does not cause movement at a joint:
transversus abdominis
Which muscle is sometimes called the “tailor’s muscle” because its action results in sitting with crossed legs?
sartorious
The modified, highly folded region of the sarcolemma found at the neuromuscular junction, with many receptors is the:
motor end plate
The modified, highly folded region of the sarcolemma found at the neuromuscular junction, with many receptors is the:
motor end plate
The collective structure formed by a t-tubule and two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a:
triad
Contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle allows you to stand on your toes. This movement of the ankle is:
plantar flexion
The longest muscle in the body is the:
sartorious
The ratio of fast twitch versus slow twitch muscle fibers in the muscle of a given individual is determined by:
genetics, but can be altered through conditioning
The tiny round spaces in the lung where gas exchange occurs are:
alveoli
The right lung is_______than the left.
larger
The capillaries that make up the glomerulus are unique (different from other capillaries in the body) for two reasons:
they are fenestrated and contain relatively high pressure blood
Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels into the:
nephron loop/loop of Henle
Which of the following tissue types lines the inside of the urinary bladder:
transitional
The middle, muscle layer of the uterus:
myometrium
The paired erectile bodies of the clitoris that contain most of the blood during clitoral erection are the:
corpora cavernosa
The gonad that produces oocytes is called the:
ovary
The region of the uterus that protrudes into the superior end of the vagina is the:
cervix
The structure formed by the ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels, nerves, and muscles is the:
spermatic cord
The cell type in the testis that secretes testosterone:
interstitial (Leydig) cells
The ejaculatory duct is the union of the vas deferens and the:
seminal vesicle
The pancreas secretes alkaline fluid that flows into the :
duodenum.
With few exceptions, the muscularis externa tunic of the GI tract is composed of ___ layers of smooth muscle.
2
______________ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract.
Peristalsis
The outermost layer of the uterus, called the ___________, is made of serous membrane (the peritoneum).
perimetrium
Ovulation results in the release of the “egg” directly into the:
abdominopelvic cavity
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) is made of:
podocytes
In the small intestine, the projections that extend into the lumen and increase surface area are:
villi
The smooth muscle layer of the uterus that contracts to expel the fetus during birth is the:
myometrium
The smooth muscle within the urinary bladder wall that contracts, forcing the bladder to empty at the time of urination is the:
detrusor
The structure formed where the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arterioles contact each other as they cross over is the:
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Which part of the respiratory tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers in its walls?
bronchioles
Sperm are produced in the:
seminiferous tubules
The tightly coiled tubule that is specialized for sperm storage and maturation (but NOT sperm production):
epididymis
The renal pyramids are part of the:
renal medulla
The mucosa of the urinary bladder contains prominent folds called: (one word)
rugae
The medial indentation on the kidney and lung where blood vessels enter and exit is called the: (one word)
hilum
The serous membrane that wraps the lungs is called the ______ membrane (one word):
pleural
