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Human Anatomy > Chapter 4: Membranes/Integument > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Membranes/Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are membranes?

A

continuous sheets of tissue composed of
1. a surface epithelium
2. underlying layer of connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the function of membranes?

A

cover and protect the internal and external structures and tissues of the body

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

A
  1. serous membranes
  2. mucous membranes
  3. cutaneous membranes
  4. synovial membranes
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4
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A

composed of a cutaneous membrane and the associated accessory structures (nails, hair, NS, exocrine glands)

composed of all 4 tissue types

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5
Q

What are the 2 principal components of the cutaneous membrane?

A

epidermis & dermis

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6
Q

serous membranes

A

line body cavities and organs that reside within them (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal membranes)

-thin sheets of simple squamous ET

-produce lubricating surface fluid: serous/transudate fluid

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7
Q

mucous membranes

A

line cavities that are open to body’s exterior.
(digestive, reproductive, respiratory, urinary tracts)

-impede entrance of pathogens

-usually simple columnar or cuboidal ET

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8
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

forms majority of skin

-stratified squamous ET
(epidermis and dermis)

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9
Q

synovial membranes

A

line and enclose movable joints (elbow, knee, hip).

secrete synovial fluid to reduce joint friction

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10
Q

Epidermis

A

outer (superficial) layer of epithelial cells

-stratified squamous ET

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11
Q

what are the 5 layers (Strata) of the epidermis (thick skin)?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum germinativum (basale)
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12
Q

stratum corneum

A

-outer most layer of keratinocytes

-thickness depends on location and physical stress
(highly keratinized in thick skin. nucleus remains in thin skin.)

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13
Q

stratum lucidum

A

lucid = clear (this thin layer appears clear)

-contains form of keratin-eleidin; may or may not have nucleus

-only apparent in thick skin

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14
Q

stratum granulosum

A

-flattened keratinocytes containing protein (keratohyalin granules; granular appearance

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15
Q

stratum spinosum

A

relatively thick cell layer

-spindle-shaped keratinocytes beginning keratin production process

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16
Q

stratum germinativum (basale)

A

single layer of active simple cuboidal stem cells capable of cell division

-replaces epithelium every 20-30 days

-growth and maintenance of accessory structures (glands, nails, hair).

-melanocytes and tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells reside here

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17
Q

Basement membrane

A

binds all epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

-thin layer of proteoglycans and extracellular protein fibers acting as glue.

(not visible unless stained)

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18
Q

Dermis

A

connective tissue housing integuments accessory structures and blood vessels

-connects epidermis to underlying structures

-composed of CT fibers (collagen, elastin) & many cell types

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19
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. papillary region
  2. Reticular region
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20
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis

A

“nipple”

-Areolar CT

-dermal papillae invade epidermis, bringing papillary plexus close to epithelial cells

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21
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A

“net”

-dense irregular CT, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, glands

-strong attachment for epidermis
-support for accessory structures (hair, glands, nerves, blood vessels)

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22
Q

Subcutaneous layer (Sub-O), hypodermis, or superficial fascia

A

-areolar and adipose CT

-firm attachment for skin to the underlying tissue (muscle and bone)

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23
Q

Glabrous skin

A

areas devoid of hairs

-lips, palms, fingers, sole of feet

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24
Q

Hair follicle- function

A

Hair production:

  • Produce hairs that protect skull
  • Produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations on general body surface
25
Q

hair bulb

A

contains actively dividing stratum germinativum cells that produce and elongate hair

-enlarged region of hair at base of follicle

26
Q

hair (Dermal) papilla

A

supplies follicles with nutrient rich blood & sensory nerve fibers

-cone shaped projection of dermis into hair bulb

27
Q

hair root

A

incompletely keratinized hair epidermal cells that will become mature hair

28
Q

hair shaft

A

completely keratinized epithelial cells from middle of follicle to hair tip (exposed)

29
Q

What are 2 types of glands?

A
  1. sebaceous gland
  2. sweat gland
30
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

“grease”

-associated with hair follicles, secreting oil on hair shaft or tissue surface

-secrete sebum

-holocrine mechanism- whole cell ruptures to release contents

-blockage of this can cause inflammation; folliculitis>acne

31
Q

Sweat glands

A

secrete watery liquid to skin’s surface.

2 types:

  1. eccrine (merocrine) : thermoregulation
  2. Apocrine : axilla, breast areola,… stimulated by emotional stress/ sexual excitement
32
Q

Cutaneous sensory structures

A

nerve fibers in skin control blood flow, adjust glandular secretions, and monitor sensory reception in dermis and epidermis

(5 main types are free nerve endings, Tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles, lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles, Merkel discs, and bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)

33
Q

Free nerve endings

A

non-specialized nerve fibers capable of pain sense, hot or cold, light touch, movement of hair shaft

34
Q

Tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles

A

specialized nerve fibers that perceive light touch and pressure; in lips, finger tips…

35
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

specialized nerve fibers, respond to deep vibration and deeper pressure (look like onion with many layers)

36
Q

Merkel discs

A

perceive light touch where hair is lacking, like finger tips.

-high tactile discrimination, reading braille..

37
Q

bulbous corpuscles (ruffini endings)

A

encapsulated nerve endings; around fingernails; detect skin stretch and modulate grip strength

38
Q

Pneumonic device to remember the 5 layers of the epidermis in order:

A

Come
Lets
Get
Sun
burnt
= top down

Before
Signing
Get
Legal
Counsel
=bottom up

39
Q

What 4 cell types is the epithelium made of?

A

Keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells
Langerhans cells

40
Q

Keratinocytes

A

-form majority of epithelium

-specialized cell producing water proofing protein: keratin

-also produce carotene and vitamin A

41
Q

melanocytes

A

-found in deepest layers of epidermis

-secretes Melanin into adjacent cells which absorbs damaging UV light on skin

42
Q

Tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells

A

specialized sensory cells

in sensitive areas lacking hair, cells perceive pressure & release chemical messengers

43
Q

Langerhans cells

A

tissue-resident macrophages of skin

-help initiate immune responses upon pathogen exposure

44
Q

Strata

A

Distinct layers (of epidermis)

45
Q

the reticular layer of the dermis is made of ___________

A

denise irregular CT

46
Q

the papillary layer of dermis is made of __________

A

Areolar CT

47
Q

The epidermal cells that protect other cells from invading microbes are _________

A

langerhan’s cells

48
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

49
Q

The glands that secrete a waxy substance in the skin are ____________

A

sebaceous glands

50
Q

Identify:

A

Tactile Meissner’s corpuscle

51
Q

identify:

A

Sebaceous gland

52
Q

Identify:

A

Hair papilla

53
Q

Identify both parts:

A
  1. epidermis
  2. papillary layer of dermis
54
Q

Melanocytes are found in which layer of the skin?

A

stratum basale

55
Q

Which skin layer are Langerhans found?

A

statrum spinosum

56
Q

Exocrine Glands: functions

A
  • Assist in thermoregulation
  • Excrete wastes
  • Lubricate epidermis
57
Q

nails: function

A
  • Protect and support tips of fingers and toes
58
Q

Tattoos

-where are they in the skin layers?

A

initially, in epidermis and through basement membrabe, down to dermis.

After 2-3 months, basement membrane of epidermis is fully re-formed, so ink is only present in the dermis.

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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