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Human Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

On a basic level, the nervous system functions as the body’s:

A

internal information relay system

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2
Q

Nervous system is composed of:

A

*networks of interconnected neurons [cells of NS] that function to transfer info to and from the periphery into the central NS [Brain & spinal cord]

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3
Q

Nervous system functions [specific]

A

*detection and processing of sensory info [pain, temperature, touch, oxygen, blood pressure,ph]

*decision making, memory, emotion

*control and coordination of muscles & glands; motor

*integrative- coordinating response after interpreting sensory info

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4
Q

Structurally, the nervous system is divided into:

A
  • Central NS [brain, spinal cord]
  • Peripheral NS [tissue outside the CNS]
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5
Q

Neural tissue consist of which 2 cell types?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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6
Q

Neurons VS Neuroglia

A
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7
Q

Know the structure of a neuron

A
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses?

A
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9
Q

Nerve impulse:

A

action potential of a nerve

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10
Q

the action potential is due to :

A

exchange of ions across the membrane

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11
Q

The ability to conduct the impulse is known as:

A

excitability

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12
Q

stimulus:

A

anything that causes an action potential to occur

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13
Q

the stimulus has to overcome the ____________ of that particular neuron

A

threshold level

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14
Q

What are the 3 neuron structures?

A

Bipolar [rare]
Psuedo / Unipolar
Multipolar

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15
Q

Which neuron structure is most common in the Central NS?

A

Multipolar

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16
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
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17
Q

The neuroglial cells of the peripheral NS are the:

functions?

A

Schwann cells
*wrap around axons
*perform myelination in PNS neurons
*repair process after injury

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of neuroglial cells of the Central NS?

A
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19
Q

Nervous tissue is divided into:

A

Gray matter [cell bodies, soma, dendrites, messages being received at dendrite, processed at soma]

White matter [just axons of cells, transmitting info]

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20
Q

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for:

A

*making myelin insulation around axons in the CNS
*can insulate multiple neurons or group neurons together by function
*only found in white matter [wrap axons]

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21
Q

Microglial cells in white and gray matter play a role in:

A

repair & defense

*resident phagocytic cells of the CNS

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22
Q

Ependymal cells form a lining of:

Function?

A

hollow cavities in the brain and spinal cord

[ciliated, epithelial-like cells; together with capillaries, they produce cerebrospinal fluid traveling in central canal that the brain and spinal cord float in]

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23
Q

Explain the formation of myelin sheath in PNS

A

Shwann cells in the peripheral NS will wrap their cell membrane around axon of a neuron

[helps impulses travel more quickly]

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

*Star-shaped cells

*physically support and nourish neurons (communicate with blood)

*anchor neurons and blood vessels, maintain the extracellular environment around neurons, assist in the formation of the blood-brain barrier

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25
Q

What are the 5 brain divisions?

A

Telencephalon - cerebrum [blue] - higher fx
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus [orange]
Mesencephalon - (midbrain) [purple]
Metencephalon - [green] - pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon - medulla oblongata

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26
Q

The spinal cord is a continuation of the :

A

brain stem [& directly- medulla oblongata]

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27
Q

Meninges :

A

are three layers of membranes that cover and protect your brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

What are the meninges in order?

A

innermost : pia mater

[subarachnoid space]

middle: arachnoid mater

outermost: dura mater [tough mother]

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29
Q

Identify A-D

A

A- superior sagittal sinus

B- falx cerebri

C- tentorium cerebelli

D- falx cerebelli

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30
Q

the only sulcus that travels all the way down the side of the brain from superior aspect all the way to inferior aspect is the :

A

central sulcus

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31
Q

identify A

A

central sulcus

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32
Q

identify A

A

longtitudinal fissure

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33
Q

Identify A-D

A

A- frontal lobe

B- parietal lobe

C- occipital lobe

D- temporal lobe

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34
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

*executive function, thinking
*planning, organizing, problem-solving
*emotion, behavioral control, personality
*movement; producing speech

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35
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

*sensory cortex: sensations
*perception
*making sense of the world
*arithmetic, spelling
*understanding speech

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36
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

*memory
*language
*understanding
*primary auditory location

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37
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

*vision, information abought sight

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38
Q

The primary sensory cortex is part of the parietal lobe, part of the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral hemispheres are also known as the:

A

telencephalon

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39
Q

What is A and its function?

A

Olfactory bulbs - first cranial nerve - transmits odors to cortex

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40
Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain functions:

A

*motor control
*sleep-wake cycle
*temperature regulation

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41
Q

identify A-C

A

A- medulla oblongata

B- cerebellum

C- spinal cord

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42
Q

The blood supply to the brain is called

A

cerebral arterial circle
[joining of several arteries at anterior brain]

[used to be called circle of Willis]

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43
Q

functionally, the nervous system is divided into:

A

Somatic NS- conscious perception and voluntary responses

Autonomic NS- unconscious stimuli perception & responses

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44
Q

the peripheral NS is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

Afferent (sensory) division: receive info from sensory structures and sends to CNS

Efferent (motor) division: nerve cells carry info from CNS

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45
Q

2 parts of the autonomic NS:

A

Sympathetic NS- fight, flight, freeze, prepare for stressful situation

Parasympathetic NS- rest, digest, calm down body

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46
Q

Insula (insular lobe)

A

~brain lobe not visible at surface of brain

~wide range of fx: processing visceral, auditory, gustatory sensation, cognition, emotional awareness

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47
Q

______________ produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal cells

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48
Q

Peripheral NS

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

*cells responsible for relay of sensory and motor info to and from CNS and peripheral organs

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49
Q

The _________ is the single most complex organ in the body

A

brain

[contains 98% of all neuronal cells]

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50
Q

Cerebrum functions

A

largest portion of brain
~processes conscious info, intellectual fx, speech, memory

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51
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

*Relay center for sensory & motor info

*role in emotions, memory, learning

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52
Q

Mesencephalon/ midbrain functions

A

additional relay center for visual and auditory info, coordinating reflexive motor control

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53
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

coordinates smoothing ongoing body movements & integrating body for orientation, balance, and muscle tone

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54
Q

Pons functions

A

relay center for sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus

~visceral motor responses like respiration, swallowing, salivation, tears

~houses corticospinal tracts carrying conscious motor control to the trunk and extremities

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55
Q

Medulla oblongata functions

A

relay center for sensory info and additional site of autonomic control of cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive function

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56
Q

Dura mater

A

[tough mother]

outermost layer covering the brain and spinal cord

~2 thick CT layers
-Outer periosteal (endosteal) layer lines the inside of skull
-Inner meningeal layer faces the meninges

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57
Q

Falx cerebri

A

long sagittal (vertical) extension that divides the cerebral space into 2 major regions, stabilizing them.

~attached anteriorly to crista galli and runs down longitudinal cerebral fissure between the 2 hemispheres

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58
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

horizontal fold of dura extending between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum in the deep space of the horizontal cerebral fissure

~functions to hold weight of the large cerebral hemispheres off the cerebellum and brain stem

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59
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

small sagittal fold between right and left cerebellar hemispheres

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60
Q

Dural sinuses function to:

A

collect venous blood and CSF from the brain and drain it into the jugular veins

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61
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

[spider mother]
-deep to dura mater

*forms a smooth covering over brain and spinal cord

*Between the dura and arachnoid layers = subdural space

*under arachnoid = subarachnoid space - filled with CSF and maintained with arachnoid trabeculae. fluid cushions brain and nourishes tissue.

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62
Q

identify the pink

A

basilar artery

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63
Q

identify the pink

A

basilar artery

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64
Q

Pia mater

A

[delicate mother]

*directly on surface of brain; functions to adhere blood vessels supplying brain [looks similar to arachnoid matter]

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65
Q

identify the pink

A

internal carotid arteries

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66
Q

the human brain cortex is heavily folded into ridges called:

A

gyri

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67
Q

Gyri leave depressions called:

A

sulci

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68
Q

Gyri (gyrus)

A

ridges of cortical tissue

*allows expansion of processing areas of brain to be folded into cranial space

*outward folds of gray matter [areas where neurons are communicating]

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69
Q

Identify A-C

A

A- precentral gyrus

B- central sulcus

C- postcentral gyrus

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70
Q

What are the differences between gray and white matter?

A
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71
Q

why does white matter appear white?

A

myelin sheat surrounding the axons

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72
Q

gray matter on the surface of the brain is called:

A

neural cortex

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73
Q

Collection of gray matter neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS is called:

A

nuclei

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74
Q

_________ are bundles of white matter CNS axons that share an origin and destination.

several of these are called:

A

tracts; columns

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75
Q

Bundles of white matter axons in the PNS are called:

A

nerves

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76
Q

collections of gray matter neuron cell bodies in the PNS are called:

A

Ganglia

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77
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called:

A

ganglia

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78
Q

Cauda equina

A

“horses tail”

*long inferiorly extending dorsal and ventral roots

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79
Q

filum terminale

A

*last strand [slender thread of CT] of pia mater that provides longitudinal support to spinal cord

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80
Q

cross-sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in _______________________ in regions inferior to the cut

A

total motor and sensory loss

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81
Q

Paraplegia results from:

A

any transection of spinal cord between T1 and L1

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82
Q

Quadriplegia results from:

A

transection in cervical region

83
Q

the projections of gray matter toward outer surface of spinal cord are called:

A

horns [posterior, lateral, and anterior gray horns]

84
Q

cell bodies of neurons in gray matter of spinal cord are organized into:

A

sensory nuclei [posteror] - receiving, relaying info from peripheral receptors

motor nuclei [anterior] - issuing commands to peripheral effectors

85
Q

white matter of the spinal cords are organized into:

A

columns that contain tracts

[posterior, lateral, anterior white column]

86
Q

Nerve:

A

enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the PNS

*transmits electrical impulses
*provides a common pathway for nerve impulses

87
Q

what is the basic unit of the PNS?

A

nerve

88
Q

What wraps individual axons?

A

endoneurium

89
Q

Axons wrapped together in a bundle are referred to as:

what wraps this?

A

fascicle; perineurium

90
Q

Fascicles of axons together are called:

What wraps this?

A

nerve; epineurium

91
Q

spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord in 2 different places:

A

dorsal side
[dorsal roots are afferent; form ganglia] - sensory

ventral side
[ventral roots are efferent; no ganglia] - motor

These join to form spinal nerve

92
Q

Afferent VS Efferent

A

Afferent- arrives [afferent neurons are neurons whose axons travel towards. bring info into a central point]

Efferent- exits [cell sends axon/ carries info away from a central point]

SAME — Sensory- afferent ; Motor-efferent
DAVE — dorsal afferent ; ventral efferent

93
Q

Pnemonic :

SAME
DAVE

A

SAME —
Sensory- afferent ;
Motor-efferent

DAVE —
dorsal afferent ;
ventral efferent

94
Q

the autonomic NS uses _____ neurons

Why?

A

two-[preganglionic & postganglionic neuron]

[somatic NS uses 1 neuron]

*allows for increased communication & control; neuronal convegence or divergence

95
Q

increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, dilation of pupils, and accelerating heart rate are effects of:

A

sympathetic autonomic nervous system

96
Q

CSF is produced in the :

A

lateral ventricles

97
Q

CSF produced in the lateral ventricles then travels through:

A

the interventricular forament > 3d ventricle in diancephalon > cerebral aquaduct in midbrain > 4th ventricle > drains into central canal through medulla oblangata > spinal cord

98
Q

The third ventricle is located in what brain region?

A

diencephalon

99
Q

what are the 3 important functions of CSF cerebrospinal fluid?

A

*keeps brain buoyant [acts as cushion / shock absorber]

*acts as a vehicle for nutrient delivery and waste removal

*compensates for changes in blood volume in brain

100
Q

identify A-D

A

A- corpus callosum

B- Thalamus or 3d ventricle

C- choroid plexus of 3d ventricle

D- 4th ventricle

101
Q

Identify E, F, G, H

A

E- arbor vitae [tree of life] of the cerebellum

F- hypothalamus

G- Pons

H- superior and inferior colliculi

102
Q

The spinal cord is about how long?

A

18 inches [adults]

103
Q

The outer portions of spinal cord are all:
The inferior parts are:

A

white matter [columns]
gray matter [horns]

104
Q

Cranial nerve 1/ I

A

Olfactory nerve

*look like Antanae
*large paired nerves

*ONLY sensory info to brain [sense of smell]

105
Q

Cranial nerve 2/ II

A

Optic nerve

*large paired nerves that cross over at optic chiasm
*Carry ONLY Visual sensory info from eye

106
Q

Cranial nerve 3/ III

A

Oculomotor nerve

*ONLY motor nerves
*innervates muscles that move eye

107
Q

Cranial nerve 4/ IV

A

trochlear nerve

*motor
*small nerves carrying a little info [superior oblique muscle]

108
Q

Cranial nerve 5/ V

A

trigeminal nerve

*large paired nerves carrying BOTH sensory and motor info

109
Q

Cranial nerve 6/ VI

A

Abducent nerve

*motor nerve; controls muscle that moves eye

110
Q

Cranial nerve 7/ VII

A

facial nerve

*small paired nerve carrying BOTH sensory and motor info

111
Q

Cranial nerve 8/ VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

*Only sensory info from ear

112
Q

Cranial nerve 9/ IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

*small paired nerves
*BOTH sensory and motor info

113
Q

Cranial nerve 10/ X

A

Vagus nerve

*Big; carries BOTH sensory & motor info
*represents big portion of parasympathetic autonomic NS

114
Q

Cranial nerve 11/ XI

A

spinal accessory nerve

*Motor nerve

115
Q

Cranial nerve 12/ XII

A

hypoglossal nerve

*motor nerve

116
Q

Pneuominics for cranial nerves in order + functions

A

Nerves in order:
Oh once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are happening

Functions: sensory/motor/both:
Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more

117
Q

motor nervous system transmits:

A

motor information to effectors

118
Q

effector:

A

skeletal muscle fiber

119
Q

_____________ make myelin sheath in CNS.

A

oligodendrocytes

120
Q

___________ cells respond to CNS infection

A

microglial

121
Q

Multipolar neurons are:

A

neurons with multiple dendrites

122
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

sensory to motor neuron communication

123
Q

chemical synapse uses a:

A

neurotransmitter

124
Q

dendrite is

A

neuron part that usually receives incoming impulses

125
Q

dura mater fold between cerebral hemispheres is called:

A

falx cerebri

126
Q

which lobe contains the motor speech area?

A

frontal

127
Q

first portion of the brainstem is the

A

midbrain

128
Q

autonomic center for heart rate and respiration is the

A

medulla oblongata

129
Q

cranial nerve X is the

A

vagus nerve

130
Q

which lobe is responsible for language comprehension?

A

temporal lobe

131
Q

relay center for sensory information is the

A

thalamus

132
Q

rapid, involuntary motor reaction is:

A

reflex

133
Q

conus medullaris

A

narrow tapering end cone of spinal cord

134
Q

cervical enlargement

A

enlarged diameter of spinal cord for upper extremities

135
Q

dorsal root

A

where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

136
Q

ventral root

A

where motor neurons exit the spinal cord

137
Q

lateral horn contains:

A

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

138
Q

what is the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

norepinephrine

139
Q

connective tissue enclosing a nerve is called:

A

epineurium

140
Q

parasympathetic division is what kind of divison

A

craniosacral

141
Q

sympathetic division is associated with what response?

A

fight or flight

142
Q

paravertebral ganglion chain is _________ to spinal cord

A

lateral

143
Q

neurotransmitter for all preganglionic axons is:

A

acetylcholine

144
Q

gray ramus contains:

A

sympathetic postganglionic axons only

145
Q

corpus callosum:

A

dense white fiber tract/ large bundle of 200 million+ myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.

146
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

*monitors visceral organ activities

*regulates temperature, pituitary gland control [regulating hormone release]

*emotions, basic body drives

147
Q

mamillary bodies

A

small, round inferior projections that function in recollective memory

148
Q

Pons functions

A

relays information between higher brain regions; coordinates breathing rhythms

149
Q

the ___________ physically and functionally connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata

150
Q

arbor vitae

A

“tree of life”

*distinct white fiber branches indicates areas where info is carried in and out of the cerebellum

151
Q

pineal body (gland)

[structure, functions]

A

*small, pea-shaped structure

*regulates circadian cycle [sleep/wake]
*secretes the hormone melatonin

152
Q

Majority of cerebrospinal fluid CSF is formed through an intricate filtration system which occurs through networks of capillaries called :

A

choroid plexus

153
Q

the lateral ventricles are separated from each other by a thin membrane called:

A

septum pellucidum

154
Q

the 4th ventricle is connected to the 3d ventricle by a small canal called the:

A

cerebral (mesencephalic) aqueduct

155
Q

identify the highlighted area

A

cauda equina

156
Q

identify A

A

conus medullaris

157
Q

identify blue area

A

optic chiasm

158
Q

identify blue area

A

optic tract

159
Q

identify blue area

A

olfactory tract

[bulbs above]

160
Q

identify blue area

A

optic nerve (CN II)

161
Q

identify blue area

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

162
Q

identify tiny blue area

A

Trochlear (CN IV)

163
Q

identify the blue

A

pons

164
Q

identify the blue

A

Mammillary body

165
Q

identify the blue

A

Infundibulum of pituitary gland

166
Q

identify the blue

A

Abducent (CN VI)

167
Q

identify the blue

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

168
Q

identify the blue

A

Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

169
Q

identify the blue

A

Vagus (CN X)

170
Q

identify the blue

A

Hypoglossal (CN XII)

171
Q

identify small blue area

A

Spinal Accessory (CN XI)

172
Q

identify blue area

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

173
Q

identify blue area

A

Facial (CN VII)

174
Q

the main receptive structure of the neuron is

A

dendrites

175
Q

the brain cortex region not visible on the external surface of the cerebrum is

A

insula

176
Q

which nervous system division increases blood flow to GI tract, called rest and digest, associated with vagus nerve, and relaxes the body?

A

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

177
Q

the spinal nerve root that contains only motor neurons is

A

ventral root

178
Q

the deep fold of dura mater that lies in the transverse fissure is the

A

tentorium cerebelli

179
Q

Sensory neurons can also be described as:

A

afferent neurons.

180
Q

In general, nerve impulses travel most quickly along:

A

myelinated neurons

181
Q

Stimulation of the occipital cortex (i.e. the surgeon stimulates the cortex with an electrical stimulus) will cause the patient to perceive sensations of:

A

light and color
[vision, sight]

182
Q

Neurons that transmit nerve impulses away from the central nervous system are described as:

A

efferent

183
Q

The ________________ is the toughest and thickest of the meninges.

A

dura mater

184
Q

Bundles of axons (forming white matter) that are located in the central nervous system are called:

A

tracts

185
Q

identify D

A

falx cerebelli

186
Q
A

C

187
Q
A

B

188
Q

Identify all parts

A

A- precentral gyrus

B- central sulcus

C- postcentral gyrus

D- parietal lobe

E- occipital lobe

AB- temporal lobe

AC- cerebellum

AD- medulla oblongata

AE- pons

BD- lateral sulcus

BE- frontal lobe

189
Q
A

V [trigeminal]

190
Q

Identify the red and blue

A

blue- dorsal side

red- ventral side

191
Q

identify the blue

A

fourth ventricle of brain

192
Q

identify the blue

A

mesenphalic/Cerebral aqueduct

193
Q

identify the blue

A

third ventricle

194
Q

identify the blue

A

lateral ventricle

195
Q

identify the green

A

Insula lobe of brain

[located deep within the lateral sulcus separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes]

196
Q

identify the red line

A

lateral fissure

197
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

transverse fissure

198
Q

identify the blue

A

thalamus

199
Q

what is it circling?

A

hypothalamus

200
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

pituitary gland

201
Q

identify colored area

A

midbrain

202
Q

what is it pointing to?

A

cerebral peduncles

203
Q

Identify A, B, C, D

A

A- anterior cerebral artery

B- anterior communicating artery

C- middle cerebral artery

D- posterior communicating artery

204
Q

Identify E, F, G, H

A

E- posterior cerebral artery

F- basilar artery

G- vertebral artery

H- internal carotid artery

Human Anatomy (22 decks)

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