Urinary System Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the urinary system? 1. 2. 3. 4.
A
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
2
Q
What transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
A
Ureters
3
Q
What hormones are excreted by the urinary system?
A
- Erythropoietin
2. Renin
4
Q
What does erythropoietin do?
A
Increases red blood cell production
5
Q
What does the hormone renin do?
A
Causes increase in blood pressure
6
Q
Is the kidney peritoneal or retroperitoneal?
A
Retroperitoneal
7
Q
What is the concave medial border of the kidney called?
A
Hilum
8
Q
What are the 7 functions of the urinary system?
A
- Filters blood to remove waste
- Storage/expulsion of urine
- Regulates blood volume/pressure
- Regulates blood ionic composition
- Secretes enzymes and hormones
- Regulates pH
- Glucogenesis
9
Q
Put the kidney tissue layers in order from superficial to deep.
A
Paranephric fat, Renal fascia, Perinephric fat, Fibrous capsule
10
Q
Which kidney tissue layer is made up of dense irregular connective
tissue that is directly adhered to kidney; maintains kidney’s shape, protects from trauma and prevents infection?
A
Fibrous Capsule
11
Q
What kidney tissue layer is made up of adipose tissue that varies in
thickness; surrounds kidney and offers
protection?
A
Perinephric Fat
12
Q
What kind of kidney tissue is made up of dense irregular connective tissue
that anchors the kidney?
A
Renal Fascia
13
Q
What kind of kidney tissue is made up of adipose tissue that lies between renal fascia and peritoneum?
A
Paranephric Fat
14
Q
How many lobes does a kidney have?
A
8-15
15
Q
What is the outter layer inside the kidney?
A
Renal Cortex
16
Q
What is the inner layer inside the kidney?
A
Renal medulla
17
Q
What does each renal papilla empty into?
A
Minor Calyx
18
Q
What do the minor calyces merge to form?
A
Major Calyx
19
Q
How many major calyx per kidney?
A
2-3
20
Q
Major calyces merge to form what?
A
Renal Pelvis
21
Q
What function does the renal pelvis have?
A
Collects and transports urine to the ureters.
22
Q
What does the kidney do?
A
Filters the blood and helps
regulate blood volume via removal
and reabsorption of water and ions
23
Q
What supplies the kidneys with blood?
A
Renal Arteries
24
Q
How much of the cardiac output does the kidneys receive?
A
25%
25
What is the blood flow of the kidneys?
Renal Artery > Segmental Artery > Interlobar Artery > Arcuate Artery > Interlobular Artery > Afferent Arterioles > Gomerular Capillaries > Efferent Arterioles > Peritubular Capillaries > Interlobular Veins > Arcuate Veins > Interlobar Veins > Segmental Veins > Renal Vein
26
What innervates the kidney?
Renal Plexus
27
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephrons
28
What are individual nephrons connected to in the kidneys?
Collecting Duct
29
What do the collecting ducts empty into?
Minor Calyx
30
What are the 2 regions of the nephron?
1. Renal Corpuscle
| 2. Renal Tubule
31
What makes up the renal corpuscle in the nephron?
1.
2.
1. Glomerulus
| 2. Glomerular Capsule
32
What makes up the renal tubule in the nephron?
1.
2.
3.
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
33
What are the two types of nephrons?
1. Cortical Nephron
| 2. Juxtamedullary Nephron
34
Which type of nephron is the most common?
Cortical Nephrons?
35
Where does the cortical nephron receive blood from?
Peritubular Capillaries
36
Where do juxtamedullary nephrons receive blood from?
Vasa Recta
37
Which type of nephron is responsible for making very dilute or very concentrated urine?
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
38
Where are nephrons located in the kidney?
Renal Cortex
39
Which type of nephron's loop of henle extends beyond the renal cortex into the renal medulla?
Juxtamedullary Nephron
40
What 3 processes are involved in urine formation?
1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion
41
What is Glomerular Filtration?
Substance movement from glomerulus to bowman's space.
42
What is tubular reabsorption?
Substance movement from tubular fluid back to blood.
43
What is tubular secretion?
Substance movement from blood to tubular fluid.
44
What two parts compose the renal corpuscle?
1. Glomerulus
| 2. Gomerular Capsule
45
What is the glomerulus?
Group of capillaries
46
What 3 layers make up the glomerular capsule?
1. Visceral Layer
2. Parietal Layer
3. Bowman's Space
47
What makes up the visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule?
Podocytes
48
What makes up the parietal layer of the glomerulus capsule?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
49
What does bowman's capsule do?
As blood filters, water and filtered substances go into this space.
50
Thin, porous, and negatively charged
structure formed by glomerulus and
visceral layer of glomerular capsule
Filtration Membrane
51
What 3 layers of Filtration Membrane must substances pass through to become part of filtrate?
1. Endothelium of glomerulus
2. Basement membrane of glomerulus
3. Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
52
What kind of endothelium makes up the endothelium layer in the filtration membrane?
Fennestrated endothelium
53
What happens after the glomerular filtrate is in Bowman's Capsule?
It flows into the renal tubules
54
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
2. Loop of Henle
3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
55
What do Collecting Tubules collect filtrate from?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
56
What is the last structure that can modify filtrate?
The collecting duct
57
Where is water and Na+ reabsorbed in the presence of ADH and aldosterone?
The collecting duct
58
What is path of glomerular filtrate?
Bowman's Capsule > Proximal Convoluted Tubule > Loop of Henle > Distal Convoluted Tubule > Collecting Duct > Renal Papilla > Minor Calyx > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary Bladder > Urethra
59
What dictates the amount of filtrate per minute in the kidneys?
Filtration Pressure
60
What controls filtration pressure?
Glomerular Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
61
Higher pressure =
More filtrate formed
62
What is average Glomerular Filtration Rate?
125 ml/minute or 150 - 180 L/day
63
How much filtrate is reabsorbed?
99%
64
What percent of filtrate is released via urine?
1%
65
Insufficient time for reabsorption, urine output rises leading to dehydration and electrolyte depletion.
Increased GFR
66
Sluggish flow through the nephron too much wastes reabsorbed (toxicity).
Decreased GFR
67
What makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
1.
2.
3.
1. Granular Cells
2. Macular Densa
3. Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
68
What are Granular Cells?
Modified smooth muscle of afferent arterioles.
69
What is macular densa?
Modified epithelial cells in DCT that monitor ions.
70
What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?
Located between the granular cells and arterioles; contract and phagocytize filtered particles.
71
When is renin secreted?
when blood pressure or GFF
| is reduced = aldosterone
72
What are the 3 layers of the ureter superficial to deep?
1. Adventitia
2. Muscularis
3. Mucosa
73
What is adventitia of the bladder?
areolar connective tissue
74
What is the muscularis of the ureter?
Two smooth muscle layers
75
What is the mucosa of the ureter?
Transitional Epithelium
76
What are constriction points in the ureter?
Common places for kidney stones to get stuck.
77
What are three constriction points?
1. Junction of renal pelvis and ureter
2. Pelvic inlet
3. Entrance to bladder
78
What is the bladder?
Muscular sac that holds urine until
| micturition.
79
Where is the female bladder?
Anteroinferior to uterus and anterior
| to vagina.
80
Where is the male bladder?
Anterior to rectum and superior to
| prostate gland.
81
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Ureteric orifices
82
What drains the bladder?
The urethra
83
Imaginary lines connecting the ureteric
| orifices to the urethra forms the.....?
Trigone
84
What 4 tunics compose the bladder wall deep to superficial?
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Adventitia
85
What does the mucosa tunic line?
The lumen
86
What makes up the mucosa that lines the lumen?
Transitional epithelium
87
What makes up the submucosa tunic?
Irregular Connective Tissue
88
What makes up the muscularis tunic?
3 smooth muscle layers called the detrusor muscle.
89
What is the Adventitia tunic?
Outer layer of connective
| tissue of urinary bladder.
90
What is the fibromuscular tube that conducts urine from bladder to outside?
Urethra
91
What two sphincters control the urethra?
1. Internal Urethral Sphincter
| 2. External Urethral Sphincter
92
Which urethral sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle controlled by somatic nervous system?
External Urethral Sphincter
93
Which urethral sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle found surrounding neck of bladder?
Internal Urethral Sphincter
94
How is the male and female urethra different?
1.
2.
1. Female urethra shorter, no reproductive function.
| 2. Male urethra longer, urinary and reproductive function.
95
What 3 part make up the male urethra?
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
3. Spongy urethra
96
What are the steps of micturition?
1. When bladder fills with 200-300mls of urine, stretch activates baroreceptors that signal micturition center in pons.
2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves stimulate detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax.
3. Relax external urethral sphincter when ready to void urine (voluntary).
4. Sympathetic nervous system inhibits
detrusor muscle and contracts internal
urethral sphincter.
97
What is a UTI?
Occurs when bacteria enter the urinary
| tract.
98
Why are women more susceptible to UTI's?
Shorter urethra and proximity to anus
99
What increases the risk of UTI in both sexes?
1.
2.
1. Intercourse
| 2. Urinary catheter
100
What are symptoms of UTI?
Dysuria, frequent urination, pressure in pubic region; if spread to kidneys can cause nausea, back pain, and occasionally nausea and vomiting.
101
What are renal calculi?
Kidney Stones
102
What are three risk factors of kidney stones?
1. Inadequate Hydration
2. Frequent UTI's
3. Reduced Urinary Flow and Volume
103
Are kidney stones more common in males or females?
Males
104
What is used to break up kidney stones?
Lithotripsy-ultrasound
105
What is the more invasive method to break up a kidney stone?
Ureteroscopy-scope inserted into urethra.
106
What stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax?
a. Renal plexus
b. Vagus nerve
c. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
d. Baroreceptors
e. It is voluntary
c. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
