Nervous Review Flashcards
1
Q
A cell that is specialized to conduct an action potential is a:
A
Neuron
2
Q
Wha is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
A
Neuron
3
Q
Where is an action potential typically started?
A
In the initial segment.
4
Q
If the dendrites of a neuron are destroyed the cell will not be able to?
A
Receive synaptic activation.
5
Q
What is the SOMA?
A
The cell body
6
Q
What are clusters of rough ER that produce
abundant proteins?
A
Nissl Bodies
7
Q
What provides cell shape?
A
Neurofibrils
8
Q
What is the termination of a cell body?
A
Axon Hillock
9
Q
input region; receives information via
neurotransmitters
A
Dendrites
10
Q
Generate and transmit impulses
A
Axon
11
Q
the site of communication between 2
neurons or between a neuron and its effector
A
Synapses
12
Q
The largest most abundant glial cell. They are major support cells of the neurons and form the Blood Brain Barrie (BBB)?
A
Astrocyte
13
Q
The immune cells of the CNS. The monitor
neuronal health and can phagocytize foreign material and neuronal debris?
A
Microglia
14
Q
Cells that are ciliated simple epithelium that line
cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A
Ependymal cells
15
Q
Wrap their fibers around the axons of the
neurons in the CNS to create the myelin sheath?
A
Oligodendrocytes
16
Q
Principal glial cells of the PNS. Supply
nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function?
A
Satellite cells
17
Q
Form the myelin sheath for the PNS
neuronal axons; vital for regeneration of PNS fibers?
A
Schwann cells
18
Q
A neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body would be classified as?
A
A multipolar neuron
19
Q
A neuron that has one axon and 1 dendrite emerging from the cell body would be classified as?
A
Bipolar neuron
20
Q
A neuron that has one process that splits into one axon and one dendrite?
A
Unipolar neurons
21
Q
What are two main functional divisions of nervous system?
A
- Sensory
2. Motor
22
Q
What are two functional divisions of sensory nervous system?
A
- Somatic
2. Visceral
23
Q
What are two functional divisions of motor nervous system?
A
- Somatic motor
2. Autonomic motor
24
Q
Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses?
A
Somatic sensory
25
Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from viscera?
Visceral senses
26
Which functional division of the motor nervous system voluntarily innervates skeletal muscle?
Somatic motor
27
Which functional division of the motor nervous system involuntarily innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?
Autonomic motor
28
Transmit impulses from sensory receptors within
| the body TOWARDS the CNS
Sensory (Afferent)
29
Carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organ?
Motor (efferent)
30
Between sensory and motor neurons
| • Where integration occurs
Interneurons
31
Sensory (Afferent) neurons are ____polar.
Unipolar
32
Motor (Efferent) neurons are _____polar.
multipolar
33
Interneurons are ____polar.
multipolar
34
What amino acid is inhibitory?
Gaba
35
What amino acid is excitatory?
Glutamate
36
What peptide is inhibitory?
Somatostatin
37
What peptide is excitatory?
Cholecystokinin
38
What amine is excitatory?
Norepinephrine
39
What amine is inhibitory?
Serotonin
40
What amine is excitatory and inhibitory?
Dopamine
41
Is Acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?
Both
42
What gas is excitatory?
Nitric Oxide
43
What gas is inhibitory?
Endocannabinoids
44
What autoimmune disorder causes loss of myelin sheath?
Multiple Sclerosis
45
What comes from prosencephalon?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
46
What comes from mesencephalon?
Mesencephalon
47
What comes from Rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon, myelencephalon
48
Telencephalon forms?
Cerebrum
49
Diencephalon forms?
Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
50
Mesencephalon forms?
Midbrain
51
Metencephalon forms?
Pons and cerebellum
52
Myelincephalon forms?
Medulla Oblongata
53
You have a patient that has lost the ability to speak fluently. She has a problem producing speech. She has no problems understanding
speech. What area is likely damaged?
Broca's area
54
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that lead to progressive cognitive decline. Neuropathological changes occur first within the:
Hippocampus
55
Disorders of the basal ganglia can lead to:
Parkinsons Disease
56
Occurs when blood circulation to the brain STOPS leading to an ischemic attack (loss of O2) causing death of brain tissue?
Stroke
57
What is Composed of Neuron cell bodies and
| interneurons?
Gray Matter
58
What is Composed of Myelinated and unmyelinated Axons; FIBER TRACTS?
White Matter
59
When gray matter clusters reside in white matter, these are called?
Nuclei
60
A projection tract conducts nerve impulses from:
The cerebrum to lower parts of CNS
61
What tract conducts impulses from one
area of a hemisphere to another area in
the same hemisphere?
Association tracts
62
What tract conducts impulses from
one area in one hemisphere to the
corresponding area in the opposite
hemisphere?
Commissural tracts
63
What area of the limbic system is primarily responsible for memory?
Hippocampus
64
What area of the limbic system is responsible for fear/anger/agression?
Amygdala
65
What lobe: Perception, Processing sensory information. Contains primary somatosensory area, somatic sensation, and gustatory area?
Parietal
66
What lobe: Primary Visual area
Occipital
67
What lobe: Auditory, olfactory, memory, understanding, language
Temporal lobe
68
What lobe: Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, behavioral control Contains primary motor area - voluntary movement.
Frontal lobe
69
What lobe: Visceral sensation
Insular lobe
70
The _____________ is the primary voluntary motor area, and it is located in the ____________ lobe.
Precentral Gyrus, Frontal lobe
71
Your patient is suffering from impaired coordination, frequent stumbling, and an unsteady gait. Following an MRI you find a large
mass. Based on the given symptoms what is the most likely location of the mass?
Cerebellum
72
What structure acts as a major relay center for the nervous system and contains 7 nuclei that play a role in things like alertness and arousal?
Thalamus
73
The corpus callosum is a _________________ type of white matter tract.
Commissural tract
74
The facial nerve is responsible for:
Taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
75
Your patient cannot abduct the right eye. Damage to what cranial nerve is most likely responsible?
Abducens
76
What cranial nerve controls the lacrimal gland?
Facial
77
Smell =
Olfactory
78
Vision =
Optic
79
Eye movement and pupil control =
Oculomotor
80
Eye movement (superior oblique) =
Trochlear
81
Sensation of face and anterior tongue
| Motor for muscles of mastication =
Trigeminal
82
Eye movement (lateral rectus) =
Abducens
83
Taste on anterior 2/3 tongue Motor for muscles of facial expression Secretion for salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal gland =
Facial
84
Hearing and Equilibrium =
Vestibulocochlear
85
Taste/sensation posterior 1/3 tongue
| Secretion from parotid salivary gland; motor activity stylopharngeus muscle =
Glossopharyngeal
86
Sensation of thoracic and abdominal viscera
| Motor activity for swallowing; regulation of heart rate, breathing, GI activity =
Vagus
87
Motor for Trapezius and SCM =
Accessory
88
Motor for muscles of the tongue =
Hypoglossal
89
CSF flows from the 4th ventricle into the what space via the median and lateral apertures?
Subarachnoid space
90
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located within the:
Dorsal root ganglion
91
The white matter tract that carries general sensory information from skin to the brain is:
Medial leminascal tract
92
A patient suffers a hemicord lesion that causes a loss of motor function to the lower limbs while sensory information remains intact. What tract
is likely injured?
Corticospinal tract
93
Which ascending (Sensory) tract: General sensation of the skin?
Medial leminascal tract
94
Which ascending sensory tract: Pain, pressure and temperature.
Anterolateral tract
95
Which ascending sensory tract: Unconscious proprioception (joint position).
Spinocerebellar
96
What major descending tract: Major voluntary motor control.
Spinocerebellar
97
A bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
Nerve
98
What surrounds individual axons?
Endoneurium
99
What surround fascicles of axons?
Perineurium
100
What surrounds the entire nerve and
| gives the nerve its strength?
Epineurium
101
• C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the head, neck
and superior shoulders and
chest
Cervical plexus
102
What innervates diaphragm?
Phrenic
103
C5-T1 spinal nerves
| • Innervates the arm
Brachial plexus
104
Innervates Anterior muscles of the upper arm.
Musculocutaneous
105
Innervates Anterior muscles of forearm and some in hand?
Median nerve
106
Innervates Anteromedial muscles of forearm and most of the muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve
107
Innervates Posterior arm and forearm
Radial nerve
108
Innervates Deltoid and teres minor muscles
Axillary nerve
109
L1-L4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the anterolateral
abdominal wall, external genitalia
and anterior thigh
Lumbar Plexus
110
Innervates Muscles of the anterior thigh
Femoral nerve
111
Innervates Muscles of the medial thigh (adductors)
Obturator nerve
112
L4-S4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the buttocks, perineum and
posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower
leg
Sacral plexus
113
Innervates muscles of the back of the thigh
Sciatic nerve
114
Innervates Muscles of the anterior and
| lateral leg
Common fibular
115
Innervates Muscles of the posterior leg
Tibial nerve
116
Sensory afferent axons would be found where?
Dorsal root
117
Sympathetic secretes ______ from pre-ganglionic neuron?
ACH
118
Sympathetic secretes ____ from post-ganglionic neuron.
NE
119
Parasympathetic secretes ____ from pre-ganglionic neuron?
ACH
120
Parasympathetic secretes ___ from post-ganglionic neuron.
ACH
121
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the lateral horns of what regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic and lumbar
122
Parasympathetic =
Craniosacral
123
sympathetic =
Thoracolumbar
124
tangled networks of both sympathetic and
| parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Autonomic plexus
125
4 Major Plexuses:
Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
• Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses
• Hypogastric plexus
• Renal plexus
126
```
You are running late for class, so you drive a little faster than normalto try to make up time. Suddenly you hear sirens and see flashing lights in your rear-view mirror leading to activation of your sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following will occur?
• Decreased heart rate
• Airway constriction
• Liver releases glucose
• Decreased respiratory rate
```
Liver releases glucose
127
What senses: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, proprioception
Somatic senses
128
What senses: vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium
Special senses
129
The fovea centralis is the area of:
Highest visual acuity (only has cones)
130
Which of the following leads to salty tastes?
Metal ions
131
Glucose =
Sweet
132
H+ ions =
Sour
133
Alkaloids =
Bitter
134
Metal ions =
Salty
135
Amino acids (meat) =
Umami
136
What specific structure allows for taste?
Gustatory cell
137
The spiral organ of corti is found within the
Cochlear duct
138
Lies superior to the cochlear
| duct; Part of the bony labyrinth
Scala vestibuli
139
Cochlear duct, where the “organ of Corti” is located; Part of the membranous labyrinth
Scala media
140
Inferior to the cochlear duct - Part of the bony labyrinth
Scala Tympani
141
Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are
| continuous and join together at the:
Cochlear Apex
142
Outer Fibrous Layer contains:
* Sclera
| * Cornea
143
Middle Vascular Layer contains:
Choroid plexus
• Ciliary body/muscle
• Iris
144
Inner Layer contains:
Retina
145
Which of the following best describes the pathway light would use to travel to the occipital lobe?
Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract
146
What ganglia Extends down the sides of the vertebral column from base of the skull to
coccyx and Innervate structures above diaphragm?
Paravertebral ganglia
147
superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia are what kind of ganglia?
Paravertebral ganglia
148
•Lies close to the large abdominal arteries Innervate structures below diaphragm?
Pervertebral ganglia
149
celiac, superior mesenteric
Prevertebral ganglia
150
Terminal ganglia Lie close to or in the wall of the target tissue?
Parasympathetic ganglia
151
ciliary, submandibular and otic are examples of:
Parasympathetic ganglia
152
Bonus:
The human brain contains ~86
billion neurons and 10- to 50-fold more glial
cells
153
Bonus:
Sea squirts start out as tadpole like things that
have a primordial brain, eye, spinal cord and a
tail that allows it to move around. Once it finds
its forever home it eats its own brain and turns
into its adult form!
154
Bonus:
Leprosy is an infectious peripheral neurological disease caused by Mycobaterium leprae. The nine-banded armadillo is the only natural host besides humans. However, the risk of transmission from armadillos is very low and most people who encounter armadillos are unlikely to get leprosy.
155
Bonus:
Belladonna plant, also known as deadly nightshade, is one of the most toxic plants known. Its toxicity comes from its anticholinergic actions
leading to disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system.
156
Bonus:
Dogs have up to 300 million olfactory receptors in
their noses, compared to about 6 million in
humans and the part of a dog's brain that is
devoted to analyzing smells is about 40 times
larger.
