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Anatomy > Nervous Review > Flashcards

Nervous Review Flashcards

1
Q

A cell that is specialized to conduct an action potential is a:

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Wha is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Where is an action potential typically started?

A

In the initial segment.

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4
Q

If the dendrites of a neuron are destroyed the cell will not be able to?

A

Receive synaptic activation.

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5
Q

What is the SOMA?

A

The cell body

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6
Q

What are clusters of rough ER that produce

abundant proteins?

A

Nissl Bodies

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7
Q

What provides cell shape?

A

Neurofibrils

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8
Q

What is the termination of a cell body?

A

Axon Hillock

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9
Q

input region; receives information via

neurotransmitters

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Generate and transmit impulses

A

Axon

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11
Q

the site of communication between 2

neurons or between a neuron and its effector

A

Synapses

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12
Q

The largest most abundant glial cell. They are major support cells of the neurons and form the Blood Brain Barrie (BBB)?

A

Astrocyte

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13
Q

The immune cells of the CNS. The monitor

neuronal health and can phagocytize foreign material and neuronal debris?

A

Microglia

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14
Q

Cells that are ciliated simple epithelium that line
cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

Wrap their fibers around the axons of the

neurons in the CNS to create the myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Principal glial cells of the PNS. Supply

nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function?

A

Satellite cells

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17
Q

Form the myelin sheath for the PNS

neuronal axons; vital for regeneration of PNS fibers?

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

A neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body would be classified as?

A

A multipolar neuron

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19
Q

A neuron that has one axon and 1 dendrite emerging from the cell body would be classified as?

A

Bipolar neuron

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20
Q

A neuron that has one process that splits into one axon and one dendrite?

A

Unipolar neurons

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21
Q

What are two main functional divisions of nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory

2. Motor

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22
Q

What are two functional divisions of sensory nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Visceral

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23
Q

What are two functional divisions of motor nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic motor

2. Autonomic motor

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24
Q

Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses?

A

Somatic sensory

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25
Q

Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from viscera?

A

Visceral senses

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26
Q

Which functional division of the motor nervous system voluntarily innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic motor

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27
Q

Which functional division of the motor nervous system involuntarily innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?

A

Autonomic motor

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28
Q

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors within

the body TOWARDS the CNS

A

Sensory (Afferent)

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29
Q

Carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organ?

A

Motor (efferent)

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30
Q

Between sensory and motor neurons

• Where integration occurs

A

Interneurons

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31
Q

Sensory (Afferent) neurons are ____polar.

A

Unipolar

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32
Q

Motor (Efferent) neurons are _____polar.

A

multipolar

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33
Q

Interneurons are ____polar.

A

multipolar

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34
Q

What amino acid is inhibitory?

A

Gaba

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35
Q

What amino acid is excitatory?

A

Glutamate

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36
Q

What peptide is inhibitory?

A

Somatostatin

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37
Q

What peptide is excitatory?

A

Cholecystokinin

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38
Q

What amine is excitatory?

A

Norepinephrine

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39
Q

What amine is inhibitory?

A

Serotonin

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40
Q

What amine is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

Dopamine

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41
Q

Is Acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Both

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42
Q

What gas is excitatory?

A

Nitric Oxide

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43
Q

What gas is inhibitory?

A

Endocannabinoids

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44
Q

What autoimmune disorder causes loss of myelin sheath?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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45
Q

What comes from prosencephalon?

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

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46
Q

What comes from mesencephalon?

A

Mesencephalon

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47
Q

What comes from Rhombencephalon?

A

Metencephalon, myelencephalon

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48
Q

Telencephalon forms?

A

Cerebrum

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49
Q

Diencephalon forms?

A

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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50
Q

Mesencephalon forms?

A

Midbrain

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51
Q

Metencephalon forms?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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52
Q

Myelincephalon forms?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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53
Q

You have a patient that has lost the ability to speak fluently. She has a problem producing speech. She has no problems understanding
speech. What area is likely damaged?

A

Broca’s area

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54
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that lead to progressive cognitive decline. Neuropathological changes occur first within the:

A

Hippocampus

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55
Q

Disorders of the basal ganglia can lead to:

A

Parkinsons Disease

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56
Q

Occurs when blood circulation to the brain STOPS leading to an ischemic attack (loss of O2) causing death of brain tissue?

A

Stroke

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57
Q

What is Composed of Neuron cell bodies and

interneurons?

A

Gray Matter

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58
Q

What is Composed of Myelinated and unmyelinated Axons; FIBER TRACTS?

A

White Matter

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59
Q

When gray matter clusters reside in white matter, these are called?

A

Nuclei

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60
Q

A projection tract conducts nerve impulses from:

A

The cerebrum to lower parts of CNS

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61
Q

What tract conducts impulses from one
area of a hemisphere to another area in
the same hemisphere?

A

Association tracts

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62
Q

What tract conducts impulses from
one area in one hemisphere to the
corresponding area in the opposite
hemisphere?

A

Commissural tracts

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63
Q

What area of the limbic system is primarily responsible for memory?

A

Hippocampus

64
Q

What area of the limbic system is responsible for fear/anger/agression?

A

Amygdala

65
Q

What lobe: Perception, Processing sensory information. Contains primary somatosensory area, somatic sensation, and gustatory area?

A

Parietal

66
Q

What lobe: Primary Visual area

A

Occipital

67
Q

What lobe: Auditory, olfactory, memory, understanding, language

A

Temporal lobe

68
Q

What lobe: Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, behavioral control Contains primary motor area - voluntary movement.

A

Frontal lobe

69
Q

What lobe: Visceral sensation

A

Insular lobe

70
Q

The _____________ is the primary voluntary motor area, and it is located in the ____________ lobe.

A

Precentral Gyrus, Frontal lobe

71
Q

Your patient is suffering from impaired coordination, frequent stumbling, and an unsteady gait. Following an MRI you find a large
mass. Based on the given symptoms what is the most likely location of the mass?

A

Cerebellum

72
Q

What structure acts as a major relay center for the nervous system and contains 7 nuclei that play a role in things like alertness and arousal?

A

Thalamus

73
Q

The corpus callosum is a _________________ type of white matter tract.

A

Commissural tract

74
Q

The facial nerve is responsible for:

A

Taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

75
Q

Your patient cannot abduct the right eye. Damage to what cranial nerve is most likely responsible?

A

Abducens

76
Q

What cranial nerve controls the lacrimal gland?

A

Facial

77
Q

Smell =

A

Olfactory

78
Q

Vision =

A

Optic

79
Q

Eye movement and pupil control =

A

Oculomotor

80
Q

Eye movement (superior oblique) =

A

Trochlear

81
Q

Sensation of face and anterior tongue

Motor for muscles of mastication =

A

Trigeminal

82
Q

Eye movement (lateral rectus) =

A

Abducens

83
Q

Taste on anterior 2/3 tongue Motor for muscles of facial expression Secretion for salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal gland =

A

Facial

84
Q

Hearing and Equilibrium =

A

Vestibulocochlear

85
Q

Taste/sensation posterior 1/3 tongue

Secretion from parotid salivary gland; motor activity stylopharngeus muscle =

A

Glossopharyngeal

86
Q

Sensation of thoracic and abdominal viscera

Motor activity for swallowing; regulation of heart rate, breathing, GI activity =

A

Vagus

87
Q

Motor for Trapezius and SCM =

A

Accessory

88
Q

Motor for muscles of the tongue =

A

Hypoglossal

89
Q

CSF flows from the 4th ventricle into the what space via the median and lateral apertures?

A

Subarachnoid space

90
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located within the:

A

Dorsal root ganglion

91
Q

The white matter tract that carries general sensory information from skin to the brain is:

A

Medial leminascal tract

92
Q

A patient suffers a hemicord lesion that causes a loss of motor function to the lower limbs while sensory information remains intact. What tract
is likely injured?

A

Corticospinal tract

93
Q

Which ascending (Sensory) tract: General sensation of the skin?

A

Medial leminascal tract

94
Q

Which ascending sensory tract: Pain, pressure and temperature.

A

Anterolateral tract

95
Q

Which ascending sensory tract: Unconscious proprioception (joint position).

A

Spinocerebellar

96
Q

What major descending tract: Major voluntary motor control.

A

Spinocerebellar

97
Q

A bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

A

Nerve

98
Q

What surrounds individual axons?

A

Endoneurium

99
Q

What surround fascicles of axons?

A

Perineurium

100
Q

What surrounds the entire nerve and

gives the nerve its strength?

A

Epineurium

101
Q

• C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the head, neck
and superior shoulders and
chest

A

Cervical plexus

102
Q

What innervates diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

103
Q

C5-T1 spinal nerves

• Innervates the arm

A

Brachial plexus

104
Q

Innervates Anterior muscles of the upper arm.

A

Musculocutaneous

105
Q

Innervates Anterior muscles of forearm and some in hand?

A

Median nerve

106
Q

Innervates Anteromedial muscles of forearm and most of the muscles of the hand?

A

Ulnar nerve

107
Q

Innervates Posterior arm and forearm

A

Radial nerve

108
Q

Innervates Deltoid and teres minor muscles

A

Axillary nerve

109
Q

L1-L4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the anterolateral
abdominal wall, external genitalia
and anterior thigh

A

Lumbar Plexus

110
Q

Innervates Muscles of the anterior thigh

A

Femoral nerve

111
Q

Innervates Muscles of the medial thigh (adductors)

A

Obturator nerve

112
Q

L4-S4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the buttocks, perineum and
posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower
leg

A

Sacral plexus

113
Q

Innervates muscles of the back of the thigh

A

Sciatic nerve

114
Q

Innervates Muscles of the anterior and

lateral leg

A

Common fibular

115
Q

Innervates Muscles of the posterior leg

A

Tibial nerve

116
Q

Sensory afferent axons would be found where?

A

Dorsal root

117
Q

Sympathetic secretes ______ from pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

ACH

118
Q

Sympathetic secretes ____ from post-ganglionic neuron.

A

NE

119
Q

Parasympathetic secretes ____ from pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

ACH

120
Q

Parasympathetic secretes ___ from post-ganglionic neuron.

A

ACH

121
Q

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the lateral horns of what regions of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

122
Q

Parasympathetic =

A

Craniosacral

123
Q

sympathetic =

A

Thoracolumbar

124
Q

tangled networks of both sympathetic and

parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen and pelvis

A

Autonomic plexus

125
Q

4 Major Plexuses:

A

Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
• Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses
• Hypogastric plexus
• Renal plexus

126
Q 
You are running late for class, so you drive a little faster than normalto try to make up time. Suddenly you hear sirens and see flashing lights in your rear-view mirror leading to activation of your sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following will occur?
• Decreased heart rate
• Airway constriction
• Liver releases glucose
• Decreased respiratory rate
A

Liver releases glucose

127
Q

What senses: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, proprioception

A

Somatic senses

128
Q

What senses: vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium

A

Special senses

129
Q

The fovea centralis is the area of:

A

Highest visual acuity (only has cones)

130
Q

Which of the following leads to salty tastes?

A

Metal ions

131
Q

Glucose =

A

Sweet

132
Q

H+ ions =

A

Sour

133
Q

Alkaloids =

A

Bitter

134
Q

Metal ions =

A

Salty

135
Q

Amino acids (meat) =

A

Umami

136
Q

What specific structure allows for taste?

A

Gustatory cell

137
Q

The spiral organ of corti is found within the

A

Cochlear duct

138
Q

Lies superior to the cochlear

duct; Part of the bony labyrinth

A

Scala vestibuli

139
Q

Cochlear duct, where the “organ of Corti” is located; Part of the membranous labyrinth

A

Scala media

140
Q

Inferior to the cochlear duct - Part of the bony labyrinth

A

Scala Tympani

141
Q

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are

continuous and join together at the:

A

Cochlear Apex

142
Q

Outer Fibrous Layer contains:

A
  • Sclera

* Cornea

143
Q

Middle Vascular Layer contains:

A

Choroid plexus
• Ciliary body/muscle
• Iris

144
Q

Inner Layer contains:

A

Retina

145
Q

Which of the following best describes the pathway light would use to travel to the occipital lobe?

A

Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract

146
Q

What ganglia Extends down the sides of the vertebral column from base of the skull to
coccyx and Innervate structures above diaphragm?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

147
Q

superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia are what kind of ganglia?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

148
Q

•Lies close to the large abdominal arteries Innervate structures below diaphragm?

A

Pervertebral ganglia

149
Q

celiac, superior mesenteric

A

Prevertebral ganglia

150
Q

Terminal ganglia Lie close to or in the wall of the target tissue?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

151
Q

ciliary, submandibular and otic are examples of:

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

152
Q

Bonus:

A

The human brain contains ~86
billion neurons and 10- to 50-fold more glial
cells

153
Q

Bonus:

A

Sea squirts start out as tadpole like things that
have a primordial brain, eye, spinal cord and a
tail that allows it to move around. Once it finds
its forever home it eats its own brain and turns
into its adult form!

154
Q

Bonus:

A

Leprosy is an infectious peripheral neurological disease caused by Mycobaterium leprae. The nine-banded armadillo is the only natural host besides humans. However, the risk of transmission from armadillos is very low and most people who encounter armadillos are unlikely to get leprosy.

155
Q

Bonus:

A

Belladonna plant, also known as deadly nightshade, is one of the most toxic plants known. Its toxicity comes from its anticholinergic actions
leading to disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system.

156
Q

Bonus:

A

Dogs have up to 300 million olfactory receptors in
their noses, compared to about 6 million in
humans and the part of a dog’s brain that is
devoted to analyzing smells is about 40 times
larger.

Anatomy (18 decks)

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