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Anatomy > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology refers to:
a. The study of developmental events prior to birth
b. The study of developmental evens during the pre-embryonic and
embryonic periods
c. The study of developmental events during the embryonic period
d. The study of developmental events after birth
e. The study of reproductive hormones

A

a. The study of developmental events prior to birth

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2
Q

What are the three periods of embryology?

A
  1. Pre-embryonic Period
  2. Embryonic Period
  3. Fetal Period
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3
Q

Fertilization is:

a. Rapid mitotic division of the zygote
b. Fusion of the pronuclei to form a single diploid nucleus
c. Process by which two sex cells form a new cell
d. Production of sex cells
e. The process by which the nervous system is formed

A

c. Process by which two sex cells form a new cell

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4
Q

Which of the following is false of the
blastocyst?
a. It implants into the endometrium of the uterus
b. The outer cell layer of the blastocyst consists of cells called the
trophoblast
c. It contains an inner cell mass that will give rise to the placenta
d. It contains a fluid filled cavity called the blastocyst cavity
e. It undergoes rapid mitotic division to form the morula

A

c. It contains an inner cell mass that will give rise to the placenta

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5
Q

What are the outer cell layers of the blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast

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6
Q

What does the trophoblast give rise to?

A

Placenta

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7
Q

What is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

A

Embryoblast

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8
Q

What does the embryoblast give rise to via epiblast?

A

Embryo

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9
Q 
The outer layer of cells of the
blastocyst, the trophoblast, forms
two layers. What are they?
a. Syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
b. Cytotrophoblast and epiblast
c. Epiblast and hypoblast
d. Syncitiotrophoblast and hypoblast
e. Chorion and hypoblast
A

a. Syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

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10
Q

What do syncytiotrophoblast and
cytotrophoblast become
chorion give rise to?

A

Placenta

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11
Q

What will the embryoblast become?

A

Hypoblast and epiblast

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12
Q

The epiblast will give rise to what after gastrulation?

A

The 3 germ layers

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13
Q

Dizygomatic twins result from:
a. Embryonic cells separating into two parts giving rise to two embryos
b. Two secondary ooctyes being fertilized and implanted
c. Two sperm cells fertilizing one secondary oocyte resulting in two
embryos
d. Blastocyst developing an inner cell mass at both ends of the
blastocyst cavity
e. None of the above

A

b. Two secondary ooctyes being fertilized and implanted

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14
Q

Which of the following is false of the
embryoblast?
a. It divides into the epiblast and hypoblast
b. The embryoblast gives rise to the three primary germ layers via the
hypoblast
c. It develops into the bilaminar disc
d. The embryoblast is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
e. All of the above are true

A

b. The embryoblast gives rise to the three primary germ layers via the
hypoblast

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15
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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16
Q

Which of the following is true of
diploid cells?
a. The contain 23 chromosomes
b. They contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
c. A sperm cell is an example of a diploid cell
d. They are produced by meiosis
e. The secondary oocyte is a diploid cell

A

b. They contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

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17
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of
spermatids?
a. They have a flagellum so they are capable of movement
b. They are incapable of fertilizing an egg
c. They must undergo spermatogenesis to become a mature sperm
d. They have an acrosome that contains enzymes to penetrate the
oocyte
e. They are diploid cells

A

b. They are incapable of fertilizing an egg

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18
Q

What is spermatazoa?

A

Mature sperm cells

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19
Q

What are spermatids?

A

Immature sperm cells

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20
Q

Which of the following is FALSE of
neurulation?
a. The notochord induces ectoderm to form the neural plate
b. The neural plate folds into the neural tube to eventually form the
CNS
c. Neural crest cells pinch off from the neural tube
d. Neural crest cells will give rise to the epidermis
e. None of the above are false

A

d. Neural crest cells will give rise to the epidermis

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21
Q

If the neural tube doesn’t properly close it can result in a host of birth defects. This can occur anywhere along the neural tube. If a neural tube defect occurs in the cephalic end it can result in:

a. Ancephaly
b. Tetragenosis
c. Spina bifida
d. Rickets
e. Muscular dystrophy

A

a. Ancephaly

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22
Q

If the caudal end doesn’t close, what can this result in?

A

Spina Bifida

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23
Q 
Which of the following is an example
of teratogen:
a. Alcohol
b. Folic acid
c. Maternal antibodies
d. hCG
e. None of these are teratogens
A

a. Alcohol

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24
Q 
Which of the following layers of
mesoderm form the somites?
a. Notochord
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Head mesenchyme
d. Paraxial mesoderm
e. Ectoderm
A

d. Paraxial mesoderm

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25
Q

What do the sclerotomes make?

A

Axial Skeleton

26
Q

What do myotomes make?

A

Muscles

27
Q

What do syndetomes make?

A

Tendon and Cartilage

28
Q

What do dermatomes make?

A

Dermis

29
Q 
Which of the following is true of
meiosis?
a. It yields two daughter cells
b. It yields haploid cells
c. It yields diploid cells
d. It yields identical daughter cells
e. It occurs in all cells of the body
A

b. It yields haploid cells

30
Q 
Which of the following provides
information about deep pressure?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Meissner’s cells
d. Merkel corpuscles
e. Melanocytes
A

b. Pacinian corpuscles

31
Q

What helps sense light touch?

A
  1. Merkel’s Cells
  2. Meissner’s Corpuscles
  3. Hair Follicle Receptor
32
Q 
Which of the following glands is
responsible for oil secretion?
a. Sebaceous glands
b. Ceruminous glands
c. Eccrine sweat glands
d. Apocrine sweat glands
e. Mammary glands
A

a. Sebaceous glands

33
Q 
A patient presents to you with high blood pressure causing redness in the face. This would be referred
to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Cyanosis
b. Pallor
c. Jaundice
d. Erythema
e. Bronzing
A

d. Erythema

34
Q

Which of the following is FALSE?
a. The stratum corneum is filled with dead keratinocytes
b. The stratum basale contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and
merkel cells
c. The stratum spinosum is only present in thick skin
d. The stratum granulosum contains lamellated granules
e. The stratum basale contains a single layer of mitotically active
cuboidal epithelium

A

c. The stratum spinosum is only present in thick skin

35
Q

Which of the following is TRUE?
a. The papillary layer of dermis is made up of areolar connective tissue
b. The papillary layer of the dermis is contains arrector pili and Pacinian corpuscles
c. The papillary layer of the dermis contains lots of collagen and elastic
fibers
d. The reticular layer of the dermis contains the dermal papillae
e. All of the above are true

A

a. The papillary layer of dermis is made up of areolar connective tissue

36
Q 
A patient suffers from a 3rd degree burn covering her entire right lower limb. Using the rule of nines what is
the percentage of burns?
• 9%
• 36%
• 4.5%
• 18%
• 27%
A

• 18%

37
Q 
Which of the following cell types is
found throughout the layers of the
epidermis?
a. Melanocytes
b. Fibroblasts
c. Merkel cells
d. Keratinocytes
e. Adipocytes
A

d. Keratinocytes

38
Q

Main epidermal cell. Continuously divide and push way to top. As they get further away from blood supply in dermis they die off and fill with keratin.

A

Keratinocytes

39
Q

Found in basale. Produce melanin. Have arms that extend to keratinocytes to give melanin.

A

Melanocytes

40
Q

Epidermal dermal junction. Associated with merkel disc. Sensory cell for light touch.

A

Merkel Cells

41
Q

Macrophages. Produced in red marrow, roam around epidermis.

A

Langerhans cells

42
Q

Albinism is a/n:
a. Autoimmune disorder involving a loss of melanocytes from a
portion of the skin
b. Autoimmune disorder in which there is a total loss of melanocytes
c. Genetic condition in which there is an inability to make tyrosinase
d. Genetic condition in which the person cannot make melanocytes
e. Genetic condition in which the person cannot make vitamin D

A

c. Genetic condition in which there is an inability to make tyrosinase

43
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of
squamous cell carcinoma?
a. It is the most common form of skin cancer
b. It arises from keratinocytes in the stratum basale
c. It is most likely to metastasize
d. It arises from melanocytes in the stratum basale
e. It arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

A

e. It arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

44
Q

All muscle cells share several properties. Which
of the following is NOT one of these properties?
a. Excitability
b. Extensibility
c. Contractility
d. Elasticity
e. Constrictability

A

e. Constrictability

45
Q

Perimysium wraps ________ and is
made up of _________.
a. Muscle fibers; areolar connective tissue
b. Fascicles; dense irregular connective tissue
c. Fascicles; areolar connective tissue
d. The entire muscle; dense irregular connective tissue
e. The entire muscle; areolar connective tissue

A

b. Fascicles; dense irregular connective tissue

46
Q

Areolar CT , INDIVIDUAL muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

47
Q

Dense irregular CT that surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

48
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

surrounding the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

49
Q

Which of the following is true?
• Superficial fascia is composed of dense connective tissue
• Superficial fascia wraps individual muscles
• Deep fascia separates the skin from the muscles
• Deep fascia groups muscles together
• Deep fascia wraps fascicles

A

• Deep fascia groups muscles together

50
Q 
Which of the following will shorten
during a contraction?
a. A-band
b. H zone
c. Zone of overlap
d. Actin
e. Myosin
A

b. H zone

51
Q 
What are the two myofilaments that
make up a myofibril?
a. Troponin and tropomyosin
b. Sarcomere and fascicle
c. Transverse tubule and terminal cisternae
d. Dystrophin and titin
e. Actin and myosin
A

e. Actin and myosin

52
Q 
In skeletal muscle calcium is stored
and released from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Sarcoplasm
b. T-tubule
c. Terminal cisternae
d. Sarcolemma
e. Troponin
A

c. Terminal cisternae

53
Q

What happens when calcium is
released from the terminal cisternae
in skeletal muscle?
a. Calcium binds the regulator protein troponin and moves tropomyosin to reveal myosin binding sides
b. Calcium causes the myosin head to pop up so it can bind to actin
forming cross bridges
c. Calcium binds the regulatory protein tropomyosin causing it to
move troponin from myosin allowing it to bind actin
d. Calcium causes conversion of glucose to ATP so that ATP can bind
the sarcomere and reveal binding sites on actin

A

a. Calcium binds the regulator protein troponin and moves tropomyosin to reveal myosin binding sides

54
Q

The Z-disc is

a. The portion of the sarcomere where the actin and myosin overlap
b. The portion of the sarcomere that contains only actin filaments
c. The region of the sarcomere where the thin filaments are anchored
d. The region of the sarcomere where only thick filaments are found
e. The middle of the sarcomere that anchors thick filaments

A

c. The region of the sarcomere where the thin filaments are anchored

55
Q

Which of the following is FALSE?
a. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal in response to an
action potential
b. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate to
stimulate an action potential among the muscle fibers
c. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
d. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal and travels down
the muscle fiber and into the cell via the T-tubules

A

d. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal and travels down
the muscle fiber and into the cell via the T-tubules

56
Q 
A contraction in which the muscle
tension is greater than the load is:
a. An isotonic contraction
b. An eccentric contraction
c. An isometric contraction
d. A hypermetric contraction
e. An antagonistic contraction
A

a. An isotonic contraction

57
Q

A synergist is a muscle that

a. Opposes a particular movement
b. Aids in a particular movement
c. Produces a specific movement
d. Inhibits a specific movement
e. Starts a specific movement

A

b. Aids in a particular movement

58
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of
smooth muscle?
a. It contains sarcomeres
b. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. It contains actin and myosin
d. Ca released from calveolae binds troponin

A

c. It contains actin and myosin

59
Q 
Which of the following muscle fibers
would fatigue slowly?
a. Type I fibers
b. Type II fibers
c. Pink fibers
d. Fast glycolytic fibers
A

a. Type I fibers

60
Q

Hypertonia refers to:

a. Loss of muscle tone and atrophy of muscles
b. Decrease in muscle tone
c. Increased muscle tone
d. Increased muscle fiber size
e. Increase muscle strength

A

c. Increased muscle tone

61
Q 
Muscle wasting is due to a loss of
nerve supply called:
a. Disuse atrophy
b. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
c. Flaccid paralysis
d. Denervation atrophy
A

d. Denervation atrophy

Anatomy (18 decks)

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