Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Embryology refers to:
a. The study of developmental events prior to birth
b. The study of developmental evens during the pre-embryonic and
embryonic periods
c. The study of developmental events during the embryonic period
d. The study of developmental events after birth
e. The study of reproductive hormones
a. The study of developmental events prior to birth
What are the three periods of embryology?
- Pre-embryonic Period
- Embryonic Period
- Fetal Period
Fertilization is:
a. Rapid mitotic division of the zygote
b. Fusion of the pronuclei to form a single diploid nucleus
c. Process by which two sex cells form a new cell
d. Production of sex cells
e. The process by which the nervous system is formed
c. Process by which two sex cells form a new cell
Which of the following is false of the
blastocyst?
a. It implants into the endometrium of the uterus
b. The outer cell layer of the blastocyst consists of cells called the
trophoblast
c. It contains an inner cell mass that will give rise to the placenta
d. It contains a fluid filled cavity called the blastocyst cavity
e. It undergoes rapid mitotic division to form the morula
c. It contains an inner cell mass that will give rise to the placenta
What are the outer cell layers of the blastocyst?
Trophoblast
What does the trophoblast give rise to?
Placenta
What is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?
Embryoblast
What does the embryoblast give rise to via epiblast?
Embryo
The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst, the trophoblast, forms two layers. What are they? a. Syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast b. Cytotrophoblast and epiblast c. Epiblast and hypoblast d. Syncitiotrophoblast and hypoblast e. Chorion and hypoblast
a. Syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
What do syncytiotrophoblast and
cytotrophoblast become
chorion give rise to?
Placenta
What will the embryoblast become?
Hypoblast and epiblast
The epiblast will give rise to what after gastrulation?
The 3 germ layers
Dizygomatic twins result from:
a. Embryonic cells separating into two parts giving rise to two embryos
b. Two secondary ooctyes being fertilized and implanted
c. Two sperm cells fertilizing one secondary oocyte resulting in two
embryos
d. Blastocyst developing an inner cell mass at both ends of the
blastocyst cavity
e. None of the above
b. Two secondary ooctyes being fertilized and implanted
Which of the following is false of the
embryoblast?
a. It divides into the epiblast and hypoblast
b. The embryoblast gives rise to the three primary germ layers via the
hypoblast
c. It develops into the bilaminar disc
d. The embryoblast is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
e. All of the above are true
b. The embryoblast gives rise to the three primary germ layers via the
hypoblast
What are the 3 primary germ layers?
Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
Which of the following is true of
diploid cells?
a. The contain 23 chromosomes
b. They contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
c. A sperm cell is an example of a diploid cell
d. They are produced by meiosis
e. The secondary oocyte is a diploid cell
b. They contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
Which of the following is TRUE of
spermatids?
a. They have a flagellum so they are capable of movement
b. They are incapable of fertilizing an egg
c. They must undergo spermatogenesis to become a mature sperm
d. They have an acrosome that contains enzymes to penetrate the
oocyte
e. They are diploid cells
b. They are incapable of fertilizing an egg
What is spermatazoa?
Mature sperm cells
What are spermatids?
Immature sperm cells
Which of the following is FALSE of
neurulation?
a. The notochord induces ectoderm to form the neural plate
b. The neural plate folds into the neural tube to eventually form the
CNS
c. Neural crest cells pinch off from the neural tube
d. Neural crest cells will give rise to the epidermis
e. None of the above are false
d. Neural crest cells will give rise to the epidermis
If the neural tube doesn’t properly close it can result in a host of birth defects. This can occur anywhere along the neural tube. If a neural tube defect occurs in the cephalic end it can result in:
a. Ancephaly
b. Tetragenosis
c. Spina bifida
d. Rickets
e. Muscular dystrophy
a. Ancephaly
If the caudal end doesn’t close, what can this result in?
Spina Bifida
Which of the following is an example of teratogen: a. Alcohol b. Folic acid c. Maternal antibodies d. hCG e. None of these are teratogens
a. Alcohol
Which of the following layers of mesoderm form the somites? a. Notochord b. Intermediate mesoderm c. Head mesenchyme d. Paraxial mesoderm e. Ectoderm
d. Paraxial mesoderm
What do the sclerotomes make?
Axial Skeleton
What do myotomes make?
Muscles
What do syndetomes make?
Tendon and Cartilage
What do dermatomes make?
Dermis
Which of the following is true of meiosis? a. It yields two daughter cells b. It yields haploid cells c. It yields diploid cells d. It yields identical daughter cells e. It occurs in all cells of the body
b. It yields haploid cells
Which of the following provides information about deep pressure? a. Free nerve endings b. Pacinian corpuscles c. Meissner’s cells d. Merkel corpuscles e. Melanocytes
b. Pacinian corpuscles
What helps sense light touch?
- Merkel’s Cells
- Meissner’s Corpuscles
- Hair Follicle Receptor
Which of the following glands is responsible for oil secretion? a. Sebaceous glands b. Ceruminous glands c. Eccrine sweat glands d. Apocrine sweat glands e. Mammary glands
a. Sebaceous glands
A patient presents to you with high blood pressure causing redness in the face. This would be referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Cyanosis b. Pallor c. Jaundice d. Erythema e. Bronzing
d. Erythema
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. The stratum corneum is filled with dead keratinocytes
b. The stratum basale contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and
merkel cells
c. The stratum spinosum is only present in thick skin
d. The stratum granulosum contains lamellated granules
e. The stratum basale contains a single layer of mitotically active
cuboidal epithelium
c. The stratum spinosum is only present in thick skin
Which of the following is TRUE?
a. The papillary layer of dermis is made up of areolar connective tissue
b. The papillary layer of the dermis is contains arrector pili and Pacinian corpuscles
c. The papillary layer of the dermis contains lots of collagen and elastic
fibers
d. The reticular layer of the dermis contains the dermal papillae
e. All of the above are true
a. The papillary layer of dermis is made up of areolar connective tissue
A patient suffers from a 3rd degree burn covering her entire right lower limb. Using the rule of nines what is the percentage of burns? • 9% • 36% • 4.5% • 18% • 27%
• 18%
Which of the following cell types is found throughout the layers of the epidermis? a. Melanocytes b. Fibroblasts c. Merkel cells d. Keratinocytes e. Adipocytes
d. Keratinocytes
Main epidermal cell. Continuously divide and push way to top. As they get further away from blood supply in dermis they die off and fill with keratin.
Keratinocytes
Found in basale. Produce melanin. Have arms that extend to keratinocytes to give melanin.
Melanocytes
Epidermal dermal junction. Associated with merkel disc. Sensory cell for light touch.
Merkel Cells
Macrophages. Produced in red marrow, roam around epidermis.
Langerhans cells
Albinism is a/n:
a. Autoimmune disorder involving a loss of melanocytes from a
portion of the skin
b. Autoimmune disorder in which there is a total loss of melanocytes
c. Genetic condition in which there is an inability to make tyrosinase
d. Genetic condition in which the person cannot make melanocytes
e. Genetic condition in which the person cannot make vitamin D
c. Genetic condition in which there is an inability to make tyrosinase
Which of the following is TRUE of
squamous cell carcinoma?
a. It is the most common form of skin cancer
b. It arises from keratinocytes in the stratum basale
c. It is most likely to metastasize
d. It arises from melanocytes in the stratum basale
e. It arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
e. It arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
All muscle cells share several properties. Which
of the following is NOT one of these properties?
a. Excitability
b. Extensibility
c. Contractility
d. Elasticity
e. Constrictability
e. Constrictability
Perimysium wraps ________ and is
made up of _________.
a. Muscle fibers; areolar connective tissue
b. Fascicles; dense irregular connective tissue
c. Fascicles; areolar connective tissue
d. The entire muscle; dense irregular connective tissue
e. The entire muscle; areolar connective tissue
b. Fascicles; dense irregular connective tissue
Areolar CT , INDIVIDUAL muscle fibers
Endomysium
Dense irregular CT that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
Dense irregular connective tissue
surrounding the entire muscle
Epimysium
Which of the following is true?
• Superficial fascia is composed of dense connective tissue
• Superficial fascia wraps individual muscles
• Deep fascia separates the skin from the muscles
• Deep fascia groups muscles together
• Deep fascia wraps fascicles
• Deep fascia groups muscles together
Which of the following will shorten during a contraction? a. A-band b. H zone c. Zone of overlap d. Actin e. Myosin
b. H zone
What are the two myofilaments that make up a myofibril? a. Troponin and tropomyosin b. Sarcomere and fascicle c. Transverse tubule and terminal cisternae d. Dystrophin and titin e. Actin and myosin
e. Actin and myosin
In skeletal muscle calcium is stored and released from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a. Sarcoplasm b. T-tubule c. Terminal cisternae d. Sarcolemma e. Troponin
c. Terminal cisternae
What happens when calcium is
released from the terminal cisternae
in skeletal muscle?
a. Calcium binds the regulator protein troponin and moves tropomyosin to reveal myosin binding sides
b. Calcium causes the myosin head to pop up so it can bind to actin
forming cross bridges
c. Calcium binds the regulatory protein tropomyosin causing it to
move troponin from myosin allowing it to bind actin
d. Calcium causes conversion of glucose to ATP so that ATP can bind
the sarcomere and reveal binding sites on actin
a. Calcium binds the regulator protein troponin and moves tropomyosin to reveal myosin binding sides
The Z-disc is
a. The portion of the sarcomere where the actin and myosin overlap
b. The portion of the sarcomere that contains only actin filaments
c. The region of the sarcomere where the thin filaments are anchored
d. The region of the sarcomere where only thick filaments are found
e. The middle of the sarcomere that anchors thick filaments
c. The region of the sarcomere where the thin filaments are anchored
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal in response to an
action potential
b. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate to
stimulate an action potential among the muscle fibers
c. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
d. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal and travels down
the muscle fiber and into the cell via the T-tubules
d. Acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal and travels down
the muscle fiber and into the cell via the T-tubules
A contraction in which the muscle tension is greater than the load is: a. An isotonic contraction b. An eccentric contraction c. An isometric contraction d. A hypermetric contraction e. An antagonistic contraction
a. An isotonic contraction
A synergist is a muscle that
a. Opposes a particular movement
b. Aids in a particular movement
c. Produces a specific movement
d. Inhibits a specific movement
e. Starts a specific movement
b. Aids in a particular movement
Which of the following is TRUE of
smooth muscle?
a. It contains sarcomeres
b. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. It contains actin and myosin
d. Ca released from calveolae binds troponin
c. It contains actin and myosin
Which of the following muscle fibers would fatigue slowly? a. Type I fibers b. Type II fibers c. Pink fibers d. Fast glycolytic fibers
a. Type I fibers
Hypertonia refers to:
a. Loss of muscle tone and atrophy of muscles
b. Decrease in muscle tone
c. Increased muscle tone
d. Increased muscle fiber size
e. Increase muscle strength
c. Increased muscle tone
Muscle wasting is due to a loss of nerve supply called: a. Disuse atrophy b. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy c. Flaccid paralysis d. Denervation atrophy
d. Denervation atrophy
