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Final Chapter 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q 
What makes up the urinary system?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. 2 kidneys
  2. 2 ureters
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
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2
Q

What transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Ureters

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3
Q

What hormones are excreted by the urinary system?

A
  1. Erythropoietin

2. Renin

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Increases red blood cell production

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5
Q

What does the hormone renin do?

A

Causes increase in blood pressure

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6
Q

Is the kidney peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

What is the concave medial border of the kidney called?

A

Hilum

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8
Q

What are the 7 functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Filters blood to remove waste
  2. Storage/expulsion of urine
  3. Regulates blood volume/pressure
  4. Regulates blood ionic composition
  5. Secretes enzymes and hormones
  6. Regulates pH
  7. Glucogenesis
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9
Q

Put the kidney tissue layers in order from superficial to deep.

A

Paranephric fat, Renal fascia, Perinephric fat, Fibrous capsule

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10
Q

Which kidney tissue layer is made up of dense irregular connective
tissue that is directly adhered to kidney; maintains kidney’s shape, protects from trauma and prevents infection?

A

Fibrous Capsule

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11
Q

What kidney tissue layer is made up of adipose tissue that varies in
thickness; surrounds kidney and offers
protection?

A

Perinephric Fat

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12
Q

What kind of kidney tissue is made up of dense irregular connective tissue
that anchors the kidney?

A

Renal Fascia

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13
Q

What kind of kidney tissue is made up of adipose tissue that lies between renal fascia and peritoneum?

A

Paranephric Fat

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14
Q

How many lobes does a kidney have?

A

8-15

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15
Q

What is the outter layer inside the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex

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16
Q

What is the inner layer inside the kidney?

A

Renal Medulla

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17
Q

What does each renal papilla empty into?

A

Minor Calyx

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18
Q

What do the minor calyces merge to form?

A

Major Calyx

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19
Q

How many major calyx per kidney?

A

2-3

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20
Q

Major calyces merge to form what?

A

Renal Pelvis

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21
Q

What function does the renal pelvis have?

A

Collects and transports urine to the ureters.

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22
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Filters the blood and helps
regulate blood volume via removal
and reabsorption of water and ions

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23
Q

What supplies the kidneys with blood?

A

Renal Arteries

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24
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the kidneys receive?

A

25%

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25
What is the blood flow of the kidneys?
Renal Artery > Segmental Artery > Interlobar Artery > Arcuate Artery > Interlobular Artery > Afferent Arterioles > Gomerular Capillaries > Efferent Arterioles > Peritubular Capillaries > Interlobular Veins > Arcuate Veins > Interlobar Veins > Segmental Veins > Renal Vein
26
What innervates the kidney?
Renal Plexus
27
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephrons
28
What are individual nephrons connected to in the kidneys?
Collecting Duct
29
What do the collecting ducts empty into?
Minor Calyx
30
What are the 2 regions of the nephron?
1. Renal Corpuscle | 2. Renal Tubule
31
What makes up the renal corpuscle in the nephron? 1. 2.
1. Glomerulus | 2. Glomerular Capsule
32
What makes up the renal tubule in the nephron? 1. 2. 3.
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
33
What are the two types of nephrons?
1. Cortical Nephron | 2. Juxtamedullary Nephron
34
Which type of nephron is the most common?
Cortical Nephrons?
35
Where does the cortical nephron receive blood from?
Peritubular Capillaries
36
Where do juxtamedullary nephrons receive blood from?
Vasa Recta
37
Which type of nephron is responsible for making very dilute or very concentrated urine?
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
38
Where are nephrons located in the kidney?
Renal Cortex
39
Which type of nephron's loop of henle extends beyond the renal cortex into the renal medulla?
Juxtamedullary Nephron
40
What 3 processes are involved in urine formation?
1. Glomerular Filtration 2. Tubular Reabsorption 3. Tubular Secretion
41
What is Glomerular Filtration?
Substance movement from glomerulus to bowman's space.
42
What is tubular reabsorption?
Substance movement from tubular fluid back to blood.
43
What is tubular secretion?
Substance movement from blood to tubular fluid.
44
What two parts compose the renal corpuscle?
1. Glomerulus | 2. Gomerular Capsule
45
What is the glomerulus?
Group of capillaries
46
What 3 layers make up the glomerular capsule?
1. Visceral Layer 2. Parietal Layer 3. Bowman's Space
47
What makes up the visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule?
Podocytes
48
What makes up the parietal layer of the glomerulus capsule?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
49
What does bowman's capsule do?
As blood filters, water and filtered substances go into this space.
50
Thin, porous, and negatively charged structure formed by glomerulus and visceral layer of glomerular capsule
Filtration Membrane
51
What 3 layers of Filtration Membrane must substances pass through to become part of filtrate?
1. Endothelium of glomerulus 2. Basement membrane of glomerulus 3. Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
52
What kind of endothelium makes up the endothelium layer in the filtration membrane?
Fennestrated endothelium
53
What happens after the glomerular filtrate is in Bowman's Capsule?
It flows into the renal tubules
54
What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?
1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
55
What do Collecting Tubules collect filtrate from?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
56
What is the last structure that can modify filtrate?
The collecting duct
57
Where is water and Na+ reabsorbed in the presence of ADH and aldosterone?
The collecting duct
58
What is path of glomerular filtrate?
Bowman's Capsule > Proximal Convoluted Tubule > Loop of Henle > Distal Convoluted Tubule > Collecting Duct > Renal Papilla > Minor Calyx > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary Bladder > Urethra
59
What dictates the amount of filtrate per minute in the kidneys?
Filtration Pressure
60
What controls filtration pressure?
Glomerular Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
61
Higher pressure =
More filtrate formed
62
What is average Glomerular Filtration Rate?
125 ml/minute or 150 - 180 L/day
63
How much filtrate is reabsorbed?
99%
64
What percent of filtrate is released via urine?
1%
65
Insufficient time for reabsorption, urine output rises leading to dehydration and electrolyte depletion.
Increased GFR
66
Sluggish flow through the nephron too much wastes reabsorbed (toxicity).
Decreased GFR
67
What makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus? 1. 2. 3.
1. Granular Cells 2. Macular Densa 3. Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
68
What are Granular Cells?
Modified smooth muscle of afferent arterioles.
69
What is macular densa?
Modified epithelial cells in DCT that monitor ions.
70
What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?
Located between the granular cells and arterioles; contract and phagocytize filtered particles.
71
When is renin secreted?
when blood pressure or GFF | is reduced = aldosterone
72
What are the 3 layers of the ureter superficial to deep?
1. Adventitia 2. Muscularis 3. Mucosa
73
What is adventitia of the bladder?
areolar connective tissue
74
What is the muscularis of the ureter?
Two smooth muscle layers
75
What is the mucosa of the ureter?
Transitional Epithelium
76
What are constriction points in the ureter?
Common places for kidney stones to get stuck.
77
What are three constriction points?
1. Junction of renal pelvis and ureter 2. Pelvic inlet 3. Entrance to bladder
78
What is the bladder?
Muscular sac that holds urine until | micturition.
79
Where is the female bladder?
Anteroinferior to uterus and anterior | to vagina.
80
Where is the male bladder?
Anterior to rectum and superior to | prostate gland.
81
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Ureteric orifices
82
What drains the bladder?
The Urethra
83
Imaginary lines connecting the ureteric | orifices to the urethra forms the.....?
Trigone
84
What 4 tunics compose the bladder wall deep to superficial?
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Adventitia
85
What does the mucosa tunic line?
The lumen
86
What makes up the mucosa that lines the lumen?
Transitional epithelium
87
What makes up the submucosa tunic?
Irregular Connective Tissue
88
What makes up the muscularis tunic?
3 smooth muscle layers called the detrusor muscle.
89
What is the Adventitia tunic?
Outer layer of connective | tissue of urinary bladder.
90
What is the fibromuscular tube that conducts urine from bladder to outside?
Urethra
91
What two sphincters control the urethra?
1. Internal Urethral Sphincter | 2. External Urethral Sphincter
92
Which urethral sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle controlled by somatic nervous system?
External Urethral Sphincter
93
Which urethral sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle found surrounding neck of bladder?
Internal Urethral Sphincter
94
How is the male and female urethra different? 1. 2.
1. Female urethra shorter, no reproductive function. | 2. Male urethra longer, urinary and reproductive function.
95
What 3 part make up the male urethra?
1. Prostatic urethra 2. Membranous urethra 3. Spongy urethra
96
What are the steps of micturition?
1. When bladder fills with 200-300mls of urine, stretch activates baroreceptors that signal micturition center in pons. 2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves stimulate detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax. 3. Relax external urethral sphincter when ready to void urine (voluntary). 4. Sympathetic nervous system inhibits detrusor muscle and contracts internal urethral sphincter.
97
What is a UTI?
Occurs when bacteria enter the urinary | tract.
98
Why are women more susceptible to UTI's?
Shorter urethra and proximity to anus
99
What increases the risk of UTI in both sexes? 1. 2.
1. Intercourse | 2. Urinary catheter
100
What are symptoms of UTI?
Dysuria, frequent urination, pressure in pubic region; if spread to kidneys can cause nausea, back pain, and occasionally nausea and vomiting.
101
What are renal calculi?
Kidney Stones
102
What are three risk factors of kidney stones?
1. Inadequate Hydration 2. Frequent UTI's 3. Reduced Urinary Flow and Volume
103
Are kidney stones more common in males or females?
Males
104
What is used to break up kidney stones?
Lithotripsy-ultrasound
105
What is the more invasive method to break up a kidney stone?
Ureteroscopy-scope inserted into urethra.
106
What stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax? a. Renal plexus b. Vagus nerve c. Pelvic splanchnic nerves d. Baroreceptors e. It is voluntary
c. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
107
What are two functions of the male and female reproductive system?
1. Production of gametes in the gonads | 2. Steroidogenesis in the gonads
108
What are male gametes?
Sperm
109
What are female gametes?
Eggs
110
What is spermatogenesis?
Production of mature sperm
111
What is oogenesis?
Production of mature eggs
112
Male reproductive system...
A device for producing and delivering sperm to the female.
113
Female reproductive system....
A device for producing eggs and receiving sperm from the male.
114
What are two steroid hormones of steroidogenesis?
1. Androgens (testosterone) | 2. Estrogen
115
What are the gonads for each sex?
Testes or Ovaries
116
What are the primary sex organs?
Gonads (testes, ovaries)
117
What are the secondary sex organs for males? 1. 2. 3.
1. Glands 2. Ducts 3. Penis
118
What are the secondary female sex organs? 1. 2. 3.
1. Uterine tubes 2. Uterus 3. Vagina
119
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Features that develop at puberty.
120
Gonads develop when?
At 6 weeks gestation.
121
What two ducts exist during process of sex differentiation?
1. Wolffian duct (Male) | 2. Müllerian duct (Female)
122
What dictates differentiation in regards to the wolffian ducts and the Müllerian ducts?
One set of ducts develops while the other degenerates. (This dictates sex)
123
What does the SRY gene do? (sex-determining region of Y gene)
In males, SRY codes for a protein that causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone and Anti-müllerian hormone that favors degeneration of female systems.
124
How do females develop?
Absence of male hormones and inhibiting factors due to NO SRY GENE
125
What happens to the mullerian duct if SRY gene is present?
Mullerian duct disappears
126
What happens to the wolffian ducts if the SRY gene is absent?
The wolffian ducts disappear
127
What is the skin pouch holding the testes?
Scrotum
128
What is the bundle of structures from inguinal canal leading into scrotum?
Spermatic cord
129
Why is testicular thermoregulation necessary?
Sperm are produced at 2-3ºC below core body temperature
130
Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?
Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?
131
Smooth muscle; wrinkles skin of the scrotum to reduce heat loss is called what?
Dartos Muscle
132
Veins ascending near testicular artery are called?
Pampiniform plexus
133
What does countercurrent heat exchange do?
Cools arterial blood entering the testes
134
What are the paired oval glands residing in the scrotum?
Testes
135
Testes develop by the ________ and descend down through the _________ _______ to the scrotal sac.
Kidney | Inguinal Canal
136
What are the two functions of the testes?
1. Produce sperm | 2. Produce and secrete steroid hormones
137
What is the serous membrane that covers the testes?
Tunica vaginalis
138
What is the white fibrous capsule that covers the testes and penetrates inward to compartmentalize the testes into different lobule?
Tunica Albuginea
139
Each testis have around how many lobules?
200 - 300
140
What does each lobule contain in the testes?
2-3 seminiferous tubules
141
What are the two compartments of the testes?
1. Seminiferous tubules | 2. Interstitial space
142
What are germ cells in the testes?
Maturing sperm
143
What are sertoli cells in the testes?
Nurse cells that support maturing germ cells.
144
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
145
What is the connective tisue filled space outside of and betwen the seminiferous tubules?
Interstitial Space
146
What cells are found in the interstitial space?
Leydig cells
147
Where does steroidogenesis occur?
Interstitial space
148
What two structures make up the head of spermatozoon?
1. Nucleus | 2. Acrosome
149
What does the nucleus of spermatozoon contain?
Haploid set of chromosomes
150
What does the acrosome of spermatozoon contain?
Enzymes that will penetrate the egg
151
What two parts make up the tail of the spermatozoon?
1. Midpiece | 2. Flagellum
152
What does the midpiece of spermatozoon contain?
Mitochondria (produce ATP for flagellar movement)
153
What does the flagellum of spermatozoon do?
Propels sperm 1 - 4 mm per minute
154
What secretes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone?
Hypothalamus
155
What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone stimulate?
Gonadotropin Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary
156
What hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
157
What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
158
From the semiferous tubules, what path does sperm take?
Straight tubules > Rete Testes > Efferent Ducts > Epididymus
159
Comma shaped structure with an internal ductus epididymis?
Epididymus
160
What is the site of final sperm maturation?
Epididymus
161
What propels sperm toward the vas deferens during sexual arousal?
Peristaltic contractions
162
What muscular tube carries sperm from the epididymus of the testes?
Ductus (vas) Deferens
163
The vas deferens enlarges as the ampulla and joins the seminal vesicles to make what?
The ejaculatory duct
164
What does the ejaculatory duct do?
Dumps semen into the urethra
165
What produces the liquid portion of semen?
Accessory glands
166
Paired glands located at the posterior inferior surface of the bladder?
Seminal Vesicles
167
What do the seminal vesicles produce?
viscous milky fluid (70% of fluid semen)
168
What is the golf ball sized gland inferior to the bladder?
Prostate
169
What does the prostate gland produce?
Produces more, milky slightly acidic fluid (25% of fluid semen)
170
What is the pea sized gland in the deep muscles of the pelvic floor called?
Bulbourethral Gland
171
What does the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands produce?
A clear mucus that aids in neutralizing acidic urine.
172
What is semen?
Sperm and liquid that is produced by the sex glands.
173
How much fluid is expelled during male orgasm?
2 - 5 mL
174
What is normal sperm count?
50 million - 120 million per mL
175
What does fructose do to semen?
Provides energy for sperm motility
176
What does prostaglandins in semen do?
Stimulates female peristaltic contractions
177
What does the chemical base of semen do?
Stabilizes sperm pH at 7.2 - 7.6
178
What are the three parts of the penis?
1. Root 2. Shaft 3. Glans
179
What is the attached portion of the penis?
Root
180
What part of the of the penis is the expanded portion of the base of corpus spongiosum attaching to the deep perineal muscles?
The Bulb
181
What part of the root of the penis is 2 separated tapered portions of the base of the corpus cavernosum attached to the coxal bones?
Crura
182
What 3 cylindrical bodies compose the shaft of the penis?
1. Corpus Callosum | 2. Corpus Spongiosum
183
What composes erectile tissue?
Blood sinuses and smooth muscle
184
What is the slightly enlarged distal end of the penis?
Glans
185
What is the corona of the penis?
The margin surrounding the glans
186
What is the slit-like opening of the spongy urethra?
External urethral orifice
187
What is foreskin called?
Prepuce
188
Paired gonads of female reproductive system residing at the sides of the uterus?
Ovaries
189
What do the ovaries produce? 1. 2.
1. Ova (eggs) | 2. Estrogen and progesterone
190
Each egg develops in its own fluid-filled follicle and is released by what?
Ovulation
191
``` Each ovary consists of? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```
1. Tunica Albuginea 2. Ovarian Cortex 3. Ovarian medulla 4. Ovarian follicles 5. Graafian follicles 6. Corpus luteum
192
What is the thick white connective tissue surrounding ovary?
Tunica Albuginea
193
In the ovary, what is deep to the tunica it contains developing follicles?
Ovarian Cortex
194
In the ovary, what is deep to cortex; it contains blood vessels, nerves.
Ovarian medulla
195
What part of the ovary is located in the cortex; consist of developing oocytes?
Ovarian follicles
196
What part of the ovary is fluid filled follicles ready to rupture?
Graafian follicles
197
What part of the ovary is remnant of a follicle following ovulation?
Corpus Luteum
198
What is oogenesis?
Monthly event that produces one haploid egg
199
Prior to birth, oogonia (stem cells) in the ovary of the embryo multiply and divide. What is this called?
Mitotic Division
200
~7th month gestation- oogonia cease dividing by mitosis and DIFFERENTIATE into the primary oocytes. What is this called?
Meiosis 1
201
When are primary oocytes arrested?
Prophase 1
202
Explain Primary Oocytes
Females are born with a SPECIFIC number of primary oocytes that are stopped in Prophase I
203
What will complete every month after puberty?
Meiosis 1
204
When does meiosis 2 occur?
Only if egg is fertilized
205
Where are developing eggs located in the ovaries?
Follicles
206
``` What are the four types of ovarian follicles? 1. 2. 3. 4. ```
1. Primordial Follicles 2. Primary Follicles 3. Secondary Follicles 4. Graafian Follicles
207
Which ovarian follicles are formed in utero when the primary oocyte associates with and is surrounded by a single layer of squamous-like cells?
Primordial Follicles
208
Which ovarian follicles have begun to mature during puberty under stimulation of FSH and LH?
Primary Follicles
209
What cells do the primary follicles have?
1. Granulosa cells | 2. Theca cells
210
Which type of ovearian follicles continue to grow and form an antrum = fluid filled space?
Secondary Follicles
211
Which type of ovarian follicles, antrum and follicle grows larger?
Graffian Follicles
212
Which ovarian follicle will rupture and release the secondary oocyte?
Graafian Follicle
213
After ovulation, the Graafian follice will turn into the what?
Corpus Luteum
214
What transports secondary oocytes OR fertilized ova from the ovary to the uterus?
Uterine (fallopian) Tubes
215
Open to the peritoneal cavity | Contains fimbriae – fingerlike projections that help guide the oocyte into the tube?
Infundibulum
216
Fertilization of the egg takes place within 24 hours of ovulation and usually occurs where?
Ampulla of uterine tube
217
What is the medial, short, narrow portion of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterine wall?
Isthmus
218
``` What are 4 functions of the uterus? 1. 2. 3. 4. ```
1. Passageway for sperm to get to oocyte. 2. Site of implantation of the zygote 3. Site of development of the fetus 4. Located between the rectum and urinary bladder.
219
What part of the uterus is dome shaped and superior to the uterine tubes?
Fundus
220
What is the central portion of the uterus?
The body
221
What is the inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina?
Cervix
222
What is the internal OS?
Opening into the uterus
223
What is the external OS?
Opening to the vagina
224
``` What are the 5 layers of the uterine wall? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ```
1. Perimetrium 2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium 4. Deciduous Layer 5. Basal layer
225
What is the external serosa layer of the uterine wall?
Perimetrium
226
What is the middle muscle layer of the uterus?
Myometrium
227
What is the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine wall?
Endometrium
228
What is the superficial layer of the uterine wall that is shed with each menstrual period?
Deciduous layer
229
What is the deeper layer of the uterine wall that regenerates a new deciduous layer with each menstrual cycle?
Basal layer
230
What ligament attaches ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus to the lateral body wall?
Broad Ligament
231
What does mesometrium anchor?
The Uterus
232
What anchors the uterine tube?
Mesosalpinx
233
What anchors the ovary posteriorly?
Mesovarium
234
What ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
235
What ligament suspends ovary laterally and contains the ovarian vessels?
Suspensory ligament of the ovaries
236
What ligament runs from uterus to the labia majora?
Round ligaments
237
What ligament runs uterus to sacrum?
Uterosacral ligament
238
What triggers puberty?
Rising levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates LH and FSH.
239
What stimulates follicles to mature and secrete estrogen and progesterone?
(FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone
240
What hormone stimulates ovulation and production of E and P?
(LH) Luteinizing Hormone
241
How are female hormones secreted?
Cyclically and in a sequence
242
On average, how long does a menstrual cycle last?
28 days
243
What are 2 phases of the female sexual cycle?
1. Follicular phase | 2. Postovulatory phase
244
What is the follicular phase?
First 3-5 days of menstruation
245
What happens in the follicular phase?
Uterus replaces lost endothelium, follicles grow
246
What happens in the postovulatory phase?
1. Corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening | 2. Endometrium lost again if pregnancy does not occur
247
What is the fibromuscular canal extending from the cervix to the exterior body?
Vagina
248
What are 3 functions of the vagina?
1. Serves as receptacle during intercourse 2. Outlet for menstrual flow 3. Passageway for childbirth
249
Where is the vagina?
Between the bladder and rectum inferior to the cervix
250
What is the region where the vagina attaches to the cervix?
The fornix
251
What is the vulva?
External female genitalia
252
What is the skin and pubic hair that covers the pubic bone called?
Mons Pubis
253
What are the longitudinal skin folds of the vulva?
Labia majora
254
What are the 2 smaller folds medial to the majora?
Labia minora
255
What is the mass of erectile tissue and nerves located at anterior junction of labia minora?
The clitoris
256
What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?
Glans clitoris
257
What covers the clitoris?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
258
What is the region between the labia minora?
Vestibule
259
What glands secrete mucous and are homologous to prostate?
Skene’s glands
260
What glands secrete mucus and are homologous to bulbourethral glands?
Bartholin’s glands
261
2 elongated masses of erectile tissue on sides of labia minora
Bulb of the vestibule

Anatomy (18 decks)

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