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Anatomy > Final Chapter 4 Review > Flashcards

Final Chapter 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q 
What makes up the urinary system?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. 2 kidneys
  2. 2 ureters
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
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2
Q

What transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Ureters

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3
Q

What hormones are excreted by the urinary system?

A
  1. Erythropoietin

2. Renin

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Increases red blood cell production

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5
Q

What does the hormone renin do?

A

Causes increase in blood pressure

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6
Q

Is the kidney peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

What is the concave medial border of the kidney called?

A

Hilum

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8
Q

What are the 7 functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. Filters blood to remove waste
  2. Storage/expulsion of urine
  3. Regulates blood volume/pressure
  4. Regulates blood ionic composition
  5. Secretes enzymes and hormones
  6. Regulates pH
  7. Glucogenesis
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9
Q

Put the kidney tissue layers in order from superficial to deep.

A

Paranephric fat, Renal fascia, Perinephric fat, Fibrous capsule

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10
Q

Which kidney tissue layer is made up of dense irregular connective
tissue that is directly adhered to kidney; maintains kidney’s shape, protects from trauma and prevents infection?

A

Fibrous Capsule

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11
Q

What kidney tissue layer is made up of adipose tissue that varies in
thickness; surrounds kidney and offers
protection?

A

Perinephric Fat

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12
Q

What kind of kidney tissue is made up of dense irregular connective tissue
that anchors the kidney?

A

Renal Fascia

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13
Q

What kind of kidney tissue is made up of adipose tissue that lies between renal fascia and peritoneum?

A

Paranephric Fat

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14
Q

How many lobes does a kidney have?

A

8-15

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15
Q

What is the outter layer inside the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex

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16
Q

What is the inner layer inside the kidney?

A

Renal Medulla

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17
Q

What does each renal papilla empty into?

A

Minor Calyx

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18
Q

What do the minor calyces merge to form?

A

Major Calyx

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19
Q

How many major calyx per kidney?

A

2-3

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20
Q

Major calyces merge to form what?

A

Renal Pelvis

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21
Q

What function does the renal pelvis have?

A

Collects and transports urine to the ureters.

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22
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

Filters the blood and helps
regulate blood volume via removal
and reabsorption of water and ions

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23
Q

What supplies the kidneys with blood?

A

Renal Arteries

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24
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the kidneys receive?

A

25%

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25
Q

What is the blood flow of the kidneys?

A

Renal Artery > Segmental Artery > Interlobar Artery > Arcuate Artery > Interlobular Artery > Afferent Arterioles > Gomerular Capillaries > Efferent Arterioles > Peritubular Capillaries > Interlobular Veins > Arcuate Veins > Interlobar Veins > Segmental Veins > Renal Vein

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26
Q

What innervates the kidney?

A

Renal Plexus

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27
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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28
Q

What are individual nephrons connected to in the kidneys?

A

Collecting Duct

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29
Q

What do the collecting ducts empty into?

A

Minor Calyx

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30
Q

What are the 2 regions of the nephron?

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle

2. Renal Tubule

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31
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle in the nephron?
1.
2.

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Glomerular Capsule

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32
Q

What makes up the renal tubule in the nephron?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
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33
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical Nephron

2. Juxtamedullary Nephron

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34
Q

Which type of nephron is the most common?

A

Cortical Nephrons?

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35
Q

Where does the cortical nephron receive blood from?

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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36
Q

Where do juxtamedullary nephrons receive blood from?

A

Vasa Recta

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37
Q

Which type of nephron is responsible for making very dilute or very concentrated urine?

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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38
Q

Where are nephrons located in the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex

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39
Q

Which type of nephron’s loop of henle extends beyond the renal cortex into the renal medulla?

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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40
Q

What 3 processes are involved in urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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41
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration?

A

Substance movement from glomerulus to bowman’s space.

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42
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Substance movement from tubular fluid back to blood.

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43
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Substance movement from blood to tubular fluid.

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44
Q

What two parts compose the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Gomerular Capsule

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45
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Group of capillaries

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46
Q

What 3 layers make up the glomerular capsule?

A
  1. Visceral Layer
  2. Parietal Layer
  3. Bowman’s Space
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47
Q

What makes up the visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule?

A

Podocytes

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48
Q

What makes up the parietal layer of the glomerulus capsule?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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49
Q

What does bowman’s capsule do?

A

As blood filters, water and filtered substances go into this space.

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50
Q

Thin, porous, and negatively charged
structure formed by glomerulus and
visceral layer of glomerular capsule

A

Filtration Membrane

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51
Q

What 3 layers of Filtration Membrane must substances pass through to become part of filtrate?

A
  1. Endothelium of glomerulus
  2. Basement membrane of glomerulus
  3. Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
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52
Q

What kind of endothelium makes up the endothelium layer in the filtration membrane?

A

Fennestrated endothelium

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53
Q

What happens after the glomerular filtrate is in Bowman’s Capsule?

A

It flows into the renal tubules

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54
Q

What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
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55
Q

What do Collecting Tubules collect filtrate from?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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56
Q

What is the last structure that can modify filtrate?

A

The collecting duct

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57
Q

Where is water and Na+ reabsorbed in the presence of ADH and aldosterone?

A

The collecting duct

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58
Q

What is path of glomerular filtrate?

A

Bowman’s Capsule > Proximal Convoluted Tubule > Loop of Henle > Distal Convoluted Tubule > Collecting Duct > Renal Papilla > Minor Calyx > Major Calyx > Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary Bladder > Urethra

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59
Q

What dictates the amount of filtrate per minute in the kidneys?

A

Filtration Pressure

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60
Q

What controls filtration pressure?

A

Glomerular Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

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61
Q

Higher pressure =

A

More filtrate formed

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62
Q

What is average Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

125 ml/minute or 150 - 180 L/day

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63
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

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64
Q

What percent of filtrate is released via urine?

A

1%

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65
Q

Insufficient time for reabsorption, urine output rises leading to dehydration and electrolyte depletion.

A

Increased GFR

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66
Q

Sluggish flow through the nephron too much wastes reabsorbed (toxicity).

A

Decreased GFR

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67
Q

What makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Granular Cells
  2. Macular Densa
  3. Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
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68
Q

What are Granular Cells?

A

Modified smooth muscle of afferent arterioles.

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69
Q

What is macular densa?

A

Modified epithelial cells in DCT that monitor ions.

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70
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Located between the granular cells and arterioles; contract and phagocytize filtered particles.

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71
Q

When is renin secreted?

A

when blood pressure or GFF

is reduced = aldosterone

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72
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureter superficial to deep?

A
  1. Adventitia
  2. Muscularis
  3. Mucosa
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73
Q

What is adventitia of the bladder?

A

areolar connective tissue

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74
Q

What is the muscularis of the ureter?

A

Two smooth muscle layers

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75
Q

What is the mucosa of the ureter?

A

Transitional Epithelium

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76
Q

What are constriction points in the ureter?

A

Common places for kidney stones to get stuck.

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77
Q

What are three constriction points?

A
  1. Junction of renal pelvis and ureter
  2. Pelvic inlet
  3. Entrance to bladder
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78
Q

What is the bladder?

A

Muscular sac that holds urine until

micturition.

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79
Q

Where is the female bladder?

A

Anteroinferior to uterus and anterior

to vagina.

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80
Q

Where is the male bladder?

A

Anterior to rectum and superior to

prostate gland.

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81
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

Ureteric orifices

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82
Q

What drains the bladder?

A

The Urethra

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83
Q

Imaginary lines connecting the ureteric

orifices to the urethra forms the…..?

A

Trigone

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84
Q

What 4 tunics compose the bladder wall deep to superficial?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventitia
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85
Q

What does the mucosa tunic line?

A

The lumen

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86
Q

What makes up the mucosa that lines the lumen?

A

Transitional epithelium

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87
Q

What makes up the submucosa tunic?

A

Irregular Connective Tissue

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88
Q

What makes up the muscularis tunic?

A

3 smooth muscle layers called the detrusor muscle.

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89
Q

What is the Adventitia tunic?

A

Outer layer of connective

tissue of urinary bladder.

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90
Q

What is the fibromuscular tube that conducts urine from bladder to outside?

A

Urethra

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91
Q

What two sphincters control the urethra?

A
  1. Internal Urethral Sphincter

2. External Urethral Sphincter

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92
Q

Which urethral sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle controlled by somatic nervous system?

A

External Urethral Sphincter

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93
Q

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle found surrounding neck of bladder?

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter

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94
Q

How is the male and female urethra different?
1.
2.

A
  1. Female urethra shorter, no reproductive function.

2. Male urethra longer, urinary and reproductive function.

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95
Q

What 3 part make up the male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra
  3. Spongy urethra
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96
Q

What are the steps of micturition?

A
  1. When bladder fills with 200-300mls of urine, stretch activates baroreceptors that signal micturition center in pons.
  2. Pelvic splanchnic nerves stimulate detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax.
  3. Relax external urethral sphincter when ready to void urine (voluntary).
  4. Sympathetic nervous system inhibits
    detrusor muscle and contracts internal
    urethral sphincter.
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97
Q

What is a UTI?

A

Occurs when bacteria enter the urinary

tract.

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98
Q

Why are women more susceptible to UTI’s?

A

Shorter urethra and proximity to anus

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99
Q

What increases the risk of UTI in both sexes?
1.
2.

A
  1. Intercourse

2. Urinary catheter

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100
Q

What are symptoms of UTI?

A

Dysuria, frequent urination, pressure in pubic region; if spread to kidneys can cause nausea, back pain, and occasionally nausea and vomiting.

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101
Q

What are renal calculi?

A

Kidney Stones

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102
Q

What are three risk factors of kidney stones?

A
  1. Inadequate Hydration
  2. Frequent UTI’s
  3. Reduced Urinary Flow and Volume
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103
Q

Are kidney stones more common in males or females?

A

Males

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104
Q

What is used to break up kidney stones?

A

Lithotripsy-ultrasound

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105
Q

What is the more invasive method to break up a kidney stone?

A

Ureteroscopy-scope inserted into urethra.

106
Q

What stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax?

a. Renal plexus
b. Vagus nerve
c. Pelvic splanchnic nerves
d. Baroreceptors
e. It is voluntary

A

c. Pelvic splanchnic nerves

107
Q

What are two functions of the male and female reproductive system?

A
  1. Production of gametes in the gonads

2. Steroidogenesis in the gonads

108
Q

What are male gametes?

A

Sperm

109
Q

What are female gametes?

A

Eggs

110
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Production of mature sperm

111
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of mature eggs

112
Q

Male reproductive system…

A

A device for producing and delivering sperm to the female.

113
Q

Female reproductive system….

A

A device for producing eggs and receiving sperm from the male.

114
Q

What are two steroid hormones of steroidogenesis?

A
  1. Androgens (testosterone)

2. Estrogen

115
Q

What are the gonads for each sex?

A

Testes or Ovaries

116
Q

What are the primary sex organs?

A

Gonads (testes, ovaries)

117
Q

What are the secondary sex organs for males?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Glands
  2. Ducts
  3. Penis
118
Q

What are the secondary female sex organs?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Uterine tubes
  2. Uterus
  3. Vagina
119
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Features that develop at puberty.

120
Q

Gonads develop when?

A

At 6 weeks gestation.

121
Q

What two ducts exist during process of sex differentiation?

A
  1. Wolffian duct (Male)

2. Müllerian duct (Female)

122
Q

What dictates differentiation in regards to the wolffian ducts and the Müllerian ducts?

A

One set of ducts develops while the other degenerates. (This dictates sex)

123
Q

What does the SRY gene do? (sex-determining region of Y gene)

A

In males, SRY codes for a protein that causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone and Anti-müllerian hormone that favors degeneration of female systems.

124
Q

How do females develop?

A

Absence of male hormones and inhibiting factors due to NO SRY GENE

125
Q

What happens to the mullerian duct if SRY gene is present?

A

Mullerian duct disappears

126
Q

What happens to the wolffian ducts if the SRY gene is absent?

A

The wolffian ducts disappear

127
Q

What is the skin pouch holding the testes?

A

Scrotum

128
Q

What is the bundle of structures from inguinal canal leading into scrotum?

A

Spermatic cord

129
Q

Why is testicular thermoregulation necessary?

A

Sperm are produced at 2-3ºC below core body temperature

130
Q

Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?

A

Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?

131
Q

Smooth muscle; wrinkles skin of the scrotum to reduce heat loss is called what?

A

Dartos Muscle

132
Q

Veins ascending near testicular artery are called?

A

Pampiniform plexus

133
Q

What does countercurrent heat exchange do?

A

Cools arterial blood entering the testes

134
Q

What are the paired oval glands residing in the scrotum?

A

Testes

135
Q

Testes develop by the ________ and descend down through the _________ _______ to the scrotal sac.

A

Kidney

Inguinal Canal

136
Q

What are the two functions of the testes?

A
  1. Produce sperm

2. Produce and secrete steroid hormones

137
Q

What is the serous membrane that covers the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis

138
Q

What is the white fibrous capsule that covers the testes and penetrates inward to compartmentalize the testes into different lobule?

A

Tunica Albuginea

139
Q

Each testis have around how many lobules?

A

200 - 300

140
Q

What does each lobule contain in the testes?

A

2-3 seminiferous tubules

141
Q

What are the two compartments of the testes?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules

2. Interstitial space

142
Q

What are germ cells in the testes?

A

Maturing sperm

143
Q

What are sertoli cells in the testes?

A

Nurse cells that support maturing germ cells.

144
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

145
Q

What is the connective tisue filled space outside of and betwen the seminiferous tubules?

A

Interstitial Space

146
Q

What cells are found in the interstitial space?

A

Leydig cells

147
Q

Where does steroidogenesis occur?

A

Interstitial space

148
Q

What two structures make up the head of spermatozoon?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Acrosome

149
Q

What does the nucleus of spermatozoon contain?

A

Haploid set of chromosomes

150
Q

What does the acrosome of spermatozoon contain?

A

Enzymes that will penetrate the egg

151
Q

What two parts make up the tail of the spermatozoon?

A
  1. Midpiece

2. Flagellum

152
Q

What does the midpiece of spermatozoon contain?

A

Mitochondria (produce ATP for flagellar movement)

153
Q

What does the flagellum of spermatozoon do?

A

Propels sperm 1 - 4 mm per minute

154
Q

What secretes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

155
Q

What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone stimulate?

A

Gonadotropin Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary

156
Q

What hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

157
Q

What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

158
Q

From the semiferous tubules, what path does sperm take?

A

Straight tubules > Rete Testes > Efferent Ducts > Epididymus

159
Q

Comma shaped structure with an internal ductus epididymis?

A

Epididymus

160
Q

What is the site of final sperm maturation?

A

Epididymus

161
Q

What propels sperm toward the vas deferens during sexual arousal?

A

Peristaltic contractions

162
Q

What muscular tube carries sperm from the epididymus of the testes?

A

Ductus (vas) Deferens

163
Q

The vas deferens enlarges as the ampulla and joins the seminal vesicles to make what?

A

The ejaculatory duct

164
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct do?

A

Dumps semen into the urethra

165
Q

What produces the liquid portion of semen?

A

Accessory glands

166
Q

Paired glands located at the posterior inferior surface of the bladder?

A

Seminal Vesicles

167
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

viscous milky fluid (70% of fluid semen)

168
Q

What is the golf ball sized gland inferior to the bladder?

A

Prostate

169
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

Produces more, milky slightly acidic fluid (25% of fluid semen)

170
Q

What is the pea sized gland in the deep muscles of the pelvic floor called?

A

Bulbourethral Gland

171
Q

What does the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands produce?

A

A clear mucus that aids in neutralizing acidic urine.

172
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm and liquid that is produced by the sex glands.

173
Q

How much fluid is expelled during male orgasm?

A

2 - 5 mL

174
Q

What is normal sperm count?

A

50 million - 120 million per mL

175
Q

What does fructose do to semen?

A

Provides energy for sperm motility

176
Q

What does prostaglandins in semen do?

A

Stimulates female peristaltic contractions

177
Q

What does the chemical base of semen do?

A

Stabilizes sperm pH at 7.2 - 7.6

178
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A
  1. Root
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans
179
Q

What is the attached portion of the penis?

A

Root

180
Q

What part of the of the penis is the expanded portion of the base of corpus spongiosum attaching to the deep perineal muscles?

A

The Bulb

181
Q

What part of the root of the penis is 2 separated tapered portions of the base of the corpus cavernosum attached to the coxal bones?

A

Crura

182
Q

What 3 cylindrical bodies compose the shaft of the penis?

A
  1. Corpus Callosum

2. Corpus Spongiosum

183
Q

What composes erectile tissue?

A

Blood sinuses and smooth muscle

184
Q

What is the slightly enlarged distal end of the penis?

A

Glans

185
Q

What is the corona of the penis?

A

The margin surrounding the glans

186
Q

What is the slit-like opening of the spongy urethra?

A

External urethral orifice

187
Q

What is foreskin called?

A

Prepuce

188
Q

Paired gonads of female reproductive system residing at the sides of the uterus?

A

Ovaries

189
Q

What do the ovaries produce?
1.
2.

A
  1. Ova (eggs)

2. Estrogen and progesterone

190
Q

Each egg develops in its own fluid-filled follicle and is released by what?

A

Ovulation

191
Q 
Each ovary consists of?
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6.
A
  1. Tunica Albuginea
  2. Ovarian Cortex
  3. Ovarian medulla
  4. Ovarian follicles
  5. Graafian follicles
  6. Corpus luteum
192
Q

What is the thick white connective tissue surrounding ovary?

A

Tunica Albuginea

193
Q

In the ovary, what is deep to the tunica it contains developing follicles?

A

Ovarian Cortex

194
Q

In the ovary, what is deep to cortex; it contains blood vessels, nerves.

A

Ovarian medulla

195
Q

What part of the ovary is located in the cortex; consist of developing oocytes?

A

Ovarian follicles

196
Q

What part of the ovary is fluid filled follicles ready to rupture?

A

Graafian follicles

197
Q

What part of the ovary is remnant of a follicle following ovulation?

A

Corpus Luteum

198
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Monthly event that produces one haploid egg

199
Q

Prior to birth, oogonia (stem cells) in the ovary of the embryo multiply and divide. What is this called?

A

Mitotic Division

200
Q

~7th month gestation- oogonia cease dividing by mitosis and DIFFERENTIATE into the primary oocytes. What is this called?

A

Meiosis 1

201
Q

When are primary oocytes arrested?

A

Prophase 1

202
Q

Explain Primary Oocytes

A

Females are born with a SPECIFIC number of primary oocytes that are stopped in Prophase I

203
Q

What will complete every month after puberty?

A

Meiosis 1

204
Q

When does meiosis 2 occur?

A

Only if egg is fertilized

205
Q

Where are developing eggs located in the ovaries?

A

Follicles

206
Q 
What are the four types of ovarian follicles?
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.
A
  1. Primordial Follicles
  2. Primary Follicles
  3. Secondary Follicles
  4. Graafian Follicles
207
Q

Which ovarian follicles are formed in utero when the primary oocyte associates with and is surrounded by a single layer of squamous-like cells?

A

Primordial Follicles

208
Q

Which ovarian follicles have begun to mature during puberty under stimulation of FSH and LH?

A

Primary Follicles

209
Q

What cells do the primary follicles have?

A
  1. Granulosa cells

2. Theca cells

210
Q

Which type of ovearian follicles continue to grow and form an antrum = fluid filled space?

A

Secondary Follicles

211
Q

Which type of ovarian follicles, antrum and follicle grows larger?

A

Graffian Follicles

212
Q

Which ovarian follicle will rupture and release the secondary oocyte?

A

Graafian Follicle

213
Q

After ovulation, the Graafian follice will turn into the what?

A

Corpus Luteum

214
Q

What transports secondary oocytes OR fertilized ova from the ovary to the uterus?

A

Uterine (fallopian) Tubes

215
Q

Open to the peritoneal cavity

Contains fimbriae – fingerlike projections that help guide the oocyte into the tube?

A

Infundibulum

216
Q

Fertilization of the egg takes place within 24 hours of ovulation and usually occurs where?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

217
Q

What is the medial, short, narrow portion of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterine wall?

A

Isthmus

218
Q 
What are 4 functions of the uterus?
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.
A
  1. Passageway for sperm to get to oocyte.
  2. Site of implantation of the zygote
  3. Site of development of the fetus
  4. Located between the rectum and urinary bladder.
219
Q

What part of the uterus is dome shaped and superior to the uterine tubes?

A

Fundus

220
Q

What is the central portion of the uterus?

A

The body

221
Q

What is the inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina?

A

Cervix

222
Q

What is the internal OS?

A

Opening into the uterus

223
Q

What is the external OS?

A

Opening to the vagina

224
Q 
What are the 5 layers of the uterine wall?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
  4. Deciduous Layer
  5. Basal layer
225
Q

What is the external serosa layer of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium

226
Q

What is the middle muscle layer of the uterus?

A

Myometrium

227
Q

What is the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine wall?

A

Endometrium

228
Q

What is the superficial layer of the uterine wall that is shed with each menstrual period?

A

Deciduous layer

229
Q

What is the deeper layer of the uterine wall that regenerates a new deciduous layer with each menstrual cycle?

A

Basal layer

230
Q

What ligament attaches ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus to the lateral body wall?

A

Broad Ligament

231
Q

What does mesometrium anchor?

A

The Uterus

232
Q

What anchors the uterine tube?

A

Mesosalpinx

233
Q

What anchors the ovary posteriorly?

A

Mesovarium

234
Q

What ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

235
Q

What ligament suspends ovary laterally and contains the ovarian vessels?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovaries

236
Q

What ligament runs from uterus to the labia majora?

A

Round ligaments

237
Q

What ligament runs uterus to sacrum?

A

Uterosacral ligament

238
Q

What triggers puberty?

A

Rising levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates LH and FSH.

239
Q

What stimulates follicles to mature and secrete estrogen and progesterone?

A

(FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone

240
Q

What hormone stimulates ovulation and production of E and P?

A

(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

241
Q

How are female hormones secreted?

A

Cyclically and in a sequence

242
Q

On average, how long does a menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

243
Q

What are 2 phases of the female sexual cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase

2. Postovulatory phase

244
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

First 3-5 days of menstruation

245
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

Uterus replaces lost endothelium, follicles grow

246
Q

What happens in the postovulatory phase?

A
  1. Corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening

2. Endometrium lost again if pregnancy does not occur

247
Q

What is the fibromuscular canal extending from the cervix to the exterior body?

A

Vagina

248
Q

What are 3 functions of the vagina?

A
  1. Serves as receptacle during intercourse
  2. Outlet for menstrual flow
  3. Passageway for childbirth
249
Q

Where is the vagina?

A

Between the bladder and rectum inferior to the cervix

250
Q

What is the region where the vagina attaches to the cervix?

A

The fornix

251
Q

What is the vulva?

A

External female genitalia

252
Q

What is the skin and pubic hair that covers the pubic bone called?

A

Mons Pubis

253
Q

What are the longitudinal skin folds of the vulva?

A

Labia majora

254
Q

What are the 2 smaller folds medial to the majora?

A

Labia minora

255
Q

What is the mass of erectile tissue and nerves located at anterior junction of labia minora?

A

The clitoris

256
Q

What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?

A

Glans clitoris

257
Q

What covers the clitoris?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

258
Q

What is the region between the labia minora?

A

Vestibule

259
Q

What glands secrete mucous and are homologous to prostate?

A

Skene’s glands

260
Q

What glands secrete mucus and are homologous to bulbourethral glands?

A

Bartholin’s glands

261
Q

2 elongated masses of erectile tissue on sides of labia minora

A

Bulb of the vestibule

Anatomy (18 decks)

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