The Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are two functions of the male and female reproductive system?
A
- Production of gametes in the gonads
2. Steroidogenesis in the gonads
2
Q
What are male gametes?
A
Sperm
3
Q
What are female gametes?
A
Eggs
4
Q
What is spermatogenesis?
A
Production of mature sperm
5
Q
What is oogenesis?
A
Production of mature eggs
6
Q
Male reproductive system…
A
A device for producing and delivering sperm to the female.
7
Q
Female reproductive system….
A
A device for producing eggs and receiving sperm from the male.
8
Q
What are two steroid hormones of steroidogenesis?
A
- Androgens (testosterone)
2. Estrogen
9
Q
What are the gonads for each sex?
A
Testes or Ovaries
10
Q
What are the primary sex organs?
A
Gonads (testes, ovaries)
11
Q
What are the secondary sex organs for males?
1.
2.
3.
A
- Glands
- Ducts
- Penis
12
Q
What are the secondary female sex organs?
1.
2.
3.
A
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
13
Q
What are secondary sex characteristics?
A
Features that develop at puberty.
14
Q
Gonads develop when?
A
At 6 weeks gestation.
15
Q
What two ducts exist during process of sex differentiation?
A
- Wolffian duct (Male)
2. Müllerian duct (Female)
16
Q
What dictates differentiation in regards to the wolffian ducts and the Müllerian ducts?
A
One set of ducts develops while the other degenerates. (This dictates sex)
17
Q
What does the SRY gene do? (sex-determining region of Y gene)
A
In males, SRY codes for a protein that causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone and Anti-müllerian hormone that favors degeneration of female systems.
18
Q
How do females develop?
A
Absence of male hormones and inhibiting factors due to NO SRY GENE
19
Q
What happens to the mullerian duct if SRY gene is present?
A
Mullerian duct disappears
20
Q
What happens to the wolffian ducts if the SRY gene is absent?
A
The wolffian ducts disappear
21
Q
What is the skin pouch holding the testes?
A
Scrotum
22
Q
What is the bundle of structures from inguinal canal leading into scrotum?
A
Spermatic cord
23
Q
Why is testicular thermoregulation necessary?
A
Sperm are produced at 2-3ºC below core body temperature
24
Q
Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?
A
Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?
25
Smooth muscle; wrinkles skin of the scrotum to reduce heat loss is called what?
Dartos Muscle
26
Veins ascending near testicular artery are called?
Pampiniform plexus
27
What does countercurrent heat exchange do?
Cools arterial blood entering the testes
28
What are the paired oval glands residing in the scrotum?
Testes
29
Testes develop by the ________ and descend down through the _________ _______ to the scrotal sac.
Kidney
| Inguinal Canal
30
What are the two functions of the testes?
1. Produce sperm
| 2. Produce and secrete steroid hormones
31
What is the serous membrane that covers the testes?
Tunica vaginalis
32
What is the white fibrous capsule that covers the testes and penetrates inward to compartmentalize the testes into different lobule?
Tunica Albuginea
33
Each testis have around how many lobules?
200 - 300
34
What does each lobule contain in the testes?
2-3 seminiferous tubules
35
What are the two compartments of the testes?
1. Seminiferous tubules
| 2. Interstitial space
36
What are germ cells in the testes?
Maturing sperm
37
What are sertoli cells in the testes?
Nurse cells that support maturing germ cells.
38
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
39
What is the connective tisue filled space outside of and betwen the seminiferous tubules?
Interstitial Space
40
What cells are found in the interstitial space?
Leydig cells
41
Where does steroidogenesis occur?
Interstitial space
42
What two structures make up the head of spermatozoon?
1. Nucleus
| 2. Acrosome
43
What does the nucleus of spermatozoon contain?
Haploid set of chromosomes
44
What does the acrosome of spermatozoon contain?
Enzymes that will penetrate the egg
45
What two parts make up the tail of the spermatozoon?
1. Midpiece
| 2. Flagellum
46
What does the midpiece of spermatozoon contain?
Mitochondria (produce ATP for flagellar movement)
47
What does the flagellum of spermatozoon do?
Propels sperm 1 - 4 mm per minute
48
What secretes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone?
Hypothalamus
49
What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone stimulate?
Gonadotropin Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary
50
What hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
51
What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
52
From the semiferous tubules, what path does sperm take?
Straight tubules > Rete Testes > Efferent Ducts > Epididymus
53
Comma shaped structure with an internal ductus epididymis?
Epididymus
54
What is the site of final sperm maturation?
Epididymus
55
What propels sperm toward the vas deferens during sexual arousal?
Peristaltic contractions
56
What muscular tube carries sperm from the epididymus of the testes?
Ductus (vas) Deferens
57
The vas deferens enlarges as the ampulla and joins the seminal vesicles to make what?
The ejaculatory duct
58
What does the ejaculatory duct do?
Dumps semen into the urethra
59
What produces the liquid portion of semen?
Accessory glands
60
Paired glands located at the posterior inferior surface of the bladder?
Seminal Vesicles
61
What do the seminal vesicles produce?
viscous milky fluid (70% of fluid semen)
62
What is the golf ball sized gland inferior to the bladder?
Prostate
63
What does the prostate gland produce?
Produces more, milky slightly acidic fluid (25% of fluid semen)
64
What is the pea sized gland in the deep muscles of the pelvic floor called?
What is the pea sized gland in the deep muscles of the pelvic floor called?
65
What does the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands produce?
A clear mucus that aids in neutralizing acidic urine.
66
What is semen?
Sperm and liquid that is produced by the sex glands.
67
How much fluid is expelled during male orgasm?
2 - 5 mL
68
What is normal sperm count?
50 million - 120 million per mL
69
What does fructose do to semen?
Provides energy for sperm motility
70
What does prostaglandins in semen do?
Stimulates female peristaltic contractions
71
What does the chemical base of semen do?
Stabilizes sperm pH at 7.2 - 7.6
72
What are the three parts of the penis?
1. Root
2. Shaft
3. Glans
73
What is the attached portion of the penis?
Root
74
What part of the of the penis is the expanded portion of the base of corpus spongiosum attaching to the deep perineal muscles?
The bulb
75
What part of the root of the penis is 2 separated tapered portions of the base of the corpus cavernosum attached to the coxal bones?
Crura
76
What 3 cylindrical bodies compose the shaft of the penis?
What 3 cylindrical bodies compose the shaft of the penis?
77
What composes erectile tissue?
Blood sinuses and smooth muscle
78
What is the slightly enlarged distal end of the penis?
Glans
79
What is the corona of the penis?
The margin surrounding the glans
80
What is the slit-like opening of the spongy urethra?
External urethral orifice
81
What is foreskin called?
Prepuce
82
Paired gonads of female reproductive system residing at the sides of the uterus?
Paired gonads of female reproductive system residing at the sides of the uterus?
83
What do the ovaries produce?
1.
2.
1. Ova (eggs)
| 2. Estrogen and progesterone
84
Each egg develops in its own fluid-filled follicle and is released by what?
Ovulation
85
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Each ovary consists of?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
```
1. Tunica Albuginea
2. Ovarian Cortex
3. Ovarian medulla
4. Ovarian follicles
5. Graafian follicles
6. Corpus luteum
86
What is the thick white connective tissue surrounding ovary?
Tunica Albuginea
87
In the ovary, what is deep to the tunica it contains developing follicles?
Ovarian Cortex
88
In the ovary, what is deep to cortex; it contains blood vessels, nerves.
Ovarian medulla
89
What part of the ovary is located in the cortex; consist of developing oocytes?
Ovarian follicles
90
What part of the ovary is fluid filled follicles ready to rupture?
Graafian follicles
91
What part of the ovary is remnant of a follicle following ovulation?
Corpus luteum
92
What is oogenesis?
Monthly event that produces one haploid egg
93
Prior to birth, oogonia (stem cells) in the ovary of the embryo multiply and divide. What is this called?
Mitotic Division
94
~7th month gestation- oogonia cease dividing by mitosis and DIFFERENTIATE into the primary oocytes. What is this called?
Meiosis 1
95
When are primary oocytes arrested?
Prophase 1
96
Explain Primary Oocytes
Females are born with a SPECIFIC number of primary oocytes that are stopped in Prophase I
97
What will complete every month after puberty?
Meiosis 1
98
When does meiosis 2 occur?
Only if egg is fertilized
99
Where are developing eggs located in the ovaries?
Follicles
100
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What are the four types of ovarian follicles?
1.
2.
3.
4.
```
1. Primordial Follicles
2. Primary Follicles
3. Secondary Follicles
4. Graafian Follicles
101
Which ovarian follicles are formed in utero when the primary oocyte associates with and is surrounded by a single layer of squamous-like cells?
Primordial Follicles
102
Which ovarian follicles have begun to mature during puberty under stimulation of FSH and LH?
Primary Follicles
103
What cells do the primary follicles have?
1. Granulosa cells
| 2. Theca cells
104
Which type of ovearian follicles continue to grow and form an antrum = fluid filled space?
Secondary Follicles
105
Which type of ovarian follicles, antrum and follicle grows larger?
Graffian Follicles
106
Which ovarian follicle will rupture and release the secondary oocyte?
Graafian Follicle
107
After ovulation, the Graafian follice will turn into the what?
Corpus Luteum
108
What transports secondary oocytes OR fertilized ova from the ovary to the uterus?
Uterine (fallopian) Tubes
109
Open to the peritoneal cavity
| Contains fimbriae – fingerlike projections that help guide the oocyte into the tube?
Infundibulum
110
Fertilization of the egg takes place within 24 hours of ovulation and usually occurs here?
Ampulla of uterine tube
111
What is the medial, short, narrow portion of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterine wall?
Isthmus
112
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What are 4 functions of the uterus?
1.
2.
3.
4.
```
1. Passageway for sperm to get to oocyte.
2. Site of implantation of the zygote
3. Site of development of the fetus
4. Located between the rectum and urinary bladder.
113
What part of the uterus is dome shaped and superior to the uterine tubes?
Fundus
114
What is the central portion of the uterus?
The body
115
What is the inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina?
Cervix
116
What is the internal OS?
Opening into the uterus
117
What is the external OS?
Opening to the vagina
118
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What are the 5 layers of the uterine wall?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
```
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
4. Deciduous Layer
5. Basal layer
119
What is the external serosa layer of the uterine wall?
Perimetrium
120
What is the middle muscle layer of the uterus?
Myometrium
121
What is the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine wall?
Endometrium
122
What is the superficial layer of the uterine wall that is shed with each menstrual period?
Deciduous layer
123
What is the deeper layer of the uterine wall that regenerates a new deciduous layer with each menstrual cycle?
Basal layer
124
What ligament attaches ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus to the lateral body wall?
Broad Ligament
125
What does mesometrium anchor?
The uterus
126
What anchors the uterine tube?
Mesosalpinx
127
What anchors the ovary posteriorly?
Mesovarium
128
What ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
129
What ligament suspends ovary laterally and contains the ovarian vessels?
Suspensory ligament of the ovaries
130
What ligament runs from uterus to the labia majora?
Round ligaments
131
What ligament runs uterus to sacrum?
Uterosacral ligament
132
What triggers puberty?
Rising levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates LH and FSH.
133
What stimulates follicles to mature and secrete estrogen and progesterone?
(FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone
134
What hormone stimulates ovulation and production of E and P?
(LH) Luteinizing Hormone
135
How are female hormones secreted?
Cyclically and in a sequence
136
On average, how long does a menstrual cycle last?
28 days
137
What are 2 phases of the female sexual cycle?
1. Follicular phase
| 2. Postovulatory phase
138
What is the follicular phase?
First 3-5 days of menstruation
139
What happens in the follicular phase?
Uterus replaces lost endothelium, follicles grow
140
What happens in the postovulatory phase?
1. Corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening
| 2. Endometrium lost again if pregnancy does not occur
141
What is the fibromuscular canal extending from the cervix to the exterior body?
Vagina
142
What are 3 functions of the vagina?
1. Serves as receptacle during intercourse
2. Outlet for menstrual flow
3. Passageway for childbirth
143
Where is the vagina?
Between the bladder and rectum inferior to the cervix
144
What is the region where the vagina attaches to the cervix?
The fornix
145
What is the vulva?
External female genitalia
146
What is the skin and pubic hair that covers the pubic bone called?
Mons Pubis
147
What are the longitudinal skin folds of the vulva?
Labia majora
148
What are the 2 smaller folds medial to the majora?
Labia minora
149
What is the mass of erectile tissue and nerves located at anterior junction of labia minora?
The clitoris
150
What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?
Glans clitoris
151
What covers the clitoris?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
152
What is the region between the labia minora?
Vestibule
153
What glands secrete mucous and are homologous to prostate?
Skene’s glands
154
What glands secrete mucus and are homologous to bulbourethral glands?
Bartholin’s glands
155
2 elongated masses of erectile tissue on sides of labia minora
Bulb of the vestibule
