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Anatomy > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are two functions of the male and female reproductive system?

A
  1. Production of gametes in the gonads

2. Steroidogenesis in the gonads

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2
Q

What are male gametes?

A

Sperm

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3
Q

What are female gametes?

A

Eggs

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Production of mature sperm

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5
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of mature eggs

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6
Q

Male reproductive system…

A

A device for producing and delivering sperm to the female.

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7
Q

Female reproductive system….

A

A device for producing eggs and receiving sperm from the male.

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8
Q

What are two steroid hormones of steroidogenesis?

A
  1. Androgens (testosterone)

2. Estrogen

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9
Q

What are the gonads for each sex?

A

Testes or Ovaries

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10
Q

What are the primary sex organs?

A

Gonads (testes, ovaries)

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11
Q

What are the secondary sex organs for males?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Glands
  2. Ducts
  3. Penis
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12
Q

What are the secondary female sex organs?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Uterine tubes
  2. Uterus
  3. Vagina
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13
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Features that develop at puberty.

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14
Q

Gonads develop when?

A

At 6 weeks gestation.

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15
Q

What two ducts exist during process of sex differentiation?

A
  1. Wolffian duct (Male)

2. Müllerian duct (Female)

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16
Q

What dictates differentiation in regards to the wolffian ducts and the Müllerian ducts?

A

One set of ducts develops while the other degenerates. (This dictates sex)

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17
Q

What does the SRY gene do? (sex-determining region of Y gene)

A

In males, SRY codes for a protein that causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone and Anti-müllerian hormone that favors degeneration of female systems.

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18
Q

How do females develop?

A

Absence of male hormones and inhibiting factors due to NO SRY GENE

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19
Q

What happens to the mullerian duct if SRY gene is present?

A

Mullerian duct disappears

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20
Q

What happens to the wolffian ducts if the SRY gene is absent?

A

The wolffian ducts disappear

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21
Q

What is the skin pouch holding the testes?

A

Scrotum

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22
Q

What is the bundle of structures from inguinal canal leading into scrotum?

A

Spermatic cord

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23
Q

Why is testicular thermoregulation necessary?

A

Sperm are produced at 2-3ºC below core body temperature

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24
Q

Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?

A

Segments of internal oblique muscle that pull testes closer to the body are called what?

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25
Q

Smooth muscle; wrinkles skin of the scrotum to reduce heat loss is called what?

A

Dartos Muscle

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26
Q

Veins ascending near testicular artery are called?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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27
Q

What does countercurrent heat exchange do?

A

Cools arterial blood entering the testes

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28
Q

What are the paired oval glands residing in the scrotum?

A

Testes

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29
Q

Testes develop by the ________ and descend down through the _________ _______ to the scrotal sac.

A

Kidney

Inguinal Canal

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30
Q

What are the two functions of the testes?

A
  1. Produce sperm

2. Produce and secrete steroid hormones

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31
Q

What is the serous membrane that covers the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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32
Q

What is the white fibrous capsule that covers the testes and penetrates inward to compartmentalize the testes into different lobule?

A

Tunica Albuginea

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33
Q

Each testis have around how many lobules?

A

200 - 300

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34
Q

What does each lobule contain in the testes?

A

2-3 seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

What are the two compartments of the testes?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules

2. Interstitial space

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36
Q

What are germ cells in the testes?

A

Maturing sperm

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37
Q

What are sertoli cells in the testes?

A

Nurse cells that support maturing germ cells.

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38
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

What is the connective tisue filled space outside of and betwen the seminiferous tubules?

A

Interstitial Space

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40
Q

What cells are found in the interstitial space?

A

Leydig cells

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41
Q

Where does steroidogenesis occur?

A

Interstitial space

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42
Q

What two structures make up the head of spermatozoon?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Acrosome

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43
Q

What does the nucleus of spermatozoon contain?

A

Haploid set of chromosomes

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44
Q

What does the acrosome of spermatozoon contain?

A

Enzymes that will penetrate the egg

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45
Q

What two parts make up the tail of the spermatozoon?

A
  1. Midpiece

2. Flagellum

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46
Q

What does the midpiece of spermatozoon contain?

A

Mitochondria (produce ATP for flagellar movement)

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47
Q

What does the flagellum of spermatozoon do?

A

Propels sperm 1 - 4 mm per minute

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48
Q

What secretes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

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49
Q

What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone stimulate?

A

Gonadotropin Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary

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50
Q

What hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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51
Q

What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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52
Q

From the semiferous tubules, what path does sperm take?

A

Straight tubules > Rete Testes > Efferent Ducts > Epididymus

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53
Q

Comma shaped structure with an internal ductus epididymis?

A

Epididymus

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54
Q

What is the site of final sperm maturation?

A

Epididymus

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55
Q

What propels sperm toward the vas deferens during sexual arousal?

A

Peristaltic contractions

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56
Q

What muscular tube carries sperm from the epididymus of the testes?

A

Ductus (vas) Deferens

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57
Q

The vas deferens enlarges as the ampulla and joins the seminal vesicles to make what?

A

The ejaculatory duct

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58
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct do?

A

Dumps semen into the urethra

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59
Q

What produces the liquid portion of semen?

A

Accessory glands

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60
Q

Paired glands located at the posterior inferior surface of the bladder?

A

Seminal Vesicles

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61
Q

What do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

viscous milky fluid (70% of fluid semen)

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62
Q

What is the golf ball sized gland inferior to the bladder?

A

Prostate

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63
Q

What does the prostate gland produce?

A

Produces more, milky slightly acidic fluid (25% of fluid semen)

64
Q

What is the pea sized gland in the deep muscles of the pelvic floor called?

A

What is the pea sized gland in the deep muscles of the pelvic floor called?

65
Q

What does the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands produce?

A

A clear mucus that aids in neutralizing acidic urine.

66
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm and liquid that is produced by the sex glands.

67
Q

How much fluid is expelled during male orgasm?

68
Q

What is normal sperm count?

A

50 million - 120 million per mL

69
Q

What does fructose do to semen?

A

Provides energy for sperm motility

70
Q

What does prostaglandins in semen do?

A

Stimulates female peristaltic contractions

71
Q

What does the chemical base of semen do?

A

Stabilizes sperm pH at 7.2 - 7.6

72
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A
  1. Root
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans
73
Q

What is the attached portion of the penis?

74
Q

What part of the of the penis is the expanded portion of the base of corpus spongiosum attaching to the deep perineal muscles?

75
Q

What part of the root of the penis is 2 separated tapered portions of the base of the corpus cavernosum attached to the coxal bones?

76
Q

What 3 cylindrical bodies compose the shaft of the penis?

A

What 3 cylindrical bodies compose the shaft of the penis?

77
Q

What composes erectile tissue?

A

Blood sinuses and smooth muscle

78
Q

What is the slightly enlarged distal end of the penis?

79
Q

What is the corona of the penis?

A

The margin surrounding the glans

80
Q

What is the slit-like opening of the spongy urethra?

A

External urethral orifice

81
Q

What is foreskin called?

82
Q

Paired gonads of female reproductive system residing at the sides of the uterus?

A

Paired gonads of female reproductive system residing at the sides of the uterus?

83
Q

What do the ovaries produce?
1.
2.

A
  1. Ova (eggs)

2. Estrogen and progesterone

84
Q

Each egg develops in its own fluid-filled follicle and is released by what?

85
Q 
Each ovary consists of?
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6.
A
  1. Tunica Albuginea
  2. Ovarian Cortex
  3. Ovarian medulla
  4. Ovarian follicles
  5. Graafian follicles
  6. Corpus luteum
86
Q

What is the thick white connective tissue surrounding ovary?

A

Tunica Albuginea

87
Q

In the ovary, what is deep to the tunica it contains developing follicles?

A

Ovarian Cortex

88
Q

In the ovary, what is deep to cortex; it contains blood vessels, nerves.

A

Ovarian medulla

89
Q

What part of the ovary is located in the cortex; consist of developing oocytes?

A

Ovarian follicles

90
Q

What part of the ovary is fluid filled follicles ready to rupture?

A

Graafian follicles

91
Q

What part of the ovary is remnant of a follicle following ovulation?

A

Corpus luteum

92
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Monthly event that produces one haploid egg

93
Q

Prior to birth, oogonia (stem cells) in the ovary of the embryo multiply and divide. What is this called?

A

Mitotic Division

94
Q

~7th month gestation- oogonia cease dividing by mitosis and DIFFERENTIATE into the primary oocytes. What is this called?

95
Q

When are primary oocytes arrested?

A

Prophase 1

96
Q

Explain Primary Oocytes

A

Females are born with a SPECIFIC number of primary oocytes that are stopped in Prophase I

97
Q

What will complete every month after puberty?

98
Q

When does meiosis 2 occur?

A

Only if egg is fertilized

99
Q

Where are developing eggs located in the ovaries?

100
Q 
What are the four types of ovarian follicles?
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.
A
  1. Primordial Follicles
  2. Primary Follicles
  3. Secondary Follicles
  4. Graafian Follicles
101
Q

Which ovarian follicles are formed in utero when the primary oocyte associates with and is surrounded by a single layer of squamous-like cells?

A

Primordial Follicles

102
Q

Which ovarian follicles have begun to mature during puberty under stimulation of FSH and LH?

A

Primary Follicles

103
Q

What cells do the primary follicles have?

A
  1. Granulosa cells

2. Theca cells

104
Q

Which type of ovearian follicles continue to grow and form an antrum = fluid filled space?

A

Secondary Follicles

105
Q

Which type of ovarian follicles, antrum and follicle grows larger?

A

Graffian Follicles

106
Q

Which ovarian follicle will rupture and release the secondary oocyte?

A

Graafian Follicle

107
Q

After ovulation, the Graafian follice will turn into the what?

A

Corpus Luteum

108
Q

What transports secondary oocytes OR fertilized ova from the ovary to the uterus?

A

Uterine (fallopian) Tubes

109
Q

Open to the peritoneal cavity

Contains fimbriae – fingerlike projections that help guide the oocyte into the tube?

A

Infundibulum

110
Q

Fertilization of the egg takes place within 24 hours of ovulation and usually occurs here?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

111
Q

What is the medial, short, narrow portion of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterine wall?

112
Q 
What are 4 functions of the uterus?
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.
A
  1. Passageway for sperm to get to oocyte.
  2. Site of implantation of the zygote
  3. Site of development of the fetus
  4. Located between the rectum and urinary bladder.
113
Q

What part of the uterus is dome shaped and superior to the uterine tubes?

114
Q

What is the central portion of the uterus?

115
Q

What is the inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina?

116
Q

What is the internal OS?

A

Opening into the uterus

117
Q

What is the external OS?

A

Opening to the vagina

118
Q 
What are the 5 layers of the uterine wall?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
  4. Deciduous Layer
  5. Basal layer
119
Q

What is the external serosa layer of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium

120
Q

What is the middle muscle layer of the uterus?

A

Myometrium

121
Q

What is the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine wall?

A

Endometrium

122
Q

What is the superficial layer of the uterine wall that is shed with each menstrual period?

A

Deciduous layer

123
Q

What is the deeper layer of the uterine wall that regenerates a new deciduous layer with each menstrual cycle?

A

Basal layer

124
Q

What ligament attaches ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus to the lateral body wall?

A

Broad Ligament

125
Q

What does mesometrium anchor?

A

The uterus

126
Q

What anchors the uterine tube?

A

Mesosalpinx

127
Q

What anchors the ovary posteriorly?

A

Mesovarium

128
Q

What ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

129
Q

What ligament suspends ovary laterally and contains the ovarian vessels?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovaries

130
Q

What ligament runs from uterus to the labia majora?

A

Round ligaments

131
Q

What ligament runs uterus to sacrum?

A

Uterosacral ligament

132
Q

What triggers puberty?

A

Rising levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone which stimulates LH and FSH.

133
Q

What stimulates follicles to mature and secrete estrogen and progesterone?

A

(FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone

134
Q

What hormone stimulates ovulation and production of E and P?

A

(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

135
Q

How are female hormones secreted?

A

Cyclically and in a sequence

136
Q

On average, how long does a menstrual cycle last?

137
Q

What are 2 phases of the female sexual cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase

2. Postovulatory phase

138
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

First 3-5 days of menstruation

139
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

Uterus replaces lost endothelium, follicles grow

140
Q

What happens in the postovulatory phase?

A
  1. Corpus luteum stimulates endometrial thickening

2. Endometrium lost again if pregnancy does not occur

141
Q

What is the fibromuscular canal extending from the cervix to the exterior body?

142
Q

What are 3 functions of the vagina?

A
  1. Serves as receptacle during intercourse
  2. Outlet for menstrual flow
  3. Passageway for childbirth
143
Q

Where is the vagina?

A

Between the bladder and rectum inferior to the cervix

144
Q

What is the region where the vagina attaches to the cervix?

A

The fornix

145
Q

What is the vulva?

A

External female genitalia

146
Q

What is the skin and pubic hair that covers the pubic bone called?

A

Mons Pubis

147
Q

What are the longitudinal skin folds of the vulva?

A

Labia majora

148
Q

What are the 2 smaller folds medial to the majora?

A

Labia minora

149
Q

What is the mass of erectile tissue and nerves located at anterior junction of labia minora?

A

The clitoris

150
Q

What is the exposed portion of the clitoris?

A

Glans clitoris

151
Q

What covers the clitoris?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

152
Q

What is the region between the labia minora?

153
Q

What glands secrete mucous and are homologous to prostate?

A

Skene’s glands

154
Q

What glands secrete mucus and are homologous to bulbourethral glands?

A

Bartholin’s glands

155
Q

2 elongated masses of erectile tissue on sides of labia minora

A

Bulb of the vestibule

Anatomy (18 decks)

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