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Anatomy > Final Chapter 1 Review > Flashcards

Final Chapter 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Organization of Body:

What is the Chemical Level?

A

Atoms for Molecules

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2
Q

Structural Organization of Body:

What is the Cellular Level?

A

Molecules form Cells

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3
Q

Structural Organization of the Body:

What is the Tissue Level?

A

Similar Cells make up Tissues.

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4
Q

Structural Organization of the Body:

What is the Organ Level?

A

Tissues make up Organs

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5
Q

Structural Organization of Body:

What is the Organ System Level?

A

Organs that work closely together.

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6
Q

Structural Organization of the Body:

Organismal Level

A

All Organ Systems together.

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7
Q

Put the Structural Organizations of the Body in Order:

A

Chemical Level > Cellular Level > Tissue Level > Organ Level > Organ System Level > Organismal Layer

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8
Q

The sural region is ___________________ to the femoral region.

A

Inferior

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9
Q

The gluteal region is best seen from the __________________ view.

A

Posterior View

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10
Q

On the anterior surface of the body which region is distal to the antebrachial region?

A

Palm of Hand

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11
Q

Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?

A

Sagittal

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12
Q

Which plane divides the body into (equal) left and right parts?

A

Midsagittal

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13
Q

Which plane divides the body into (unequal) right and left parts?

A

Parasagittal

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14
Q

What divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

A

Transverse

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15
Q

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

A

Frontal

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16
Q

What plane passes through the body or organ at an angle?

A

Oblique

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17
Q

The muscular partition that separates the abdominal cavity from the
pelvic cavity is the ______________?

A

There is no true separation

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18
Q

What 2 cavities make up the Dorsal Body Cavity?

A
  1. Cranial

2. Vertebral

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19
Q

What cavity encase brain and is enclosed by skull?

A

Cranial Cavity

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20
Q

What cavity encases spinal chord and is enclosed by the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral Cavity

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21
Q

What 2 cavities make up the ventral cavity?

A
  1. Thoracic Body Cavity

2. Abdominopelvic Body Cavity

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22
Q

What cavity is enclosed by the ribs, sternum and vertebrae; houses the lungs and heart?

A

Thoracic Body Cavity

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23
Q

What Cavity is enclosed by muscular digestive organs, kidneys, bladder and internal male and female reproductive organs?

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

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24
Q

What cavities in the thoracic cavity hold the lungs?

A

2 Pleural Cavities

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25
Q

What is the region between the 2 pleural cavities?

A

Mediastinum

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26
Q

What cavity in the mediastinum holds the heart?

A

Pericardial Cavity

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27
Q

What cavity contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and gall bladder?

A

Abdominal Cavity

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28
Q

What cavity contains portions of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum?

A

Pelvic Cavity

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29
Q

The bladder is typically found in the _____________ region of the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

Hypogastric

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30
Q

The lungs are surrounded by a double layered serous membrane to prevent friction and aid in protection. What is the name of this membrane?

A

Pleura

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31
Q

Walls of ventral cavity and outer surface of
organs are covered by thin, double layered
membrane called?

A

Serous Membrane

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32
Q

What layer of serous membrane adheres to the cavity wall?

A

Parietal Layer

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33
Q

What layer of serous membrane adheres to outside surface of the organ?

A

Visceral Layer

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34
Q

What separates 2 layers of serous membrane and allows organs to glide past each other without friction?

A

Serous Fluid

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35
Q

What serous membrane surrounds the pleural cavity and the lungs?

A

Pleura

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36
Q

What Serous Membrane surrounds the pericardial cavity and heart?

A

Pericardium

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37
Q

What surrounds the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs?

A

Peritoneum

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38
Q

A patient has suffered a heart attack. In order to determine which vessels were occluded to cause the attack which scan would be the most useful?

A

Digital subtraction angiograph

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39
Q

X-rays passing through the body onto film, Shows bony or dense structures with
hazy soft tissues.

A

Radiography

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40
Q

Before and after imaging of radio-opaque dye passing through arteries and veins?

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography

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41
Q

Computer assisted radiography in which x-rays are directed in many different angles around a section of the body; Visualizes soft tissues and can render a 3-D image when put together with a computer.

A

Computed Tomography

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42
Q

Uses sound waves reflected of body tissues to produce images; Safe, non-invasive way to visualize fetuses during pregnancy?

A

Sonography (Ultra-sound)

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43
Q

Body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field that arranges protons in the body in relation to the field. A pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion
patterns which can be observed as color-coded patterns on a video monitor; Shows soft tissues,
brain, blood vessels, and tumors using no radiation.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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44
Q

Body is injected with positrons (positively charged
particles) and it is taken up by tissues. The collision of positrons with negatively charged electrons produces gamma rays which are picked up by gamma ray cameras to produce a PET image; good for showing high rates of activity: oxygen consumption, metabolism.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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45
Q

What are the 4 major tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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46
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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47
Q

The tissue type that covers external body surfaces, lines the inside of organs and cavities, and forms glands is ________________.

A

Epithelial Tissues

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48
Q

What tissue is sheets of compact cells in single or multiple layers?

A

Epithelium

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49
Q

Cells have 2 sides… What is the Apical side?

A

Free side of cells (top)

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50
Q

What is the basal surface of cells?

A

Bottom side

51
Q

What cell surface attaches sides of cells to

adjacent cells?

A

Lateral surface

52
Q

What does the basement membrane of epithelial tissue connect to underneath?

A

Connective Tissue

53
Q

What kind of junction:
Connect cells to adjacent cells to prevent things
from getting through?

A

Tight Junctions

54
Q

What kind of junction:

Tunnel connects cells to allow passage from one cell to another?

A

Gap Junctions

55
Q

What kind of junction:
Attaches cells with an adhesion belt to resist
separation?

A

Adherens Junctions

56
Q

What kind of junction:

Cell to cell spot adhesion to prevent separation?

A

Desmosomes

57
Q

What kind of junction?

Cell to Basement membrane; do not attach cell to cell?

A

Hemidesmosomes

58
Q

What proteins do Tight Junctions have?

A

Occludins

59
Q

What proteins do Gap Junctions have?

A

Connexins

60
Q

What protein does Adherens Junctions have?

A

Cadherins

61
Q

What proteins do Desmosomes have?

A

Cadherins

62
Q

What proteins to Hemidemosomes have?

A

Integrins

63
Q

Where are Tight Junctions Found?
1.
2.

A
  1. Bladder

2. Stomach

64
Q

Where are Gap Junctions found?
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Nerves
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Uterus
65
Q

Where are Adherens Junctions Found?

A

Intestines

66
Q

Where are Desmosomes found?
1.
2.

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Cardiac Muscle

67
Q

Where are Hemidesmosomes found?

A

Basal Cells

68
Q

Epithelial Tissues are:
1.
2.

A
  1. Avascular

2. Innervated

69
Q

Produce and secrete hormones directly into the extra-cellular space and/or blood stream : Internal Secretions.

A

Endocrine

70
Q

Secrete products directly into ducts: External Secretions.

A

Exocrine

71
Q

What mode of secretion uses exocytosis?

A

Merocrine/Eccrine

72
Q

What mode of secretion, the whole cell ruptures?

A

Holocrine

73
Q

What mode of secretion pinches off a piece of cell?

A

Apocrine

74
Q

Which of these is not a connective tissue?

a. Adipose tissue
b. Bone
c. Blood
d. All of these are connective tissue

A

All of these are connective tissue

75
Q

Connective tissue fibers that are smaller, branched fibers that form networks and are capable of extreme stretch are ________ fibers. a. Muscle

b. Collagen
c. Reticular
d. Elastic
e. Auricular

A

Elastic

76
Q

In which of the following structures would you find reticular tissue?

a. Tendons
b. Lymph organs
c. Subcutaneous layer of the skin
d. Adipose tissue
e. Lungs

A

Lymph Organs

77
Q

What is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the body?

A

Connective Tissue

78
Q

What 2 cells does connective tissue contain?
1.
2.

A
  1. Mesenchymal Cells

2. Blast cells

79
Q

What cells give rise to cells of Connective Tissue?

A

Mesenchymal cells

80
Q

What immature cells that can divide and also excrete extracellular matrix for that specific tissue?

A

Blast Cells

81
Q 
What are the 5 functions of Connective Tissue?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
  1. Binds/supports/strengthens other tissue
  2. Protects and insulates organs
  3. Compartmentalizes skeletal muscles
  4. Stores energy
  5. Major Transport System
82
Q

What adds strength and support to connective tissue?

A

Fibers

83
Q

What are 3 types of fibers in Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
84
Q

What fibers are very strong and resist pulling forces?

A

Collagen Fibers

85
Q

What fibers are smaller branched fibers that form networks?

A

Elastic Fibers

86
Q

What fibers are smaller collagen fibers arranged in fine, branched bundles?

A

Reticular Fibers

87
Q

What kind of fibers are found in most types of CT but abundant in bones, cartilage and tendons?

A

Collagen Fibers

88
Q

What kind of fibers are found in skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue?

A

Elastic Fibers

89
Q

What fibers provide support in the walls of blood vessels and underlying organs?

A

Reticular Fibers

90
Q

What substance is liquid, gel or solid substance found between the cells and fibers that
is the medium through which substances are exchanged in Connective Tissue?

A

Ground Substance

91
Q

Connective Tissue is highly __________ and ___________.

A

Vascularized and Innervated

92
Q

What embryonic Connective Tissue is eventually forms all other connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme

93
Q

What are 3 types of loose Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
94
Q

What type of loose connective tissue found under epithelium?

A

Areolar

95
Q

What type of loose connective tissue found in fat?

A

Adipose

96
Q

What type of loose connective tissue is found in lymphatics?

A

Reticular

97
Q

What are 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Dense Regular
  2. Dense Irregular
  3. Elastic
98
Q

What Dense Connective Tissue is found in tendons/ligaments?

A

Dense Regular

99
Q

What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is found in dermis?

A

Dense Irregular

100
Q

What kind of Dense Connective Tissue is found in lungs?

A

Elastic

101
Q

Which of the following is not one of the four primary tissue types?

a. Muscle
b. Epithelial
c. Blood
d. Nervous
e. Connective

A

C. Blood

102
Q

Which epithelial type junction contains plaques that bind to intermediate cytoskeletal filaments and attach the plaque on the opposite side of the cell at one point?

a. Desmosomes
b. Hemidesmosomes
c. Adhering junctions
d. Gap junctions

A

a. Desmosomes

103
Q 
The epithelial lining of the bladder needs to be capable of extreme
stretch during filling. What type of epithelium would you predict to find
here?
a. Transitional epithelium
b. Cuboidal epithelium
c. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. None of the above
A

a. Transitional epithelium

104
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is best for regions responsible for ______.

a. Stretching
b. Wear and tear
c. Absorption and secretion
d. Diffusion and filtration
e. All of the above

A

d. Diffusion and filtration

105
Q 
Simple squamous epithelium is found lining each of these locations
except the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Blood vessels
b. Esophagus
c. Alveoli
d. Lymph vessels
e. Simple squamous epithelium is found lining all of the above
structures
A

b. Esophagus

106
Q 
The type of epithelium that lines the ducts of glands is called
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium.
a. Transitional
b. Pseudostratified
c. Simple squamous
d. Stratified squamous
e. Simple Cuboidal
A

e. Simple Cuboidal

107
Q 
Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium would be found lining
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Ducts of sweat glands
b. Alveoli
c. GI tract
d. Vagina
e. Blood vessels
A

c. GI tract

108
Q

Which of the following glands secretes its product by pinching off parts
of the cell filled with their components?
a. Merocrine
b. Holocrine
c. Apocrine
d. Endocrine
e. None of the above

A

c. Apocrine

109
Q

Which of these is not a connective tissue?

a. Adipose tissue
b. Bone
c. Blood
d. All of these are connective tissue

A

d. All of these are connective tissue

110
Q

Connective tissue fibers that are smaller, branched fibers that form
networks and are capable of extreme stretch are ________ fibers.
a. Muscle
b. Collagen
c. Reticular
d. Elastic
e. Auricular

A

d. Elastic

111
Q

In which of the following structures would you find reticular tissue?

a. Tendons
b. Lymph organs
c. Subcutaneous layer of the skin
d. Adipose tissue
e. Lungs

A

b. Lymph organs

112
Q

Which of the following is an example of an intracapsular ligament of the knee?

a. Medial patellar retinaculum
b. Patellar ligament
c. Popliteal ligament
d. Posterior cruciate ligament
e. Medial collateral ligament

A

d. Posterior cruciate ligament

113
Q

Synovial fluid is ______________________ .

a. Produced by the synovial membrane
b. Found inside the joint cavity
c. Aids in lubricating the joint
d. Product of blood plasma
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

114
Q

Hyaline cartilage would be found in which of the following places?

a. External ear
b. Epiglottis
c. Intervertebral discs
d. Costal cartilages
e. Pubic symphysis

A

d. Costal cartilages

115
Q

Which of the following is a function of bone?

a. Electrical conduction
b. Cholesterol production
c. Fat production
d. Mineral storage
e. Body temperature regulation

A

d. Mineral storage

116
Q 
In which of the following places would you find hematopoetic tissue in
an infant?
a. Yellow marrow of the femur
b. Red marrow of the humerus
c. Yellow marrow of the sternum
d. None of the above
e. All of the above
A

b. Red marrow of the humerus

117
Q

The structure of the compact bone made up of rings that surround the
entire compact bone is called the _______________ .
a. Concentric lamellae
b. Circumferential lamellae
c. Central canal
d. Canaliculi
e. Lacunae

A

b. Circumferential lamellae

118
Q 
Lacunae contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
• Spongy bone
• Osteocytes
• Blood vessels
• Blood vessels and nerves
• Osteoclasts
A

• Osteocytes

119
Q 
Nerves and nutrients enter bone tissue directly from the periosteum
through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Canaliculi
b. Osteons
c. Haversian canals
d. Volkman's canals
A

d. Volkman’s canals

120
Q

Which of the following stimulates bone growth?

a. IGF-1
b. Estrogen
c. Testosterone
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

d. All of the above

121
Q 
This region of the spinal cord consists of 7 vertebrae and has a convex
curvature.
a. Cervical
b. Thoracic
c. Lumbar
d. Sacrum
e. Coccyx
A

a. Cervical

122
Q 
Which bones comprise the pelvic girdle?
Scapula, clavicle and humerus
Coxal bone and femur
Scapula and clavicle
Coxal bones
Ilium and femur
A

Coxal bones

123
Q

At C7 of the vertebral column there is a bony protuberance due to the long spinous process. What is this called?

a. Atlas
b. Axis
c. Vertebral prominens
d. Articular facet
e. Bifid process

A

c. Vertebral prominens

Anatomy (18 decks)

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