Chapter 2 Flashcards by Zach DeVillez

Different types of cells come together to form?

Tissues

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What are the 4 major tissue types?

Epitheleal
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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What is histology?

The study of tissues

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What tissue forms sheets of compact cells in single or multiple
layers
• Location:
• Outer layer of skin and mucous membranes
• Lining body cavities and hollow organs
• Lines blood vessels, ducts, organ systems (e.g. cardiac, digestive, respiratory,
urinary, reproductive systems)
• Forms glands
• Secretory portion of glands as well as ducts

Epithelial Tissues

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Closely packed cells with little extracellular
matrix
• Arranged in sheets of single or multiple
layers
• Polarity
• Specialized contacts/junctions
• Supported by connective tissue
• Avascular but innervated
• Regeneration

Epithelial Tissues

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Cells have 2 sides
• Apical surface – free side
• Some apical surfaces contain microvilli or cilia
• Basal surface – bottom side
• Lateral surface – attaches sides of cells to
adjacent cells
• Contains junction

Polarity of Epitheleal tissues

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Supported by Connective Tissue

All epithelial sheets are attached to
underlying connective tissue via the
basement membrane
• Attached via hemidesmosomes
• Basement membrane has 2 parts:
• The basal lamina– thin layer of collagen fibers,
laminin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
• Lies closer to and is secreted by epithelial tissue
• The reticular lamina – thin layer of collagen
fibers
• Lies closer to and is secreted by the connective tissue

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Specialized Contact

Epithelial cells fit close together
to form continuous sheets (with
the exception of glandular tissue)
• Form several types of junctions to
hold the cells together
• A. Tight junctions
• B. Adherens junctions
• C. Desmosomes
• D. Hemidesmosomes
• E. Gap junctions

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Types of Epitheleal Juctions:
Strands of transmembrane
proteins that bind cells together to
prevent passage of molecules
between cells
• Transmembrane protein - occludin
• Found in stomach and bladder –
prevent leakage

Tight Junctions

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Types of Epithelial junctions:
• Tunnels that connect adjacent cells
• Composed of connexons
• intercellular channels
• Allows ions, small particles, metabolites to
pass from cell to cell
• Allows for communication and fast spreading
of nerve and muscle impulses for fast travel
between cells
• Nerves, cardiac muscle, uterine smooth
muscle

Gap Junctions

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Dense layer of proteins on inside
of plasma membrane that attaches to both
membrane proteins and cytoskeleton
(actin)

Plaques

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Transmembrane glycoproteins
that insert into plaque in cell membrane
and extend into cadherin from an adjacent
cell.

Cadherins

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Types of epithelial Junctions:
• Bind cells by using plaques and
cadherins to form adhesive belts
that completely encircle a cell
• Plaques are attached to
microfilaments (actin)
• Aid in resisting separation during
contractile activities
• Intestines

Adherens Junctions

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Types of Epithelial Junctions:
Similar to adherens, plaque attached to cadherin
• Plaques bind to intermediate
cytoskeletal filaments (keratin)
• Form spots, not bands
• Contributes to stability of cell and resists
tension
• Really strong (especially with movement
and mechanical stress)
• Epidermis, Cardiac muscle

Desmosome Junction

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Types of epithelial junctions:
• Uses integrins instead of cadherins
• Integrins attach to laminin
• Basement membrane
• Do not attach cell to cell
• Used to anchor the epithelium to
the underlying connective tissue

Hemidesomosomes

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Are epithelial cells avascular? Yes or No

Yes

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Are epithelial tissues innervated? yes or no

Yes

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Can epithelial cells regenerate? Yes or No

Yes

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What transmembrane protein does

a desmosome have?

Cadherins

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Which of the following is true?
a. The apical end of epithelial tissue is attached to the basement
membrane
b. Epithelial tissue is innervated
c. Epithelial tissue is vascularized
d. Epithelial tissue is always arranged in singular sheets
e. Epithelial tissue does not regenerate

b. Epithelial tissue is innervated

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Where are epithelial simple squamous cells found?

Found as endothelium (lining blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli)
and mesothelium (lining body cavites)

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Where are epithelial simple cuboidal cells found?

Found lining ducts of glands, kidney

tubules

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Where are epithelial simple columnar cells found?

Found lining uterine tubes, ventricles

of brain

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Where are epithelial stratified squamous cells found?

Found in superficial layer of skin, inside

mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

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Where are epithelial stratified cuboidal cells found?

Very rare but found in ducts of sweat | glands

Where are epithelial stratified columnar cells found?

Very rare, lines large ducts of some glands and part of urethra

Where are epithelial transitional cells found?

Lines the urinary tract; bladder, ureters and urethra

Where are epithelial pseudostratified cells found?

Ciliated is found lining upper respiratory tract

``` A single layer of cube shaped cells would be called: a. Simple squamous b. Simple cuboidal c. Simple columnar d. Stratified squamous e. Stratified cuboidal ```

b. Simple cuboidal

``` Which of the following would most likely be found lining blood vessels? a. Stratified squamous epithelium b. Simple squamous epithelium c. Stratified cuboidal epithelium d. Simple cuboidal epithelium e. Pseudostratified epithelium ```

b. Simple squamous epithelium

Glandular Epithelium: What is a gland?

one or more cells that make and secrete/export a product (secretion)

What gland releases into the blood?

Endocrine

What kind of gland releases outside of the body?

Exocrine

Which Glands... • are Ductless • Produces and secretes hormones into blood or extracellular space • Includes: Pituitary, Gonads,Thyroid, Hypothalamus, Pancreas

Endocrine glands

Which Gland... • Secrete products into ducts • External secretions; directly onto skin or into body cavities • Can be unicellular or multicellular • Includes: mucous glands, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

Exocrine Glands

Which of the following is false? a. Endocrine glands do not have ducts b. Endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the blood c. Exocrine glands have ducts d. The pituitary is an example of an endocrine gland e. Sweat glands are an example of an endocrine gland

e. Sweat glands are an example of an endocrine gland

Mode of Gland Secretion:– secrete products via exocytosis; ex, sweat, salivary, pancreas

Merocrine

Mode of Gland Secretion: -Accumulate their products until rupture; ex. sebaceous

Holocrine

Mode of Gland Secretion: - accumulate their products at apical end and pinch it off; ex. Mammary glands

Apocrine

Which type of gland uses exocytosis? a. Eccrine (merocrine) b. Holocrine c. Apocrine

a. Eccrine (merocrine)

What type of tissue is the most abundant and wide spread tissue in the body?

Connective Tissue

``` What kind of tissue... • Binds, supports and strengthens other tissues • Protects and insulates organs • Compartmentalizes skeletal muscles • Stores energy • Major transport system ```

Connective Tissue

What common origin does all connective tissue have?

Mesenchyme

In connective tissue, what are immature cells that can divide and excrete extracellular matrix?

Blast cells

What type of tissue contains: • Contains abundant extracellular matrix made up of protein fibers and ground substance • Highly vascularized and innervated (except cartilage)

Connective Tissue

What are fibroblast cells?

Loose and dense connective tissue

What are chondroblast cells?

Cartilages

What are osteoblast cells?

Bone

What connective tissue cells are immune cells that wander through the CT to engulf foreign material?

Macrophage cells

What connective tissue cells are immune cells that secrete antibodies and proteins?

Plasma cells

What connective tissue cells produce histamine that dilates blood vessels during the inflammatory response?

Mast Cells

What connective tissue cells store fat?

Adipocytes

What kind of connective tissue cells found within blood and can gather around the site of an infection?

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

What kind of connective tissue cells are found within blood?

Erythrocites (red blood cells)

What do fibers do?

Add strength and support

What kind of fibers are found in most types of CT but abundant in bones, cartilage and tendons ?

Collagen fibers

What kind of fibers are found in skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue?

Elastic fibers

What kind of fibers provide support in the walls of blood vessels and underlying organs?

Reticular fibers

What embryonic connective tissue eventually forming all other connective tissues?

Mesenchyme

Which loose connective tissue? - Fibroblasts - Collage, elastic, and reticular - Subcutaneous tissue a. Areolar b. Adipose c. Reticular

a. Areolar

``` Which loose connective tissue? • Adipocytes • Contains droplets of triglycerides • Subcutaneous layer, around organs a. Areolar b. Adipose c. Reticular ```

b. Adipose

``` Which connective tissue? • Reticular cells and fibers • Immune tissues and liver a. Areolar b. Adipose c. Reticular ```

c. reticular

Which dense connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments? a. Dense regular b. Dense irregular c. Elastic

a. Dense regular

Which dense connective tissue in dermis of skin and heart valves?a. Dense regular b. Dense irregular c. Elastic

b. Dense irregular

What dense connective tissue is found in lung tissue and elastic arteries? a. Dense regular b. Dense irregular c. Elastic

c. Elastic

What is composed of collagen fibers and has more strength than loose and dense connective tissue?

Cartilage

What is composed of osteocytes located in lacunae?

Bone

What contains osteons with concentric rings of calcified ground substance and collagen?

Compact bone

What kind of tissue is blood and lymph?

Liquid connective tissue

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth

``` What kind of muscle functions in voluntary movement; locomotion, facial expression • Characteristics: • Long cylindrical muscle cells (fibers) • Multi-nucleated • Multiple nuclei/cell • Striated • Voluntarily controlled - you are able to tell when to contract ```

Skeletal muscle

What kind of muscle functions to propel blood into the circulation upon contraction? • Characteristics: • Branched muscle fibers joined by intercalated discs • Uni-nucleated • Only 1 nucleus/cell • Striated • Involuntarily controlled - You CANNOT control it • Located in the heart

Cardiac muscle

``` What kind of muscle functions to propel blood into the circulation upon contraction? • Characteristics • Branched muscle fibers joined by intercalated discs • Uni-nucleated • Only 1 nucleus/cell • Striated • Involuntarily controlled - you CANNOT control it • Located in the walls of hollow org ```

Smooth muscle

What kind of tissue is found in the brain?

Nervous tissue

Highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses?

Neurons

What type of major nervous tissue cell responds to stimuli?

Dendrites

What type of major nervous tissue cell transmits electrical impulses?

Axons

What major nervous tissue cell supports, insulates, and protects neurons?

Glial Cells

What type of connective tissue contains reticular fibers and is found mostly in the immune system? a. Dense regular connective tissue b. Dense irregular connective tissue c. Areolar connective tissue d. Reticular connective tissue

Reticular connective tissue

What type of muscle is multinucleated? a. Cardiac b. Smooth c. Skeletal

c. Skeletal