Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Different types of cells come together to form?

A

Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 major tissue types?

A
  1. Epitheleal
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What tissue forms sheets of compact cells in single or multiple
layers
• Location:
• Outer layer of skin and mucous membranes
• Lining body cavities and hollow organs
• Lines blood vessels, ducts, organ systems (e.g. cardiac, digestive, respiratory,
urinary, reproductive systems)
• Forms glands
• Secretory portion of glands as well as ducts

A

Epithelial Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q 
Closely packed cells with little extracellular
matrix
• Arranged in sheets of single or multiple
layers
• Polarity
• Specialized contacts/junctions
• Supported by connective tissue
• Avascular but innervated
• Regeneration
A

Epithelial Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cells have 2 sides
• Apical surface – free side
• Some apical surfaces contain microvilli or cilia
• Basal surface – bottom side
• Lateral surface – attaches sides of cells to
adjacent cells
• Contains junction

A

Polarity of Epitheleal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Supported by Connective Tissue

A

All epithelial sheets are attached to
underlying connective tissue via the
basement membrane
• Attached via hemidesmosomes
• Basement membrane has 2 parts:
• The basal lamina– thin layer of collagen fibers,
laminin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
• Lies closer to and is secreted by epithelial tissue
• The reticular lamina – thin layer of collagen
fibers
• Lies closer to and is secreted by the connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specialized Contact

A 
Epithelial cells fit close together
to form continuous sheets (with
the exception of glandular tissue)
• Form several types of junctions to
hold the cells together
• A. Tight junctions
• B. Adherens junctions
• C. Desmosomes
• D. Hemidesmosomes
• E. Gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Types of Epitheleal Juctions:
Strands of transmembrane
proteins that bind cells together to
prevent passage of molecules
between cells
• Transmembrane protein - occludin
• Found in stomach and bladder –
prevent leakage
A

Tight Junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Epithelial junctions:
• Tunnels that connect adjacent cells
• Composed of connexons
• intercellular channels
• Allows ions, small particles, metabolites to
pass from cell to cell
• Allows for communication and fast spreading
of nerve and muscle impulses for fast travel
between cells
• Nerves, cardiac muscle, uterine smooth
muscle

A

Gap Junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dense layer of proteins on inside
of plasma membrane that attaches to both
membrane proteins and cytoskeleton
(actin)

A

Plaques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins
that insert into plaque in cell membrane
and extend into cadherin from an adjacent
cell.

A

Cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Types of epithelial Junctions:
• Bind cells by using plaques and
cadherins to form adhesive belts
that completely encircle a cell
• Plaques are attached to
microfilaments (actin)
• Aid in resisting separation during
contractile activities
• Intestines
A

Adherens Junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of Epithelial Junctions:
Similar to adherens, plaque attached to cadherin
• Plaques bind to intermediate
cytoskeletal filaments (keratin)
• Form spots, not bands
• Contributes to stability of cell and resists
tension
• Really strong (especially with movement
and mechanical stress)
• Epidermis, Cardiac muscle

A

Desmosome Junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Types of epithelial junctions:
• Uses integrins instead of cadherins
• Integrins attach to laminin
• Basement membrane
• Do not attach cell to cell
• Used to anchor the epithelium to
the underlying connective tissue
A

Hemidesomosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are epithelial cells avascular? Yes or No

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are epithelial tissues innervated? yes or no

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Can epithelial cells regenerate? Yes or No

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What transmembrane protein does

a desmosome have?

A

Cadherins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following is true?
a. The apical end of epithelial tissue is attached to the basement
membrane
b. Epithelial tissue is innervated
c. Epithelial tissue is vascularized
d. Epithelial tissue is always arranged in singular sheets
e. Epithelial tissue does not regenerate

A

b. Epithelial tissue is innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are epithelial simple squamous cells found?

A 
Found as endothelium (lining blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli)
and mesothelium (lining body cavites)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are epithelial simple cuboidal cells found?

A

Found lining ducts of glands, kidney

tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are epithelial simple columnar cells found?

A

Found lining uterine tubes, ventricles

of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are epithelial stratified squamous cells found?

A

Found in superficial layer of skin, inside

mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are epithelial stratified cuboidal cells found?

A

Very rare but found in ducts of sweat

glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are epithelial stratified columnar cells found?

A

Very rare, lines large ducts of some glands and part of urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are epithelial transitional cells found?

A

Lines the urinary tract; bladder, ureters and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are epithelial pseudostratified cells found?

A

Ciliated is found lining upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q 
A single layer of cube shaped cells
would be called:
a. Simple squamous
b. Simple cuboidal
c. Simple columnar
d. Stratified squamous
e. Stratified cuboidal
A

b. Simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q 
Which of the following would most
likely be found lining blood vessels? 
a. Stratified squamous epithelium
b. Simple squamous epithelium
c. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
d. Simple cuboidal epithelium
e. Pseudostratified epithelium
A

b. Simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Glandular Epithelium: What is a gland?

A

one or more cells that make and secrete/export a product (secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What gland releases into the blood?

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What kind of gland releases outside of the body?

A

Exocrine

34
Q

Which Glands…
• are Ductless
• Produces and secretes hormones into blood or extracellular space
• Includes: Pituitary, Gonads,Thyroid, Hypothalamus, Pancreas

A

Endocrine glands

35
Q

Which Gland…
• Secrete products into ducts
• External secretions; directly onto skin or into body cavities
• Can be unicellular or multicellular
• Includes: mucous glands, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

A

Exocrine Glands

36
Q

Which of the following is false?

a. Endocrine glands do not have ducts
b. Endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the blood
c. Exocrine glands have ducts
d. The pituitary is an example of an endocrine gland
e. Sweat glands are an example of an endocrine gland

A

e. Sweat glands are an example of an endocrine gland

37
Q

Mode of Gland Secretion:– secrete products via exocytosis; ex, sweat, salivary, pancreas

A

Merocrine

38
Q

Mode of Gland Secretion: -Accumulate their products until rupture; ex. sebaceous

A

Holocrine

39
Q

Mode of Gland Secretion: - accumulate their products at apical end and pinch it off; ex. Mammary glands

A

Apocrine

40
Q

Which type of gland uses exocytosis?

a. Eccrine (merocrine)
b. Holocrine
c. Apocrine

A

a. Eccrine (merocrine)

41
Q

What type of tissue is the most abundant and wide spread tissue in the body?

A

Connective Tissue

42
Q 
What kind of tissue...
• Binds, supports and strengthens other tissues
• Protects and insulates organs
• Compartmentalizes skeletal muscles
• Stores energy
• Major transport system
A

Connective Tissue

43
Q

What common origin does all connective tissue have?

A

Mesenchyme

44
Q

In connective tissue, what are immature cells that can divide and excrete extracellular matrix?

A

Blast cells

45
Q

What type of tissue contains:
• Contains abundant extracellular matrix made up of protein fibers and ground substance
• Highly vascularized and innervated (except cartilage)

A

Connective Tissue

46
Q

What are fibroblast cells?

A

Loose and dense connective tissue

47
Q

What are chondroblast cells?

A

Cartilages

48
Q

What are osteoblast cells?

A

Bone

49
Q

What connective tissue cells are immune cells that wander through the CT to engulf foreign material?

A

Macrophage cells

50
Q

What connective tissue cells are immune cells that secrete antibodies and proteins?

A

Plasma cells

51
Q

What connective tissue cells produce histamine that dilates blood vessels during the inflammatory response?

A

Mast Cells

52
Q

What connective tissue cells store fat?

A

Adipocytes

53
Q

What kind of connective tissue cells found within blood and can gather around the site of an infection?

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

54
Q

What kind of connective tissue cells are found within blood?

A

Erythrocites (red blood cells)

55
Q

What do fibers do?

A

Add strength and support

56
Q

What kind of fibers are found in most types of CT but abundant in bones, cartilage and tendons ?

A

Collagen fibers

57
Q

What kind of fibers are found in skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue?

A

Elastic fibers

58
Q

What kind of fibers provide support in the walls of blood vessels and underlying organs?

A

Reticular fibers

59
Q

What embryonic connective tissue eventually forming all other
connective tissues?

A

Mesenchyme

60
Q

Which loose connective tissue?

  • Fibroblasts
  • Collage, elastic, and reticular
  • Subcutaneous tissue
    a. Areolar
    b. Adipose
    c. Reticular
A

a. Areolar

61
Q 
Which loose connective tissue?
• Adipocytes
• Contains droplets of triglycerides
• Subcutaneous layer, around organs
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular
A

b. Adipose

62
Q 
Which connective tissue?
• Reticular cells and fibers
• Immune tissues and liver
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular
A

c. reticular

63
Q

Which dense connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?

a. Dense regular
b. Dense irregular
c. Elastic

A

a. Dense regular

64
Q

Which dense connective tissue in dermis of skin and heart valves?a. Dense regular

b. Dense irregular
c. Elastic

A

b. Dense irregular

65
Q

What dense connective tissue is found in lung tissue and elastic arteries?

a. Dense regular
b. Dense irregular
c. Elastic

A

c. Elastic

66
Q

What is composed of collagen fibers and has more strength than loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Cartilage

67
Q

What is composed of osteocytes located in lacunae?

A

Bone

68
Q

What contains osteons with
concentric rings of calcified
ground substance and
collagen?

A

Compact bone

69
Q

What kind of tissue is blood and lymph?

A

Liquid connective tissue

70
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
71
Q 
What kind of muscle functions in voluntary movement;
locomotion, facial expression
• Characteristics:
• Long cylindrical muscle cells (fibers)
• Multi-nucleated
• Multiple nuclei/cell
• Striated
• Voluntarily controlled - you are able to tell
when to contract
A

Skeletal muscle

72
Q

What kind of muscle functions to propel blood into
the circulation upon contraction?
• Characteristics:
• Branched muscle fibers joined by intercalated discs
• Uni-nucleated
• Only 1 nucleus/cell
• Striated
• Involuntarily controlled - You CANNOT control it
• Located in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

73
Q 
What kind of muscle functions to propel blood into the circulation upon contraction?
• Characteristics
• Branched muscle fibers joined
by intercalated discs
• Uni-nucleated
• Only 1 nucleus/cell
• Striated
• Involuntarily controlled - you CANNOT control it
• Located in the walls of hollow org
A

Smooth muscle

74
Q

What kind of tissue is found in the brain?

A

Nervous tissue

75
Q

Highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

76
Q

What type of major nervous tissue cell responds to stimuli?

A

Dendrites

77
Q

What type of major nervous tissue cell transmits electrical impulses?

A

Axons

78
Q

What major nervous tissue cell supports, insulates, and protects neurons?

A

Glial Cells

79
Q

What type of connective tissue contains reticular
fibers and is found mostly in the immune system?
a. Dense regular connective tissue
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
c. Areolar connective tissue
d. Reticular connective tissue

A

Reticular connective tissue

80
Q

What type of muscle is multinucleated?

a. Cardiac
b. Smooth
c. Skeletal

A

c. Skeletal

Anatomy (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions