Heart

Question 1

Where is the heart located in the chest specifically?

Answer 1

• Located posterior to sternum in the
mediastinum
• Goes 2nd to 5th intercostal space
• Slightly tilted so the tip (apex) projects
to the left

Question 2

What are the 3 different layers of the pericardium?

Answer 2

1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral pericardium
3. Parietal pericardium

Question 3

Heart receives mostly _________ blood via ______.

Answer 3

Unoxygenated blood via veins

Question 4

Heart sends mostly __________ blood out via ________.

Answer 4

oxygenated blood out via arteries.

Question 5

_________ circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and back to heart for distribution

Answer 5

Pulmonary

Question 6

________ circulation moves oxygenated blood to

body.

Answer 6

Systemic

Question 7

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

Answer 7

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 8

Which heart wall layer?
Most superficial
• visceral pericardium - epithelium
• Adipose tissue

Answer 8

Epicardium

Question 9

Which heart wall layer?
Middle thick muscular layer
• Forms bulk of heart wall
• Contains fibrous skeleton

Answer 9

Myocardium

Question 10

Which heart wall layer?
Deepest layer
• Areolar connective tissue
• Endothelium – smooth epithelium that lines
chambers and heart valves

Answer 10

Endocardium

Question 11

What is myocarditis?

Answer 11

inflammation of the myocardium

• Usually due to a viral infection

Question 12

What is endocarditis?

Answer 12

inflammation of the endocardium and typically also involves the heart valves
• Usually caused by a bacterial infection

Question 13

What is the function of the atria?

Answer 13

Atria are receiving chambers that pump

blood into ventricles.

Question 14

From where does each atrium receive its blood?

Answer 14

Right atrium receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins.

Question 15

What are the differences between right and left atrium?

Answer 15

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood while left atrium receives oxygenated blood.

Question 16

A normal part of fetal blood circulation. All babies are born with this opening between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. But it usually closes on its own shortly after birth.

Answer 16

Ductess Arteriosus

Question 17

What is the adult structure of ductess arteriosus?

Answer 17

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 18

What is the adult remnant structure of the foramen ovale in infants?

Answer 18

Fossa Ovalis

Question 19

As pericardium becomes inflamed
the capillaries become leakier
resulting in fluid accumulation in
the pericardial cavity called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• In severe cases it can stop the heart
from filling adequately
• This leads to the heart being unable
to pump blood and could lead to
heart failure

Answer 19

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 20

What do the ventricles do?

Answer 20

Pump blood into the pulmonary

and systemic circulation.

Question 21

• Small opening in interatrial septum
• When the fossa ovale doesn’t seal
all of the way and blood can go
between the atria
• Occurs in 15-25% of people
• Leads to hypertrophy of right atria
and ventricle and dilation of
pulmonary trunk

Answer 21

Atrial Septal Defect

Question 22

• Separates right and left ventricle
• Thicker than interatrial septum due to more pressure in ventricles
• Composed mostly of myocardium inferiorly
• Small portion superiorly is fibrous connective tissue

Answer 22

Interventricular Septum

Question 23

When the interventricular septum fails to form completely
• Blood from the left ventricle is shunted into the right
ventricle
• More blood forced into the pulmonary circulation
• Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 23

Ventricular Septal Defect

Question 24

• Septum between atria and ventricles
• Has 4 openings that allow blood to move into and out
• Each opening has a valve
• Valves weaken the septum so it is heavily reinforced with dense connective tissue called the fibrous skeleton

Answer 24

Atrioventricular Septum

Question 25

* Network of collagen and elastin * Provides structural support * Forms fibrous rings for valves to attach * Provides a framework for cardiac muscle attachment * Acts as an electrical insulator

Answer 25

Fibrous Skeleton

Question 26

What are the coverings of the heart and the layers of the walls starting with the most superficial?

Answer 26

1. Fibrous Pericardium 2. Parietal Pericardium 3. Visceral Pericardium 4. Epicardium 5. Myocardium 6. Endocardium

Question 27

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium: a. Is fused to the fibrous pericardium b. Is the fluid that offers protection to the heart c. Is the outer layer of the heart d. Is a tough, inelastic layer that anchors the heart in the mediastinum e. Is also called the pericardial cavity

Answer 27

c. Is the outer layer of the heart

Question 28

Which is not true of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a. It acts as an electrical insulator b. It connects with the interatrial septum c. It consists of four connective tissue rings d. It prevents overstretching of the valves e. All the above are not true

Answer 28

b. It connects with the interatrial septum

Question 29

_________ contract prior to the other regions of the ventricle, which tightens the chordae tendineae, and closes the tricuspid valve. This stops the blood from re-entering the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

Answer 29

Papillary Muscles

Question 30

The _______ _________ make up the leaflet suspension system that ultimately determine and maintain the position and tension on the valve leaflets at end of systole.

Answer 30

Chordae Tendineae

Question 31

Muscular ridges that crisscross and project from the inner walls of the heart ventricles. Their structure is important to their role. Had the inner surface of heart ventricles been flat, suction could occur and this would impair the heart’s ability to pump efficiently.

Answer 31

Trabeculae Carneae

Question 32

* Open during ventricular contraction (atrial relaxation) * Closed during ventricular relaxation * Made up of 3 little cusps/cups * When ventricles contract the pressure inside the ventricles is greater than in the pulmonary trunk so blood flows into pulmonary trunk * When ventricles relax, blood begins to flow back filling the cusps and closing the valve

Answer 32

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Question 33

``` • Also known as mitral valve • Separates the left atrium from the left ventricle • Composed of 2 leaflets connected to papillary muscle via chordeae tendinae • Open during ventricular relaxation • Closes during ventricular contraction ```

Answer 33

Bicuspid Valve

Question 34

What opens and closes the bicuspid valve?

Answer 34

The chordae tendineae and papillary muscles keep the leaflets stable to prevent blood from flowing backward.

Question 35

``` • Found between the left ventricle and aorta • Made up of three cusps • As ventricles relax, cusps fill with blood and close valve effectively preventing backflow ```

Answer 35

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Question 36

What opens and closes the Aortic Semilunar Valve?

Answer 36

Pressure of blood flow

Question 37

* Ensures blood flows from right atria to ventricle without backflow * Open during ventricular rest (atrial contraction) * Closed during ventricular contraction (atrial relaxation) * Backflow of blood pushes it closed * Made up of 3 flaps attached to chordae tendineae * Chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles * Contract and pull the “heart strings” to prevent valves from prolapsing

Answer 37

Tricuspid Valve

Question 38

What opens and closes the tricuspid valve?

Answer 38

Papillary muscle contracts and chordae tendinae open valve