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Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tree types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic Cartilage
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2
Q

What supports tissue, provides a smooth articulating surface, and provides a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

Is cartilage avascular? Yes or No

A

Yes

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4
Q

Where is Fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs

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5
Q

What kind of cartilage is found at the end of ribs, the nose and the trachea?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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6
Q

What cartilage is found in the ear and the epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage

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7
Q 
Which type of cartilage is found at
the IV discs and pubic symphysis?
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
A

b. Fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Which of the following is not a
function of cartilage?
a. It acts to supporting tissues
b. It provides a smooth articulating surface
c. It contains hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells
d. It provides a model for formation of most of the bones in the body

A

c. It contains hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells

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9
Q

What are the 5 functions of bone?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Protection
  3. Mineral and Energy Storage
  4. Gives support
  5. Formation of blood cells
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10
Q

What kind of bones are longer than they are wide?

A

Long bones

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11
Q

What kind of bones are equal length and width?

A

Short bones

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12
Q

What kind of bones are thin, flat bones?

A

Flat bones

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13
Q

What kind of bones have an irregular shape?

A

Irregular bones

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14
Q

What is the shaft or body of a long bone?

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate

A

a. Diaphysis

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15
Q

What is the ends of a long bone?

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate

A

b. Epiphysis

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16
Q

What is the enlargement between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate

A

c. Metaphysis

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17
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage that grows and ossifies on a long bone?

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate

A

d. Epiphyseal plate

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18
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage found on articulating surfaces of a long bone?

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Articular cartilage
d. Epiphyseal plate

A

c. Articular cartilage

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19
Q

What is the periosteum on long bones?

A

A sheath surrounding the external surface of the bone.

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20
Q

What is the endosteum on a long bone?

A

A thin membrane covering the medullary cavity.

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21
Q

What is the medullary cavity in a long bone?

A

Hollow cavity in the diaphysis, that lightens the bone and contains marrow (yellow marrow in adults).

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22
Q

What is hematopoietic tissue?

A

Blood cell forming tissues

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23
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

Within trabecular cavities of spongy bone

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24
Q

What fills medullary cavities in new borns?

A

Red Marrow

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25
Q

What fills medullary cavities in children and adults?

A

Yellow marrow

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26
Q

What composes bone?

A

Abundant extracellular matrix with widely separated cells.

27
Q

What gives bone its flexibility?

A

Collagen fibers

28
Q

What are the organic components of bone?

A
  1. Cells

2. Osteoid

29
Q

What are the inorganic compounds of bone?

A

Hydroxyapatites

30
Q

What is the term for when mineral salts are deposited in the matrix around the collagen fibers, they crystalize making the matrix hard

A

Ossification

31
Q

What are the 4 major cell types in bone?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
32
Q

What are the bone stem-cells able to differentiate into other types of cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

33
Q

What are the bone building cells that secrete matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

34
Q

What are the mature bone cells that reside in lacunae?

A

Osteocytes

35
Q

What bone cells remodel bones and cause them to release calcium?

A

Osteoclasts

36
Q

What is the structural unit in compact bone?

A

Osteon

37
Q

What is the central ring containing vasculature and nerves in compact bone?

A

Haversian canal

38
Q

What is the ring shaped layer of collagen and matrix in compact bone?

A

Lamellae

39
Q

What is the space between lamellae with osteocyte in compact bone?

A

Lacunae

40
Q

What are the small tunnels connecting lacunae in compact bone?

A

Canaliculi

41
Q

What contains blood vessels an nerves, running perpendicular to connect Haversian canals in compact bone?

A

Perforating canals

42
Q

Does spongy bone contain osteons? Yes or No

A

No

43
Q

What allows bone to be lighter in weight making locomotion easier?

A

Spongy bone

44
Q

Where do periosteal arteries (accompanied by
veins and nerves) enter the diaphysis
through?

A

Volkmann’s canal

45
Q 
Which of the following is not a
function of bone? 
a. Protection of visceral organs
b. Movement
c. Storage of energy
d. Hematopoeisis
e. Providing a smooth articulating surface
A

e. Providing a smooth articulating surface

46
Q 
In which type of bone would you
find primarily red bone marrow in an
adult? 
a. Long bones
b. Short bones
c. Flat bones
d. All of the above
A

d. All of the above

47
Q

At what part of the long bone would you find the epiphyseal plate in the adult?

a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Medullary cavity
e. None of the above

A

c. Metaphysis

48
Q

The periosteum of the bone contains an outer fibrous layer made up of?

a. Dense regular connetive tissue
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
c. Loose connective tissue
d. Cartilage

A

b. Dense irregular connective tissue

49
Q 
Bone cells that resorb bone are
called what?  
a. Osteogenic cells
b. Osteoblasts
c. Osteocytes
d. Osteoclasts
A

d. Osteoclasts

50
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous and Endochondral

51
Q

When do long bones grow in length and width?

A

Infancy, childhood and adolescence

52
Q

What is interstitial growth of bones?

A

Growth in length

53
Q

What is appositional growth of bones?

A

Growth in width

54
Q

What allows for interstitial growth of bones?

A

The epiphyseal plate

55
Q

How often does bone tissue undergo small changes?

A

Constantly

56
Q

What factors affect remodeling of bone?

A
  1. Minerals
  2. Vitamins
  3. Hormones
  4. Exercise
  5. Aging
57
Q

Almost all disease states that affect the skeletal system are due to an imbalance in…

A

Bone deposit and bone resorption

58
Q

• Bone resorption outweighs bone deposit
• Bones become very brittle very easily broken
• Bone mass is reduced becoming porous
• Spongy bone and neck of femur are at high risk
for compression fractures
• Occurs mostly in elderly women

A

Osteoporosis

59
Q

The greatest bone size and strength occur during what aging stage?

A

Puberty

60
Q

What 4 stages happen in bone repair?

A
  1. Reactive phase: a hematoma forms
  2. Fibro-cartilaginous callous forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
61
Q

Which type of bone growth uses a hyaline cartilage model?

a. Intramembranous ossification
b. Endochondral ossification
c. Appositional growth
d. Interstitial growth

A

b. Endochondral ossification

62
Q

Which hormone would be released in response to decreased calcium levels to stimulate osteoclasts to increase bone resorption?

a. Thyroxine
b. Estrogen
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Calcitonin

A

c. parathyroid hormone

63
Q

Wolff’s law is concerned with
________.
a. The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses
placed upon it
b. The function of bone being dependent on shape
c. Vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
d. The diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of
osteoblasts to osteoclasts

A

a. The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses
placed upon it

64
Q

Which of the following is true?
a. In osteoporosis bone resorption outweighs bone deposition
b. In osteoporosis bone becomes replaced by cartilage making bones weak
c. In osteomalacia osteoblast activity outweighs osteoclast activity
leading to increased bone deposition
d. Insufficient estrogen levels leads to osteomalacia

A

a. In osteoporosis bone resorption outweighs bone deposition

Anatomy (18 decks)

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