Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the tree types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic Cartilage
What supports tissue, provides a smooth articulating surface, and provides a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body?
Cartilage
Is cartilage avascular? Yes or No
Yes
Where is Fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs
What kind of cartilage is found at the end of ribs, the nose and the trachea?
Hyaline Cartilage
What cartilage is found in the ear and the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
Which type of cartilage is found at the IV discs and pubic symphysis? a. Hyaline b. Fibrocartilage c. Elastic cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
Which of the following is not a
function of cartilage?
a. It acts to supporting tissues
b. It provides a smooth articulating surface
c. It contains hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells
d. It provides a model for formation of most of the bones in the body
c. It contains hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells
What are the 5 functions of bone?
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral and Energy Storage
- Gives support
- Formation of blood cells
What kind of bones are longer than they are wide?
Long bones
What kind of bones are equal length and width?
Short bones
What kind of bones are thin, flat bones?
Flat bones
What kind of bones have an irregular shape?
Irregular bones
What is the shaft or body of a long bone?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate
a. Diaphysis
What is the ends of a long bone?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate
b. Epiphysis
What is the enlargement between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate
c. Metaphysis
What is the hyaline cartilage that grows and ossifies on a long bone?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate
d. Epiphyseal plate
What is the hyaline cartilage found on articulating surfaces of a long bone?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Articular cartilage
d. Epiphyseal plate
c. Articular cartilage
What is the periosteum on long bones?
A sheath surrounding the external surface of the bone.
What is the endosteum on a long bone?
A thin membrane covering the medullary cavity.
What is the medullary cavity in a long bone?
Hollow cavity in the diaphysis, that lightens the bone and contains marrow (yellow marrow in adults).
What is hematopoietic tissue?
Blood cell forming tissues
Where is red marrow found?
Within trabecular cavities of spongy bone
What fills medullary cavities in new borns?
Red Marrow
What fills medullary cavities in children and adults?
Yellow marrow
What composes bone?
Abundant extracellular matrix with widely separated cells.
What gives bone its flexibility?
Collagen fibers
What are the organic components of bone?
- Cells
2. Osteoid
What are the inorganic compounds of bone?
Hydroxyapatites
What is the term for when mineral salts are deposited in the matrix around the collagen fibers, they crystalize making the matrix hard
Ossification
What are the 4 major cell types in bone?
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
What are the bone stem-cells able to differentiate into other types of cells?
Osteoprogenitor cells
What are the bone building cells that secrete matrix?
Osteoblasts
What are the mature bone cells that reside in lacunae?
Osteocytes
What bone cells remodel bones and cause them to release calcium?
Osteoclasts
What is the structural unit in compact bone?
Osteon
What is the central ring containing vasculature and nerves in compact bone?
Haversian canal
What is the ring shaped layer of collagen and matrix in compact bone?
Lamellae
What is the space between lamellae with osteocyte in compact bone?
Lacunae
What are the small tunnels connecting lacunae in compact bone?
Canaliculi
What contains blood vessels an nerves, running perpendicular to connect Haversian canals in compact bone?
Perforating canals
Does spongy bone contain osteons? Yes or No
No
What allows bone to be lighter in weight making locomotion easier?
Spongy bone
Where do periosteal arteries (accompanied by
veins and nerves) enter the diaphysis
through?
Volkmann’s canal
Which of the following is not a function of bone? a. Protection of visceral organs b. Movement c. Storage of energy d. Hematopoeisis e. Providing a smooth articulating surface
e. Providing a smooth articulating surface
In which type of bone would you find primarily red bone marrow in an adult? a. Long bones b. Short bones c. Flat bones d. All of the above
d. All of the above
At what part of the long bone would you find the epiphyseal plate in the adult?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Medullary cavity
e. None of the above
c. Metaphysis
The periosteum of the bone contains an outer fibrous layer made up of?
a. Dense regular connetive tissue
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
c. Loose connective tissue
d. Cartilage
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
Bone cells that resorb bone are called what? a. Osteogenic cells b. Osteoblasts c. Osteocytes d. Osteoclasts
d. Osteoclasts
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous and Endochondral
When do long bones grow in length and width?
Infancy, childhood and adolescence
What is interstitial growth of bones?
Growth in length
What is appositional growth of bones?
Growth in width
What allows for interstitial growth of bones?
The epiphyseal plate
How often does bone tissue undergo small changes?
Constantly
What factors affect remodeling of bone?
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Hormones
- Exercise
- Aging
Almost all disease states that affect the skeletal system are due to an imbalance in…
Bone deposit and bone resorption
• Bone resorption outweighs bone deposit
• Bones become very brittle very easily broken
• Bone mass is reduced becoming porous
• Spongy bone and neck of femur are at high risk
for compression fractures
• Occurs mostly in elderly women
Osteoporosis
The greatest bone size and strength occur during what aging stage?
Puberty
What 4 stages happen in bone repair?
- Reactive phase: a hematoma forms
- Fibro-cartilaginous callous forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodeling occurs
Which type of bone growth uses a hyaline cartilage model?
a. Intramembranous ossification
b. Endochondral ossification
c. Appositional growth
d. Interstitial growth
b. Endochondral ossification
Which hormone would be released in response to decreased calcium levels to stimulate osteoclasts to increase bone resorption?
a. Thyroxine
b. Estrogen
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Calcitonin
c. parathyroid hormone
Wolff’s law is concerned with
________.
a. The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses
placed upon it
b. The function of bone being dependent on shape
c. Vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
d. The diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of
osteoblasts to osteoclasts
a. The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses
placed upon it
Which of the following is true?
a. In osteoporosis bone resorption outweighs bone deposition
b. In osteoporosis bone becomes replaced by cartilage making bones weak
c. In osteomalacia osteoblast activity outweighs osteoclast activity
leading to increased bone deposition
d. Insufficient estrogen levels leads to osteomalacia
a. In osteoporosis bone resorption outweighs bone deposition
