Nervous Review 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A cell that is specialized to conduct an action potential is a:
A
Neuron
2
Q
Wha is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
A
Neuron
3
Q
Where is an action potential typically started?
A
In the initial segment.
4
Q
If the dendrites of a neuron are destroyed the cell will not be able to?
A
Receive synaptic activation.
5
Q
What is the SOMA?
A
The cell body
6
Q
What are clusters of rough ER that produce abundant proteins?
A
Nissl Bodies
7
Q
What provides cell shape?
A
Neurofibrils
8
Q
What is the termination of a cell body?
A
Axon Hillock
9
Q
Input region; receives information via
neurotransmitters.
A
Dendrites
10
Q
Generate and transmit impulses?
A
Axon
11
Q
The site of communication between 2
neurons or between a neuron and its effector?
A
Synapse
12
Q
The largest most abundant glial cell. They are major support cells of the neurons and form the Blood Brain Barrie (BBB)?
A
Astrocyte
13
Q
The immune cells of the CNS. The monitor neuronal health and can phagocytize foreign material and neuronal debris?
A
Microglia
14
Q
Cells that are ciliated simple epithelium that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A
Ependymal cells
15
Q
Wrap their fibers around the axons of the neurons in the CNS to create the myelin sheath?
A
Oligodendrocytes
16
Q
Principal glial cells of the PNS. Supply
nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function?
A
Satellite cells
17
Q
Form the myelin sheath for the PNS
neuronal axons; vital for regeneration of PNS fibers?
A
Schwann cells
18
Q
A neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body would be classified as?
A
A multipolar neuron
19
Q
A neuron that has one axon and 1 dendrite emerging from the cell body would be classified as?
A
Bipolar neuron
20
Q
A neuron that has one process that splits into one axon and one dendrite?
A
Unipolar Neurons
21
Q
What is the most common neuron, Bipolor, Unipolar or Multipolar?
A
Multipolar
22
Q
What are two main functional divisions of nervous system?
A
- Sensory
2. Motor
23
Q
What are two functional divisions of sensory nervous system?
A
- Somatic
2. Visceral
24
Q
What are two functional divisions of motor nervous system?
A
- Somatic motor
2. Autonomic motor
25
Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses?
Somatic sensory
26
Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from viscera?
Visceral senses
27
Which functional division of the motor nervous system voluntarily innervates skeletal muscle?
Somatic motor
28
Which functional division of the motor nervous system involuntarily innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?
Autonomic motor
29
Transmit impulses from sensory receptors within the body TOWARDS the CNS.
Sensory (Afferent)
30
Carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organ?
Motor (efferent)
31
Between sensory and motor neurons
| • Where integration occurs
Interneurons
32
Sensory (Afferent) neurons are ____polar.
Unipolar
33
Motor (Efferent) neurons are _____polar.
Multipolar
34
Interneurons are ____polar.
Multipolar
35
What amino acid is inhibitory?
Gaba
36
What amino acid is excitatory?
Glutamate
37
What peptide is inhibitory?
Somatostatin
38
What peptide is excitatory?
Cholecystokinin
39
What amine is excitatory?
Norepinephrine
40
What amine is inhibitory?
Serotonin
41
What amine is excitatory and inhibitory?
Dopamine
42
Is Acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?
Both
43
What gas is excitatory?
Nitric Oxide
44
What gas is inhibitory?
Endocannabinoids
45
What autoimmune disorder causes loss of myelin sheath?
Multiple Sclerosis
46
What comes from prosencephalon?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
47
What comes from mesencephalon?
Mesencephalon
48
What comes from Rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon, myelencephalon
49
Telencephalon forms?
Cerebrum
50
Diencephalon forms?
Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
51
Mesencephalon forms?
Midbrain
52
Metencephalon forms?
Pons and cerebellum
53
Myelincephalon forms?
Medulla Oblongata
54
You have a patient that has lost the ability to speak fluently. She has a problem producing speech. She has no problems understanding
speech. What area is likely damaged?
Broca's area
55
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that lead to progressive cognitive decline. Neuropathological changes occur first within the:
Hippocampus
56
Disorders of the basal ganglia can lead to:
Parkinsons Disease
57
Occurs when blood circulation to the brain STOPS leading to an ischemic attack (loss of O2) causing death of brain tissue?
Stroke
58
What is Composed of Neuron cell bodies and interneurons?
Gray Matter
59
What is Composed of Myelinated and unmyelinated Axons; FIBER TRACTS?
White Matter
60
When gray matter clusters reside in white matter, these are called?
Nuclei
61
A projection tract conducts nerve impulses from:
The cerebrum to lower parts of CNS
62
What tract conducts impulses from one
| area of a hemisphere to another area in the same hemisphere?
Association Tracts
63
What tract conducts impulses from
one area in one hemisphere to the
corresponding area in the opposite
hemisphere?
Commissural Tracts
64
What area of the limbic system is primarily responsible for memory?
Hippocampus
65
What area of the limbic system is responsible for fear/anger/agression?
Amygdala
66
What lobe: Perception, Processing sensory information. Contains primary somatosensory area, somatic sensation, and gustatory area?
Parietal
67
What lobe: Primary Visual area
Occipital
68
What lobe: Auditory, olfactory, memory, understanding, language.
Temporal lobe
69
What lobe: Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, behavioral control Contains primary motor area - voluntary movement.
Frontal lobe
70
What lobe: Visceral sensation
Insular lobe
71
The _____________ is the primary voluntary motor area, and it is located in the ____________ lobe.
Precentral Gyrus, Frontal lobe
72
Your patient is suffering from impaired coordination, frequent stumbling, and an unsteady gait. Following an MRI you find a large mass. Based on the given symptoms what is the most likely location of the mass?
Cerebellum
73
What structure acts as a major relay center for the nervous system and contains 7 nuclei that play a role in things like alertness and arousal?
Thalamus
74
The corpus callosum is a _________________ type of white matter tract.
Commissural Tract
75
The facial nerve is responsible for:
Taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
76
Your patient cannot abduct the right eye. Damage to what cranial nerve is most likely responsible?
Abducens
77
What cranial nerve controls the lacrimal gland?
Facial
78
Smell =
Olfactory
79
Vision =
Optic
80
Eye movement and pupil control =
Oculomotor
81
Eye movement (superior oblique) =
Trochlear
82
Sensation of face and anterior tongue
| Motor for muscles of mastication =
Trigeminal
83
Eye movement (lateral rectus) =
Abducens
84
Taste on anterior 2/3 tongue Motor for muscles of facial expression Secretion for salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal gland =
Facial
85
Hearing and Equilibrium =
Vestibulocochlear
86
Taste/sensation posterior 1/3 tongue
| Secretion from parotid salivary gland; motor activity stylopharngeus muscle =
Glossopharyngeal
87
Sensation of thoracic and abdominal viscera Motor activity for swallowing; regulation of heart rate, breathing, GI activity =
Vagus
88
Motor for Trapezius and SCM =
Accessory
89
Motor for muscles of the tongue =
Hypoglossal
90
CSF flows from the 4th ventricle into the what space via the median and lateral apertures?
Subarachnoid space
91
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located within the:
Dorsal root ganglion
92
The white matter tract that carries general sensory information from skin to the brain is:
Medial leminascal tract
93
A patient suffers a hemicord lesion that causes a loss of motor function to the lower limbs while sensory information remains intact. What tract
is likely injured?
Corticospinal tract
94
Which ascending (Sensory) tract: General sensation of the skin?
Medial leminascal tract
95
Which ascending sensory tract: Pain, pressure and temperature.
Anterolateral tract
96
Which ascending sensory tract: Unconscious proprioception (joint position).
Spinocerebellar
97
What major descending tract: Major voluntary motor control.
Spinocerebellar
98
A bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
Nerve
99
What surrounds individual axons?
Endoneurium
100
What surround fascicles of axons?
Perineurium
101
What surrounds the entire nerve and
| gives the nerve its strength?
Epineurium
102
• C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the head, neck
and superior shoulders and
chest
Cervical plexus
103
What innervates diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerve
104
C5-T1 spinal nerves
| • Innervates the arm
Brachial plexus
105
Innervates Anterior muscles of the upper arm.
Musculocutaneous
106
Innervates Anterior muscles of forearm and some in hand?
Median nerve
107
Innervates Anteromedial muscles of forearm and most of the muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve
108
Innervates Posterior arm and forearm
Radial nerve
109
Innervates Deltoid and teres minor muscles
Axillary nerve
110
L1-L4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the anterolateral
abdominal wall, external genitalia
and anterior thigh
Lumbar Plexus
111
Innervates Muscles of the anterior thigh
Femoral Nerve
112
Innervates Muscles of the medial thigh (adductors)
Obturator Nerve
113
L4-S4 spinal nerves
| • Innervates the buttocks, perineum and posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower leg
Sacral plexus
114
Innervates muscles of the back of the thigh
Sciatic Nerve
115
Innervates Muscles of the anterior and
| lateral leg
Common fibular
116
Innervates Muscles of the posterior leg
Tibial nerve
117
Sensory afferent axons would be found where?
Dorsal root
118
Sympathetic secretes ______ from pre-ganglionic neuron?
ACH
119
Sympathetic secretes ____ from post-ganglionic neuron.
NE
120
Parasympathetic secretes ____ from pre-ganglionic neuron?
ACH
121
Parasympathetic secretes ___ from post-ganglionic neuron.
ACH
122
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the lateral horns of what regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic and lumbar
123
Parasympathetic =
Craniosacral
124
sympathetic =
Thoracolumbar
125
tangled networks of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Autonomic plexus
126
4 Major Plexuses:
Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
• Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses
• Hypogastric plexus
• Renal plexus
127
```
You are running late for class, so you drive a little faster than normalto try to make up time. Suddenly you hear sirens and see flashing lights in your rear-view mirror leading to activation of your sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following will occur?
• Decreased heart rate
• Airway constriction
• Liver releases glucose
• Decreased respiratory rate
```
Liver releases glucose
128
What senses: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, proprioception
Somatic senses
129
What senses: vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium
Special senses
130
The fovea centralis is the area of:
Highest visual acuity (only has cones)
131
Which of the following leads to salty tastes?
Metal ions
132
Glucose =
Sweet
133
H+ ions =
Sour
134
Alkaloids =
Bitter
135
Metal ions =
Salty
136
Amino acids (meat) =
Umami
137
What specific structure allows for taste?
Gustatory cell
138
The spiral organ of corti is found within the
Cochlear Duct
139
Lies superior to the cochlear
| duct; Part of the bony labyrinth
Scala vestibuli
140
Cochlear duct, where the “organ of Corti” is located; Part of the membranous labyrinth
Scala media
141
Inferior to the cochlear duct - Part of the bony labyrinth
Scala Tympani
142
Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are
| continuous and join together at the:
Cochlear Apex
143
Outer Fibrous Layer contains:
* Sclera
| * Cornea
144
Middle Vascular Layer contains:
Choroid plexus
• Ciliary body/muscle
• Iris
145
Inner Layer contains:
Retina
146
Which of the following best describes the pathway light would use to travel to the occipital lobe?
Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract
147
What ganglia Extends down the sides of the vertebral column from base of the skull to coccyx and Innervate structures above diaphragm?
Paravertebral ganglia
148
superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia are what kind of ganglia?
Paravertebral ganglia
149
•Lies close to the large abdominal arteries Innervate structures below diaphragm?
Pervertebral ganglia
150
celiac, superior mesenteric
Prevertebral ganglia
151
Terminal ganglia Lie close to or in the wall of the target tissue?
Parasympathetic ganglia
152
ciliary, submandibular and otic are examples of:
Parasympathetic ganglia
