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Anatomy > Nervous Review 2 > Flashcards

Nervous Review 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A cell that is specialized to conduct an action potential is a:

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Wha is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Where is an action potential typically started?

A

In the initial segment.

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4
Q

If the dendrites of a neuron are destroyed the cell will not be able to?

A

Receive synaptic activation.

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5
Q

What is the SOMA?

A

The cell body

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6
Q

What are clusters of rough ER that produce abundant proteins?

A

Nissl Bodies

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7
Q

What provides cell shape?

A

Neurofibrils

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8
Q

What is the termination of a cell body?

A

Axon Hillock

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9
Q

Input region; receives information via

neurotransmitters.

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Generate and transmit impulses?

A

Axon

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11
Q

The site of communication between 2

neurons or between a neuron and its effector?

A

Synapse

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12
Q

The largest most abundant glial cell. They are major support cells of the neurons and form the Blood Brain Barrie (BBB)?

A

Astrocyte

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13
Q

The immune cells of the CNS. The monitor neuronal health and can phagocytize foreign material and neuronal debris?

A

Microglia

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14
Q

Cells that are ciliated simple epithelium that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

Wrap their fibers around the axons of the neurons in the CNS to create the myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Principal glial cells of the PNS. Supply

nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function?

A

Satellite cells

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17
Q

Form the myelin sheath for the PNS

neuronal axons; vital for regeneration of PNS fibers?

A

Schwann cells

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18
Q

A neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body would be classified as?

A

A multipolar neuron

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19
Q

A neuron that has one axon and 1 dendrite emerging from the cell body would be classified as?

A

Bipolar neuron

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20
Q

A neuron that has one process that splits into one axon and one dendrite?

A

Unipolar Neurons

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21
Q

What is the most common neuron, Bipolor, Unipolar or Multipolar?

A

Multipolar

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22
Q

What are two main functional divisions of nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory

2. Motor

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23
Q

What are two functional divisions of sensory nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Visceral

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24
Q

What are two functional divisions of motor nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic motor

2. Autonomic motor

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25
Q

Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses?

A

Somatic sensory

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26
Q

Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from viscera?

A

Visceral senses

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27
Q

Which functional division of the motor nervous system voluntarily innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic motor

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28
Q

Which functional division of the motor nervous system involuntarily innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?

A

Autonomic motor

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29
Q

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors within the body TOWARDS the CNS.

A

Sensory (Afferent)

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30
Q

Carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organ?

A

Motor (efferent)

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31
Q

Between sensory and motor neurons

• Where integration occurs

A

Interneurons

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32
Q

Sensory (Afferent) neurons are ____polar.

A

Unipolar

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33
Q

Motor (Efferent) neurons are _____polar.

A

Multipolar

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34
Q

Interneurons are ____polar.

A

Multipolar

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35
Q

What amino acid is inhibitory?

A

Gaba

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36
Q

What amino acid is excitatory?

A

Glutamate

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37
Q

What peptide is inhibitory?

A

Somatostatin

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38
Q

What peptide is excitatory?

A

Cholecystokinin

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39
Q

What amine is excitatory?

A

Norepinephrine

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40
Q

What amine is inhibitory?

A

Serotonin

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41
Q

What amine is excitatory and inhibitory?

A

Dopamine

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42
Q

Is Acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Both

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43
Q

What gas is excitatory?

A

Nitric Oxide

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44
Q

What gas is inhibitory?

A

Endocannabinoids

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45
Q

What autoimmune disorder causes loss of myelin sheath?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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46
Q

What comes from prosencephalon?

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

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47
Q

What comes from mesencephalon?

A

Mesencephalon

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48
Q

What comes from Rhombencephalon?

A

Metencephalon, myelencephalon

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49
Q

Telencephalon forms?

A

Cerebrum

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50
Q

Diencephalon forms?

A

Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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51
Q

Mesencephalon forms?

A

Midbrain

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52
Q

Metencephalon forms?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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53
Q

Myelincephalon forms?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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54
Q

You have a patient that has lost the ability to speak fluently. She has a problem producing speech. She has no problems understanding
speech. What area is likely damaged?

A

Broca’s area

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55
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that lead to progressive cognitive decline. Neuropathological changes occur first within the:

A

Hippocampus

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56
Q

Disorders of the basal ganglia can lead to:

A

Parkinsons Disease

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57
Q

Occurs when blood circulation to the brain STOPS leading to an ischemic attack (loss of O2) causing death of brain tissue?

A

Stroke

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58
Q

What is Composed of Neuron cell bodies and interneurons?

A

Gray Matter

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59
Q

What is Composed of Myelinated and unmyelinated Axons; FIBER TRACTS?

A

White Matter

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60
Q

When gray matter clusters reside in white matter, these are called?

A

Nuclei

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61
Q

A projection tract conducts nerve impulses from:

A

The cerebrum to lower parts of CNS

62
Q

What tract conducts impulses from one

area of a hemisphere to another area in the same hemisphere?

A

Association Tracts

63
Q

What tract conducts impulses from
one area in one hemisphere to the
corresponding area in the opposite
hemisphere?

A

Commissural Tracts

64
Q

What area of the limbic system is primarily responsible for memory?

A

Hippocampus

65
Q

What area of the limbic system is responsible for fear/anger/agression?

A

Amygdala

66
Q

What lobe: Perception, Processing sensory information. Contains primary somatosensory area, somatic sensation, and gustatory area?

A

Parietal

67
Q

What lobe: Primary Visual area

A

Occipital

68
Q

What lobe: Auditory, olfactory, memory, understanding, language.

A

Temporal lobe

69
Q

What lobe: Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, behavioral control Contains primary motor area - voluntary movement.

A

Frontal lobe

70
Q

What lobe: Visceral sensation

A

Insular lobe

71
Q

The _____________ is the primary voluntary motor area, and it is located in the ____________ lobe.

A

Precentral Gyrus, Frontal lobe

72
Q

Your patient is suffering from impaired coordination, frequent stumbling, and an unsteady gait. Following an MRI you find a large mass. Based on the given symptoms what is the most likely location of the mass?

A

Cerebellum

73
Q

What structure acts as a major relay center for the nervous system and contains 7 nuclei that play a role in things like alertness and arousal?

A

Thalamus

74
Q

The corpus callosum is a _________________ type of white matter tract.

A

Commissural Tract

75
Q

The facial nerve is responsible for:

A

Taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

76
Q

Your patient cannot abduct the right eye. Damage to what cranial nerve is most likely responsible?

A

Abducens

77
Q

What cranial nerve controls the lacrimal gland?

A

Facial

78
Q

Smell =

A

Olfactory

79
Q

Vision =

A

Optic

80
Q

Eye movement and pupil control =

A

Oculomotor

81
Q

Eye movement (superior oblique) =

A

Trochlear

82
Q

Sensation of face and anterior tongue

Motor for muscles of mastication =

A

Trigeminal

83
Q

Eye movement (lateral rectus) =

A

Abducens

84
Q

Taste on anterior 2/3 tongue Motor for muscles of facial expression Secretion for salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal gland =

A

Facial

85
Q

Hearing and Equilibrium =

A

Vestibulocochlear

86
Q

Taste/sensation posterior 1/3 tongue

Secretion from parotid salivary gland; motor activity stylopharngeus muscle =

A

Glossopharyngeal

87
Q

Sensation of thoracic and abdominal viscera Motor activity for swallowing; regulation of heart rate, breathing, GI activity =

A

Vagus

88
Q

Motor for Trapezius and SCM =

A

Accessory

89
Q

Motor for muscles of the tongue =

A

Hypoglossal

90
Q

CSF flows from the 4th ventricle into the what space via the median and lateral apertures?

A

Subarachnoid space

91
Q

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located within the:

A

Dorsal root ganglion

92
Q

The white matter tract that carries general sensory information from skin to the brain is:

A

Medial leminascal tract

93
Q

A patient suffers a hemicord lesion that causes a loss of motor function to the lower limbs while sensory information remains intact. What tract
is likely injured?

A

Corticospinal tract

94
Q

Which ascending (Sensory) tract: General sensation of the skin?

A

Medial leminascal tract

95
Q

Which ascending sensory tract: Pain, pressure and temperature.

A

Anterolateral tract

96
Q

Which ascending sensory tract: Unconscious proprioception (joint position).

A

Spinocerebellar

97
Q

What major descending tract: Major voluntary motor control.

A

Spinocerebellar

98
Q

A bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

A

Nerve

99
Q

What surrounds individual axons?

A

Endoneurium

100
Q

What surround fascicles of axons?

A

Perineurium

101
Q

What surrounds the entire nerve and

gives the nerve its strength?

A

Epineurium

102
Q

• C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the head, neck
and superior shoulders and
chest

A

Cervical plexus

103
Q

What innervates diaphragm?

A

Phrenic Nerve

104
Q

C5-T1 spinal nerves

• Innervates the arm

A

Brachial plexus

105
Q

Innervates Anterior muscles of the upper arm.

A

Musculocutaneous

106
Q

Innervates Anterior muscles of forearm and some in hand?

A

Median nerve

107
Q

Innervates Anteromedial muscles of forearm and most of the muscles of the hand?

A

Ulnar nerve

108
Q

Innervates Posterior arm and forearm

A

Radial nerve

109
Q

Innervates Deltoid and teres minor muscles

A

Axillary nerve

110
Q

L1-L4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the anterolateral
abdominal wall, external genitalia
and anterior thigh

A

Lumbar Plexus

111
Q

Innervates Muscles of the anterior thigh

A

Femoral Nerve

112
Q

Innervates Muscles of the medial thigh (adductors)

A

Obturator Nerve

113
Q

L4-S4 spinal nerves

• Innervates the buttocks, perineum and posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower leg

A

Sacral plexus

114
Q

Innervates muscles of the back of the thigh

A

Sciatic Nerve

115
Q

Innervates Muscles of the anterior and

lateral leg

A

Common fibular

116
Q

Innervates Muscles of the posterior leg

A

Tibial nerve

117
Q

Sensory afferent axons would be found where?

A

Dorsal root

118
Q

Sympathetic secretes ______ from pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

ACH

119
Q

Sympathetic secretes ____ from post-ganglionic neuron.

A

NE

120
Q

Parasympathetic secretes ____ from pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

ACH

121
Q

Parasympathetic secretes ___ from post-ganglionic neuron.

A

ACH

122
Q

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the lateral horns of what regions of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

123
Q

Parasympathetic =

A

Craniosacral

124
Q

sympathetic =

A

Thoracolumbar

125
Q

tangled networks of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen and pelvis

A

Autonomic plexus

126
Q

4 Major Plexuses:

A

Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
• Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses
• Hypogastric plexus
• Renal plexus

127
Q 
You are running late for class, so you drive a little faster than normalto try to make up time. Suddenly you hear sirens and see flashing lights in your rear-view mirror leading to activation of your sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following will occur?
• Decreased heart rate
• Airway constriction
• Liver releases glucose
• Decreased respiratory rate
A

Liver releases glucose

128
Q

What senses: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, proprioception

A

Somatic senses

129
Q

What senses: vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium

A

Special senses

130
Q

The fovea centralis is the area of:

A

Highest visual acuity (only has cones)

131
Q

Which of the following leads to salty tastes?

A

Metal ions

132
Q

Glucose =

A

Sweet

133
Q

H+ ions =

A

Sour

134
Q

Alkaloids =

A

Bitter

135
Q

Metal ions =

A

Salty

136
Q

Amino acids (meat) =

A

Umami

137
Q

What specific structure allows for taste?

A

Gustatory cell

138
Q

The spiral organ of corti is found within the

A

Cochlear Duct

139
Q

Lies superior to the cochlear

duct; Part of the bony labyrinth

A

Scala vestibuli

140
Q

Cochlear duct, where the “organ of Corti” is located; Part of the membranous labyrinth

A

Scala media

141
Q

Inferior to the cochlear duct - Part of the bony labyrinth

A

Scala Tympani

142
Q

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are

continuous and join together at the:

A

Cochlear Apex

143
Q

Outer Fibrous Layer contains:

A
  • Sclera

* Cornea

144
Q

Middle Vascular Layer contains:

A

Choroid plexus
• Ciliary body/muscle
• Iris

145
Q

Inner Layer contains:

A

Retina

146
Q

Which of the following best describes the pathway light would use to travel to the occipital lobe?

A

Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract

147
Q

What ganglia Extends down the sides of the vertebral column from base of the skull to coccyx and Innervate structures above diaphragm?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

148
Q

superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia are what kind of ganglia?

A

Paravertebral ganglia

149
Q

•Lies close to the large abdominal arteries Innervate structures below diaphragm?

A

Pervertebral ganglia

150
Q

celiac, superior mesenteric

A

Prevertebral ganglia

151
Q

Terminal ganglia Lie close to or in the wall of the target tissue?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

152
Q

ciliary, submandibular and otic are examples of:

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

Anatomy (18 decks)

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