Nervous Review 2 Flashcards
A cell that is specialized to conduct an action potential is a:
Neuron
Wha is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
Where is an action potential typically started?
In the initial segment.
If the dendrites of a neuron are destroyed the cell will not be able to?
Receive synaptic activation.
What is the SOMA?
The cell body
What are clusters of rough ER that produce abundant proteins?
Nissl Bodies
What provides cell shape?
Neurofibrils
What is the termination of a cell body?
Axon Hillock
Input region; receives information via
neurotransmitters.
Dendrites
Generate and transmit impulses?
Axon
The site of communication between 2
neurons or between a neuron and its effector?
Synapse
The largest most abundant glial cell. They are major support cells of the neurons and form the Blood Brain Barrie (BBB)?
Astrocyte
The immune cells of the CNS. The monitor neuronal health and can phagocytize foreign material and neuronal debris?
Microglia
Cells that are ciliated simple epithelium that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Ependymal cells
Wrap their fibers around the axons of the neurons in the CNS to create the myelin sheath?
Oligodendrocytes
Principal glial cells of the PNS. Supply
nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function?
Satellite cells
Form the myelin sheath for the PNS
neuronal axons; vital for regeneration of PNS fibers?
Schwann cells
A neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body would be classified as?
A multipolar neuron
A neuron that has one axon and 1 dendrite emerging from the cell body would be classified as?
Bipolar neuron
A neuron that has one process that splits into one axon and one dendrite?
Unipolar Neurons
What is the most common neuron, Bipolor, Unipolar or Multipolar?
Multipolar
What are two main functional divisions of nervous system?
- Sensory
2. Motor
What are two functional divisions of sensory nervous system?
- Somatic
2. Visceral
What are two functional divisions of motor nervous system?
- Somatic motor
2. Autonomic motor
Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses?
Somatic sensory
Which functional division of sensory nervous system receives sensory information from viscera?
Visceral senses
Which functional division of the motor nervous system voluntarily innervates skeletal muscle?
Somatic motor
Which functional division of the motor nervous system involuntarily innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands?
Autonomic motor
Transmit impulses from sensory receptors within the body TOWARDS the CNS.
Sensory (Afferent)
Carry impulses FROM the CNS to effector organ?
Motor (efferent)
Between sensory and motor neurons
• Where integration occurs
Interneurons
Sensory (Afferent) neurons are ____polar.
Unipolar
Motor (Efferent) neurons are _____polar.
Multipolar
Interneurons are ____polar.
Multipolar
What amino acid is inhibitory?
Gaba
What amino acid is excitatory?
Glutamate
What peptide is inhibitory?
Somatostatin
What peptide is excitatory?
Cholecystokinin
What amine is excitatory?
Norepinephrine
What amine is inhibitory?
Serotonin
What amine is excitatory and inhibitory?
Dopamine
Is Acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?
Both
What gas is excitatory?
Nitric Oxide
What gas is inhibitory?
Endocannabinoids
What autoimmune disorder causes loss of myelin sheath?
Multiple Sclerosis
What comes from prosencephalon?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
What comes from mesencephalon?
Mesencephalon
What comes from Rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon, myelencephalon
Telencephalon forms?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon forms?
Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
Mesencephalon forms?
Midbrain
Metencephalon forms?
Pons and cerebellum
Myelincephalon forms?
Medulla Oblongata
You have a patient that has lost the ability to speak fluently. She has a problem producing speech. She has no problems understanding
speech. What area is likely damaged?
Broca’s area
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that lead to progressive cognitive decline. Neuropathological changes occur first within the:
Hippocampus
Disorders of the basal ganglia can lead to:
Parkinsons Disease
Occurs when blood circulation to the brain STOPS leading to an ischemic attack (loss of O2) causing death of brain tissue?
Stroke
What is Composed of Neuron cell bodies and interneurons?
Gray Matter
What is Composed of Myelinated and unmyelinated Axons; FIBER TRACTS?
White Matter
When gray matter clusters reside in white matter, these are called?
Nuclei
A projection tract conducts nerve impulses from:
The cerebrum to lower parts of CNS
What tract conducts impulses from one
area of a hemisphere to another area in the same hemisphere?
Association Tracts
What tract conducts impulses from
one area in one hemisphere to the
corresponding area in the opposite
hemisphere?
Commissural Tracts
What area of the limbic system is primarily responsible for memory?
Hippocampus
What area of the limbic system is responsible for fear/anger/agression?
Amygdala
What lobe: Perception, Processing sensory information. Contains primary somatosensory area, somatic sensation, and gustatory area?
Parietal
What lobe: Primary Visual area
Occipital
What lobe: Auditory, olfactory, memory, understanding, language.
Temporal lobe
What lobe: Executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, behavioral control Contains primary motor area - voluntary movement.
Frontal lobe
What lobe: Visceral sensation
Insular lobe
The _____________ is the primary voluntary motor area, and it is located in the ____________ lobe.
Precentral Gyrus, Frontal lobe
Your patient is suffering from impaired coordination, frequent stumbling, and an unsteady gait. Following an MRI you find a large mass. Based on the given symptoms what is the most likely location of the mass?
Cerebellum
What structure acts as a major relay center for the nervous system and contains 7 nuclei that play a role in things like alertness and arousal?
Thalamus
The corpus callosum is a _________________ type of white matter tract.
Commissural Tract
The facial nerve is responsible for:
Taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Your patient cannot abduct the right eye. Damage to what cranial nerve is most likely responsible?
Abducens
What cranial nerve controls the lacrimal gland?
Facial
Smell =
Olfactory
Vision =
Optic
Eye movement and pupil control =
Oculomotor
Eye movement (superior oblique) =
Trochlear
Sensation of face and anterior tongue
Motor for muscles of mastication =
Trigeminal
Eye movement (lateral rectus) =
Abducens
Taste on anterior 2/3 tongue Motor for muscles of facial expression Secretion for salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal gland =
Facial
Hearing and Equilibrium =
Vestibulocochlear
Taste/sensation posterior 1/3 tongue
Secretion from parotid salivary gland; motor activity stylopharngeus muscle =
Glossopharyngeal
Sensation of thoracic and abdominal viscera Motor activity for swallowing; regulation of heart rate, breathing, GI activity =
Vagus
Motor for Trapezius and SCM =
Accessory
Motor for muscles of the tongue =
Hypoglossal
CSF flows from the 4th ventricle into the what space via the median and lateral apertures?
Subarachnoid space
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located within the:
Dorsal root ganglion
The white matter tract that carries general sensory information from skin to the brain is:
Medial leminascal tract
A patient suffers a hemicord lesion that causes a loss of motor function to the lower limbs while sensory information remains intact. What tract
is likely injured?
Corticospinal tract
Which ascending (Sensory) tract: General sensation of the skin?
Medial leminascal tract
Which ascending sensory tract: Pain, pressure and temperature.
Anterolateral tract
Which ascending sensory tract: Unconscious proprioception (joint position).
Spinocerebellar
What major descending tract: Major voluntary motor control.
Spinocerebellar
A bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
Nerve
What surrounds individual axons?
Endoneurium
What surround fascicles of axons?
Perineurium
What surrounds the entire nerve and
gives the nerve its strength?
Epineurium
• C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the head, neck
and superior shoulders and
chest
Cervical plexus
What innervates diaphragm?
Phrenic Nerve
C5-T1 spinal nerves
• Innervates the arm
Brachial plexus
Innervates Anterior muscles of the upper arm.
Musculocutaneous
Innervates Anterior muscles of forearm and some in hand?
Median nerve
Innervates Anteromedial muscles of forearm and most of the muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve
Innervates Posterior arm and forearm
Radial nerve
Innervates Deltoid and teres minor muscles
Axillary nerve
L1-L4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the anterolateral
abdominal wall, external genitalia
and anterior thigh
Lumbar Plexus
Innervates Muscles of the anterior thigh
Femoral Nerve
Innervates Muscles of the medial thigh (adductors)
Obturator Nerve
L4-S4 spinal nerves
• Innervates the buttocks, perineum and posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower leg
Sacral plexus
Innervates muscles of the back of the thigh
Sciatic Nerve
Innervates Muscles of the anterior and
lateral leg
Common fibular
Innervates Muscles of the posterior leg
Tibial nerve
Sensory afferent axons would be found where?
Dorsal root
Sympathetic secretes ______ from pre-ganglionic neuron?
ACH
Sympathetic secretes ____ from post-ganglionic neuron.
NE
Parasympathetic secretes ____ from pre-ganglionic neuron?
ACH
Parasympathetic secretes ___ from post-ganglionic neuron.
ACH
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons reside in the lateral horns of what regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic and lumbar
Parasympathetic =
Craniosacral
sympathetic =
Thoracolumbar
tangled networks of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Autonomic plexus
4 Major Plexuses:
Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
• Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses
• Hypogastric plexus
• Renal plexus
You are running late for class, so you drive a little faster than normalto try to make up time. Suddenly you hear sirens and see flashing lights in your rear-view mirror leading to activation of your sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following will occur? • Decreased heart rate • Airway constriction • Liver releases glucose • Decreased respiratory rate
Liver releases glucose
What senses: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, proprioception
Somatic senses
What senses: vision, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium
Special senses
The fovea centralis is the area of:
Highest visual acuity (only has cones)
Which of the following leads to salty tastes?
Metal ions
Glucose =
Sweet
H+ ions =
Sour
Alkaloids =
Bitter
Metal ions =
Salty
Amino acids (meat) =
Umami
What specific structure allows for taste?
Gustatory cell
The spiral organ of corti is found within the
Cochlear Duct
Lies superior to the cochlear
duct; Part of the bony labyrinth
Scala vestibuli
Cochlear duct, where the “organ of Corti” is located; Part of the membranous labyrinth
Scala media
Inferior to the cochlear duct - Part of the bony labyrinth
Scala Tympani
Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are
continuous and join together at the:
Cochlear Apex
Outer Fibrous Layer contains:
- Sclera
* Cornea
Middle Vascular Layer contains:
Choroid plexus
• Ciliary body/muscle
• Iris
Inner Layer contains:
Retina
Which of the following best describes the pathway light would use to travel to the occipital lobe?
Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract
What ganglia Extends down the sides of the vertebral column from base of the skull to coccyx and Innervate structures above diaphragm?
Paravertebral ganglia
superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia are what kind of ganglia?
Paravertebral ganglia
•Lies close to the large abdominal arteries Innervate structures below diaphragm?
Pervertebral ganglia
celiac, superior mesenteric
Prevertebral ganglia
Terminal ganglia Lie close to or in the wall of the target tissue?
Parasympathetic ganglia
ciliary, submandibular and otic are examples of:
Parasympathetic ganglia
