Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the integumentary system?
A
Skin (integument) and its accessory
structures
2
Q
What is dermatology?
A
Study of the skin
3
Q
What are the functions of skin?
A
- Protection
- Body temperature regulation
- Excretion and absorption
- Cutaneous sensation
- Vitamin-D synthesis
- Blood reservoir
4
Q
How does skin protect us?
A
• Acts as a physical, chemical, and biological barrier Protects against: • Mechanical damage • Chemical damage • Bacterial damage • Desiccation – keeps water in
5
Q
Nervous system responds to
high body temperature by?
A
• Activating sweat glands
• Relaxing blood vessels and increasing blood flow into
capillary beds
6
Q
Low body temperature is
corrected by?
A
• Constricting blood vessels
• Reducing blood flow into
capillary beds
7
Q
What is sweat made up of?
A
• Mostly water • Some salts (electrolytes) • Vitamin C • Metabolic wastes (Urea, uric acid, ammonia, and lactic acid)
8
Q
What does the low PH of sweat inhibit?
A
Bacterial growth
9
Q
What are some good things that the skin absorbs?
A
Vitamins A,D,E and K
10
Q
What are some bad things the skin can absorb?
A
Lead, mercury, poison ivy/oak
11
Q
What is vitamin-D synthesis?
A
Modified cholesterol molecules
in the skin are converted into
vitamin D by sunlight.
12
Q
What is vitamin-D necessary for?
A
Calcium absorption and play vital role in immune system.
13
Q
What do free nerve endings detect in the integumentary system?
A
Pain and temperature
14
Q
What do meissner’s corpuscles detect in the integumentary system?
A
Light touch
15
Q
What do Pacinian corpuscles detect in the integumentary system?
A
Deep pressure
16
Q
8-10% of total blood flow comes from where?
A
The Dermis
17
Q
Along with sweating what other skin
response assists with thermoregulation?
a. Blood vessels near the skin can dilate, increasing blood flow and
heat loss
b. Additional secretion of sebum coats the skin and protects it against
the sun
c. Apocrine sweat glands add their sweat to eccrine glands to increase
evaporative cooling
d. As a response to cold, blood vessels dilate to bring more warmth to
the skin’s surface
A
a. Blood vessels near the skin can dilate, increasing blood flow and
heat loss
18
Q
Which feature(s) of the skin
protect(s) us against microbes such
as bacteria?
a. The many layers of keratinized cells form a barrier against microbes
b. Sebum contains compounds which kill bacteria
c. Sweat has an acidic pH which suppresses microbial growth
d. Intraepidermal macrophages can alert the immune system should
microbes invade
e. All of these are correct
A
e. All of these are correct
19
Q
What is the superficial epithelial layer of the integumentary system?
A
Epidermis
20
Q
What is the deep connective tissue layer of the integumentary system?
A
Dermis
21
Q
What is the subcutaneous tissue; connective tissue, mostly fat of the integumentary system?
A
Hypodermis
22
Q
What are the four cell types of the epidermis?
A
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Langerhans cells
- Merkel cells (discs)
23
Q
• Most abundant cell type (90%)
• Produce Keratin: fibrous protein that helps
give the epidermis it’s protective properties
• Protects against heat, microbes and
chemicals
• Produce lamellar granules: make skin
“water-proof”
• Undergo continuous mitosis - as they divide they are pushed up towards the surface of the skin
A
Keratinocytes
24
Q
• Produce melanin: dark pigment • Found in stratum basale • Have long arm-like processes that project into neighboring keratinocytes • Produce melanin and send it to keratinocytes
A
Melanocytes
25
What does melanin do?
Melanin is used to protect the cell’s DNA from UV light and gives skin color.
26
* Macrophages
* Produced in red bone marrow
* Have long arm like processes
* Roam around epidermis looking for and phagocytizing foreign substances
Langerhans Cells
27
```
• Least numerous of the epidermal
cells
• Present at the epidermal/dermal
junction
• Associated with a disc-like sensory
nerve ending – merkel disc
• Functions as a sensory receptor for
light touch
```
Merkel Cells
28
What is the outermost epidermal layer derived from?
Ectoderm
29
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
1. Stratus corneum
2. Stratus lucidum
3. Stratus granulosum
4. Stratus spinosum
5. Stratus basale
30
```
• Deepest layer
• Cuboidal keratinocytes – mitotically
active
• Contain tonofilaments – form keratin
• Melanocytes
• Some merkel cells
```
Stratum basale
31
* Prickly layer
* 8-10- layers of keratinocytes
* Melanin granules
* Langerhan's and some merkel cells
Stratum spinosum
32
```
• 3-5 layers of flattened dying
keratinocytes
• Cell death and keratinization begin
• Tonofiliments become converted to
keratin - keratohyalin
• Lamellated granules accumulate
```
Stratum granulosum
33
• clear layer
• 2-3 rows of clear flattened
dead keratinocytes
• Only present in thick skin
Stratum Lucidum
34
```
• 20-30 cell layers of dead cells
• Keratinocytes = corneocytes
• Cells slough
• Keratin is protective – protects
against abrasion and penetration and
waterproofs the skin
• Average person sheds 40lbs of skin
“flakes” in a lifetime
```
Stratum corneum
35
```
• Connective tissue layer deep to
epidermis
• Derived from mesoderm
• Rich nerve and blood supply
• Contains hair follicles, sweat
glands, sebaceous glands,
sensory receptors
```
The Dermis
36
```
• Thin, superficial layer
• Areolar connective tissue - Loose
tissue so macrophages roam
• Dermal Papillae
• Contains capillaries, free nerve
endings, and meissner's corpuscles
```
Papillary Layer
37
What are the two layers of the dermis?
1. Papillary layer
| 2. Reticular layer
38
```
• Thick, deeper layer
• Dense irregular connective
tissue
• Contains cutaneous plexus,
sweat and sebaceous glands
hair follicles, pacinian
corpuscles, arrector pili
muscles
```
Reticular layer
39
```
The dermis is derived from what
germ layer?
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm
```
c. Mesoderm
40
```
Which type of cell would be made in
the red bone marrow?
a. Keratinocytes
b. Melanocytes
c. Langerhans cells
d. Merkel cells
```
c. Langerhans cells
41
```
In which layer would you find
melanocytes?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum corneum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum spinosum
e. Stratum lucidum
```
a. Stratum basale
42
```
Which layer of the skin contains
pacinian corpuscles?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum granulosum
c. Stratum corneum
d. Papillary layer
e. Reticular layer
```
e. Reticular layer
43
```
Of the following choices, which would be the most superficial layer of epidermis found in the skin of the
abdomen?
a. Stratum granulosum
b. Stratum basale
c. Stratum spinosum
d. Stratum lucidum
```
a. Stratum granulosum
44
What is permanent coloration of the
skin where pigment is placed into the
dermis?
Tattoos
45
What three pigments contribute to skin color?
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin
46
What pigment is made in melanocytes?
Melanin
47
What pigment provides protection from UV radiation?
Melanin
48
After being made in melanocytes, where does melanin travel?
Keratinocytes
49
Inherited condition where a person can not produce melanin.
| • Cannot synthesize tyrosinase
Albinism
50
Condition where there is
loss of melanocytes from a
portion of the skin resulting in
white patches.
Vitiligo
51
• Accumulates in fatty tissue and stratum corneum
• Yellow to orange pigment found in
plant products (carrots, sweet
potatoes, kale, spinach, tomatoes)
Carotene
52
What pigment can be converted to Vitamin A and is essential for vision and epidermal health?
Carotene
53
```
What pigment?
•Oxygen carrying pigment
• Oxygen content determines
extent of red color
• Reddish/pink in oxygenated
blood, dark red in
deoxygenated blood
```
Hemoglobin
54
What is cyanosis?
Blueish color from poor oxygenation
55
What is erythema?
Red appearance from dilation of capillaries in a region.
56
What is pallor?
White appearance, can indicate anemia, low blood pressure, fear or emotional stress?
57
Yellowing of skin causes by increased bilirubin; can indicate liver damage?
Jaundice
58
Increased/darker pigmentation; can
| indicated Addison's disease.
Bronzing
59
Black/blue pigmentation from blood
| pooling in injured area from broken capillaries.
Hematomas
60
Which of the following is not correct
about melanin?
a. Granules of melanin are produced and exported by melanocytes
b. Melanin granules are the source of skin pigmentation
c. Melanin is necessary for the production of vitamin D by the skin
d. Melanin pigment protects DNA from damaging UV light
e. Melanin granules are taken up by keratinocytes
c. Melanin is necessary for the production of vitamin D by the skin
61
```
Yellowing of the skin can indicate
which of the following?
a. Liver damage
b. Anemia
c. Addison's disease
d. Injury or trauma to blood vessels
e. High blood pressure
```
a. Liver damage
62
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
the sudoriferous glands, ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails
63
What do accessory structres of the skin derive from?
The epidermis
64
```
• Eccrine
• Exocytosis
• Abundant at palms, soles and
forehead
• Secretory potion in dermis; duct
through epidermis to pore on skin
• Secrete sweat
• Helps regulate body temperature
```
Eccrine Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
65
```
• Piece of cell
• Axillary and anogenital regions
• Secretory portion in dermis or
hypodermis and duct empties
into hair follicle
• Secrete sweat plus fatty and
proteinaceous substances
```
Apocrine Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
66
What are ceruminous glands?
```
• Apocrine glands
• Line ear canal
• Secrete cerumen or earwax
• Deter insects and block
entry of foreign materials
```
67
```
• Holocrine glands
• Secrete oil
• Found everywhere but palms and
soles
• Mostly hair follicles occasional
pores
• Help soften and lubricate skin and
hair, waterproof skin, bactericidal
```
Sebaceous Gland
68
```
• Consists of tightly packed
keratinocytes
• Extends throughout epidermis to
provide protection/sensory
reception
```
Hair
69
What are 5 functions of hair
1. Protection from sunburn
2. Heat retention
3. Sensory reception
4. Visual identification
5. Chemical signal dispersal – disperse pheromones
70
What are the 3 zones along hair?
1. Shaft - portion of hair outside the skin
2. Root – portion of hair deep to the skin
3. Bulb – epithelial cell swelling where
hair originates in dermis
71
What hair structure is an oblique tube surrounding root, extends into dermis/subcutaneous tissue?
Hair follicle
72
What are the 3 sheaths of a hair follicle?
1. Internal root sheath
2. External root sheath
3. Dermal root sheath
73
What forms the central core of hair?
Medulla
74
The cells around the cortex of hair form what?
Cuticle
75
______ is the part of the hair follicle where keratinocytes proliferate?
The matrix
76
What are the 3 stages of hair growth?
1. Anagen phase
2. Catagen phase
3. Telogen phase
77
Which hair growth phase?
• Longest part lasting anywhere from 18
months to 7 years
• 80-95% are in anagen phase
Anagen phase
78
Which hair growth phase?
– transition from active growth
• Lasts 3 to 4 weeks
Catagen phase
79
Which hair growth phase?
– resting phase; usually when hair is shed
• After 3 to 4 months in _____ phase cells are stimulated to start regrowing
Telogen phase
80
What is lanugo hair?
Hair that covers fetus
81
What is vellus hair?
Short, fine, pale hairs
82
What is terminal hair?
Long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
83
```
• Thin strips of smooth muscle
• Extend from dermal papillae to middle
of hair follicle
• Stimulated in response to emotional
state
• Goose bumps
```
Arrector Pili
84
• Sheets of hardened keratinocytes
• Reinforce and protect distal ends of
fingers and toes
Nails
85
What are the steps of wound healing?
• Cut vessels initiate bleeding bringing clotting proteins, leukocytes and
antibodies
• Blood clot forms patching the wound, macrophages and neutrophils
clean wound
• Cut vessels regenerate. Granulation tissue forms. Macrophages remove clotted blood. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers.
• Epithelial regeneration occurs. Fibrosis replaces connective tissue.
86
```
Which of the following glands is a
holocrine gland?
a. Sweat glands in the axillary region
b. Sweat glands on the arm
c. Ceruminous glands
d. Sebaceous glands
```
d. Sebaceous glands
87
Which of the following best describes how hair grows in length?
a. New keratinized cells divide at the end of the hair shaft that we see
outside of the skin causing it to elongate
b. The arrector pili muscle attached to the hair follicle contracts and
expands to pull new cells upward and elongate the hair shaft
causing the hair to “grow”
c. The basal cells of the hair bulb divide and push older cells outward
causing the hair shaft we see on the outside to “grow”
d. The sebaceous gland attached to the hair shaft secretes new hair
cells which push the hair shaft out further during hair growth
c. The basal cells of the hair bulb divide and push older cells outward
causing the hair shaft we see on the outside to “grow”
88
What are the three types of skin cancer?
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
3. Melanoma
89
Which type of cancer?
• Most common (78%) and Least malignant
• Cancer in the Stratum Basale layer of the epidermis which will invade the dermis and hypodermis
• Cured by surgical removal in 99% of cases
Basal Cell Carcinoma
90
```
Which type of skin cancer?
• Second most common 20%
• Arises from keratinocytes in the
Stratum Spinosum
• Grows rapidly and can metastasize
if not removed surgically in the
early stages
```
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
91
Which type of skin cancer?
• Most dangerous due to high metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy
• Cancer of the Melanocytes
• 2% of skin cancers
• Treated with wide surgical excision and immunotherapy
Melanoma
92
What is the ABCD rule used for?
To recognize melanoma
93
What is the immediate threat of damage to the body in severe burns?
* Fluid loss resulting in electrolyte imbalance
| * Leads to renal (kidney) shutdown and circulatory shock
94
```
• Used to estimate extent of
burns
• Divides the body into 11 areas,
each accounting for 9% of
total body area plus 1% for
genitals
```
The rule of 9's
95
```
Which degree of burn?
• Only the epidermis is damaged
• Local redness, swelling and pain
• Heal in 2-3 days
• Ex. sunburn
```
First degree burn
96
Which degree of burn
• Injure the epidermis and upper dermis
• Blisters
• Skin regeneration in 3-4 weeks
Second degree burn
97
```
• Involve the entire epidermis AND
dermis
Which type of burn?
• Appears gray/white, cherry red or
blackened
• Since it is so deep, free nerve
endings are gone and there is no
pain with no initial edema
• Skin grafting is usually necessary
```
Third degree burn
98
Which of the following is true?
a. Basal cell carcinoma is usually benign
b. Basal cell carcinoma occurs in the keratinocytes in the stratum
spinosum
c. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most likely to metastasize
d. Melanoma is the most common form of skin cancer
a. Basal cell carcinoma is usually benign
99
Clinically, the rule of nines applies
to what?
a. The amount of fluid that should be replaced in a burn victim
b. How a burn victim received the injury
c. The number of layers a burn victim has lost
d. The amount of time that has passes until a burn victim receives
treatment
a. The amount of fluid that should be replaced in a burn victim
