Test 3 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
a. Transport immune cells
b. Regulate body temperature
c. Protects against disease
d. Produce white blood cells
A
d. Produce white blood cells
2
Q
What are 3 functions of blood?
A
- Transports gases, nutrients and wastes, hormones, immune cells, clotting factors etc.
- Regulate many things such as pH, body temperature, and water content.
- Protection via white blood cells and also via clotting.
3
Q
Does blood produce red and white blood cells?
A
No
4
Q
Where are red and white blood cells produced?
A
Red bone marrow
5
Q
You go to the mountains for a 2 week vacation. During this time your body needs to acclimate to the lower oxygen content. Which of the following will happen?
a. EPO will stimulate the red blood cells to divide and proliferate.
b. Your kidneys will begin to produce erythropoietin (EPO).
c. Thrombompoeitin (TPO) will be produced by the liver.
d. The viscosity of your blood will decrease.
A
b. Your kidneys will begin to produce erythropoietin (EPO).
6
Q
What is produced by the kidney to stimulate RBC production?
A
Erythropoietin
7
Q
What is produced by the liver to stimulate platelet formation?
A
Thrombopoietin
8
Q
What term means how thick or thin blood is?
A
Viscosity
9
Q
What can change viscosity?
A
A change in plasma/plasma proteins or hematocrit.
10
Q
Increased viscosity which will result in increased resistance and decreased flow can come from?
A
Increased hematocrit
11
Q
Amount of dissolved solutes in blood.
A
Osmolarity
12
Q
How can osmolarity alter blood pressure?
A
Water will follow increased ion concentration (increased NaCl =
increased BP)
13
Q
You go to the doctor to have a routine blood test. They collect your
blood and centrifuge it. Which of the following is accurate?
a. The top layer will be the plasma layer and it makes up 45% of the
total blood
b. The erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes and plasma proteins make
up the formed elements of the blood
c. The bottom layer is the hematocrit. It contains all of the formed elements
d. In the middle there is a thin layer called the buffy coat made up of
the white blood cells and platelets
A
d. In the middle there is a thin layer called the buffy coat made up of
the white blood cells and platelets
14
Q
Plasma is ___% of whole blood
A
55%
15
Q
Plasma is ___% water?
A
92%
16
Q
Proteins make up __% Plasma?
A
7%
17
Q
What proteins make up plasma and at what percentage?
A
Albumin 58%
Globulins 37%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulator Proteins <1%
18
Q
What solutes make up 1% of plasma?
A
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory Gasses
Waste Products
19
Q
What makes up less than 1% of whole blood?
A
Buffy Coat
20
Q
What platelets make up the buffy coat and at what percentages.
A
Neutrophils 50 - 70% Lymphocytes 20 - 40% Leukocytes 4.5 - 11% Monocytes 2 - 8% Eosinophils 1 - 4% Basophils 0.5 - 1%
21
Q
What makes up 44% of whole blood?
A
Erythrocytes
22
Q
What three parts make up a blood sample?
A
- Plasma - 55%
- Buffy Coat - <1%
- Erythrocytes - 44%
23
Q
Which of the following plasma proteins functions to attack viruses and bacteria (antibodies) a. Albumin b. Globulins c. Fibrinogen d. Lymphocytes
A
b. Globulins
24
Q
What is the most abundant of the plasma proteins?
A
Albumin
25
Which plasma protein?
• Functions as a carrier for fatty acids and certain hormones
• Majorly contributes to osmotic pressure (pressure that keeps water in
the bloodstream)
• Regulate blood pressure, blood flow and fluid balance
Albumin
26
Which plasma protein?
• Carrier proteins for lipids, iron and fat-soluble vitamins
• Gamma globulins function to attack viruses and bacteria (antibodies)
Globulins
27
Which plasma protein plays an essential role in blood clot formation?
Fibrinogen
28
Which of the following is TRUE of an erythrocyte?
a. They have a biconcave disc like structures
b. They carry only oxygen
c. They use oxygen to provide energy so they can carry oxygen to
other tissues
d. They have a nucleus but lack other organelles
a. They have a biconcave disc like structure
29
What are 4 characteristics of red blood cells?
1. Carry gasses
2. Biconcave disc shape
3. Lack a nucleus and organelles (do not live long)
4. Use anaerobic respiration (don't use oxygen they carry)
5. Greatly contribute to viscosity.
30
More red blood cells does what to viscosity?
Increased viscosity
31
Which of the following is FALSE of hemoglobin?
a. Hemoglobin is composed of 4 globin chains 4 heme molecules
b. Each iron molecule binds 4 oxygen molecules
c. In the tissues oxygen detaches from the hemoglobin causing it to
return to its normal shape and become dark red. This would be
referred to as deoxyhemoglobin
d. In the lungs oxygen diffuses from the alveoli of the lungs, enters the
capillaries and binds to the iron of the hemoglobin causing the
hemoglobin to turn bright red and be called oxyhemoglobin
b. Each iron molecule binds 4 oxygen molecules
32
What is the oxygen carrying
| component of the RBC’s?
Hemoglobin
33
What is hemoglobin composed of?
```
• 4 Globin chains that bind the
ring-like heme group
• 4 Heme molecules. Each has an
iron in the center.
• Each iron can bind one oxygen
so each heme can bind 1
oxygen and each hemoglobin
can bind 4 oxygens.
```
34
A red pigment that becomes bright red when oxygen is bound to the iron molecule.
Heme
35
During oxygen loading in the lungs oxygen diffuses from the alveoli
into the capillaries where it binds to the iron of the hemoglobin. This
is __________ and will have a red color.
oxyhemoglobin
36
In the tissues, the process is reversed, oxygen detaches from the
hemoglobin causing it to return to its normal shape and become dark
red. This is called?
Deoxyhemoglobin
37
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. Precursor (blast) cells can differentiate into any of the formed
elements
b. The lymphoid line gives rise to T-lymphocytes
c. Megakaryocytes break off pieces to form platelets
d. Basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils are all granulocytes
a. Precursor (blast) cells can differentiate into any of the formed
elements
38
Hemopoiesis starts from a what?
Hemocytoblast
39
```
Your patient needs a blood transfusion. They have A- blood. Which of
the following could donate blood.
a. His sister with type A+ blood
b. His friend who has O- blood
c. His brother that has AB- blood
d. His husband with type B- blood
```
b. His friend who has O- blood
40
Which of the following would most likely represent a viral infection?
a. An increase in neutrophils
b. An increase in neutrophils and eosinophils
c. An increase in lymphocytes and monocytes
d. An increase in basophils and macrophages
c. An increase in lymphocytes and monocytes
41
What cells ↑ during bacterial and fungal infections, burns, stress and inflammation?
Neutrophils
42
What cells ↑ during parasitic infections and allergies?
Eosinophils
43
What cells ↑ in response to allergies, leukemias, cancers?
Basophils
44
What cells ↑ in viral infections, bacterial infections, cancers?
Lymphocytes
45
What cells ↑ in viral infections and inflammation?
Monocytes and Macrophages
46
What cell carries out phagocytosis of entire pathogen?
Neutrophils
47
What cells carry out phagocytosis of allergens and releases enzymes that destroy parasites/worm?
Eosinophils
48
What cells secrete histamine and heparin?
Basophils
49
What does histamine do when secreted?
Increases blood flow
50
What does heparin do when secreted?
Anti-coagulant promotes mobility of WBCs
51
What type of cells destroy cancer and viruses and secrete antibodies and provide immune memory?
Lymphocytes
52
What do monocytes differentiate into when they leave the blood and enter tissue?
Macrophages
53
Which of the following is TRUE?
a. The heart is located in the mediastinum spanning from the 2nd to
the 5th intercostal space
b. The serous pericardium helps to anchor the heart in the mediastinum
c. The apex is the pointed end formed by the tip of the right ventricle
d. The base is posterior surface formed mostly by the posterior parts of the atria
a. The heart is located in the mediastinum spanning from the 2nd to
the 5th intercostal space
54
The heart is located in the _________ spanning from the ___ to the
___ intercostal space
mediastinurm, 2nd, 5th
55
What surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
56
What makes up the pericardium?
Fibrous Pericardium
| Serous Pericardium
57
What two layers make up serous pericardium?
Parietal Pericardium
| Visceral Pericardium
58
What is between parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium?
A fluid layer in between that helps reduce friction during movement.
59
What protects the heart and anchors it in the mediastinum?
Fibrous Pericardium
60
Going from superficial to deep what are the layers of the heart wall.
a. Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
b. Myocardium, epicardium, endocardium
c. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
d. Endocardium, epicardium, myocardium
c. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
61
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circulation and
contains oxygenated blood
b. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circulation and
contains oxygenated blood
c. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atria and contains
oxygenated blood
d. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atria and contains
deoxygenated blood
a. The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circulation and contains oxygenated blood
62
Which of the following structures is a remnant structure from the embryo where it was used to shunt blood from the right to left atrium
a. Fossa ovalis
b. Foramen ovale
c. Ligamentum arteriosum
d. Ductus arteriosis
a. Fossa ovalis
63
This shunts blood from right to left atrium in embryo thus bypassing the pulmonary circulation.
Foramen Ovale
64
The ______ _________ is a group of small vessels found in the embryo to
shunt blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta thereby bypassing
the non-functioning fetal lungs
Ductus arteriosus
65
What is the remnant structure of the Ductus Arteriosus?
Ligamentum Arteriosum
66
Where is ligamentum arteriosum located?
Between aorta and pulmonary artery
67
Which of the following is TRUE?
a. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
b. The left atria receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries
c. The right atria contains a type of muscle called trabeculae carnae
d. The bicuspid valve is found between the right atria and right ventricle
a. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
68
Which of the following is FALSE?
a. Semilunar valves are open during ventricular relaxation
b. Semilunar valves are closed during atrial contraction
c. Atrioventricular valves are open during atrial contraction
d. Atrioventricular valves are closed during ventricular contraction
a. Semilunar valves are open during ventricular relaxation
69
Where is pulmonary semilunar valve found?
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
70
Where is aortic semilunar valve found?
Between left ventricle and aorta.
71
When ventricles contract, what happens to semilunar valves?
The valves open
72
When the ventricles rest, what happens to the semilunar valves?
The valves close
73
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Between right atrium and right ventricle.
74
Where is the bicuspid valve located?
Between left atrium and left ventricle
75
AV valves are attached to fibers called?
Chordae Tendineae
76
What muscles do the chordae tendineae attach to?
Papillary Muscles
77
What happens to atrioventricular valves when the ventricles are relaxed?
The valves open
78
What happens to atrioventricular valves when the ventricles contract?
The valves close
79
Which of the following is not a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
a. Serves as attachment points for the valves
b. Prevents overstretch of the valves
c. Prevents direct spread of electrical impulses from the atria to the
ventricles
d. Propagates electrical potentials from the SA node to the AV node
d. Propagates electrical potentials from the SA node to the AV node
80
Which of the following is false of the coronary circulation?
a. The right and left coronary arteries come directly off the aorta
b. The cardiac veins empty deoxygenated blood into the coronary
sinus
c. The coronary sinus empties into the left atria
d. The anterior interventricular artery branches off of the left coronary
artery
c. The coronary sinus empties into the left atria
81
Which of the following is the correct order for the cardiac conduction
system?
a. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
b. AV node, SA node, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
c. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fibers, bundle branches,
d. AV node, AV bundle, SA node, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
a. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
82
The SA node acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart and has a rhythm of round 90-100 beats yet the normal heart rate is only 65-80 beats/minute.
Why is this?
a. The sympathetic neurons slow down the heart rate via the vagus nerve
b. The parasympathetic neurons slow down the heart rate via the vagus
nerve
c. The sympathetic neurons slow down the heart rate via the sympathetic
chain
d. The parasympathetic neurons slow down the heart rate via the
sympathetic chain
b. The parasympathetic neurons slow down the heart rate via the vagus
nerve
83
Chemicals that change the heart rate are known as
a. Chronotropic chemicals
b. Stimulants
c. Depressants
d. Cardioirritants
a. Chronotropic chemicals
84
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the veins?
a. Veins have thinner walls than compared to arteries
b. Veins have smaller lumens than arteries
c. The blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries
d. Veins do not help to regulate blood pressure and flow
b. Veins have smaller lumens than arteries
85
Where do arteries transport blood?
AWAY from the heart veins
86
Where do veins transport blood?
TOWARDS the heart
87
What type of blood do arteries usually transport?
Oxygenated blood
88
What type of blood do veins carry?
Deoxygenated blood
89
Do arteries have thicker or thinner walls?
Thicker
90
Do veins have thicker or thinner walls?
Thinner
91
Do arteries have smaller or larger lumens?
Smaller lumens
92
Blood pressure is higher in veins or arteries?
Arteries
93
Blood pressure is lower in veins or arteries?
Veins
94
Do arteries regulate systemic blood pressure and BF?
Yes
95
Do veins regulate systemic blood pressure and BF?
No
96
Which of the following is not found in the tunica intima of the vein?
a. Endothelium
b. Basement membrane
c. Internal elastic lamina
d. All of the above are found in the tunica intima of the vein
c. Internal elastic lamina
97
```
Which of the following class of arteries has the largest effect on
systemic blood pressure?
a. Muscular
b. Elastic
c. Arterioles
d. Capillaries
```
c. Arterioles
98
________ have precapillary sphincters which control BF to specific capillary beds within an organ.
Arterioles
99
________ _______ have thick muscular walls and less elastic and are
responsible for regulating blood flow to large areas.
Muscular Arteries
100
__________ _________ are the largest and have many elastic fibers because they see extreme fluctuations in blood pressure.
Elastic Arteries
101
This type of capillary is found in most tissues and has endothelial cells with tight junctions that have intercellular clefts.
a. Continuous
b. Fenestrated
c. Sinusoids
d. Venules
a. Continuous
102
What capillaries are found in most tissues? They have endothelial cells with tight junctions but there are small gaps called Intercellular clefts.
Continuous Capillaries
103
What kind of capillaries are found in kidneys and small intestine? They
are more permeable for rapid absorption and filtration due to
fenestrations
Fenestrated Capillaries
104
What kind of capillaries are the most permeable? They are fenestrated with few tight junctions so they allows for larger things like blood cells and
proteins to get through the capillary wall.
Sinusoids
105
Where are sinusoids found?
In the liver, spleen and red bone marrow.
106
Which of the following is not something that helps veins bring blood
back to the heart?
a. They rely on the contraction of skeletal muscle to squeeze them and
push blood back towards the heart
b. They rely on valves to prevent backflow
c. They rely on pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavity.
d. They have smooth muscle walls that squeeze the veins and push
the blood back towards the heart
d. They have smooth muscle walls that squeeze the veins and push the blood back towards the heart
107
Which of the following best describes blood flow to the arm?
a. Subclavian > Axillary > Brachial > Radial and Ulnar
b. Axillary > Subclavian > Brachial > Radial and Ulnar
c. Subclavian > Brachial > Axillary > Radial and Ulnar
d. Radial and Ulnar > Axillary > Brachial >Subclavian
a. Subclavian > Axillary > Brachial > Radial and Ulnar
108
Which of the following best describes blood flow to the leg?
a. External iliac > femoral > popliteal > anterior and posterior tibial
b. Femoral > popliteal > anterior and posterior tibial > external iliac
c. Popliteal > anterior and posterior tibial > external iliac > femoral
d. External iliac > popliteal > femoral > anterior and posterior tibial
a. External iliac > femoral > popliteal > anterior and posterior tibial
109
What artery supplies the small intestine and right side of the colon?
a. Common hepatic
b. Inferior mesenteric
c. Superior mesenteric
d. Left gastric
c. Superior mesenteric
110
Lymphatic capillaries:
a. Have a unique structure that allows interstitial fluid to come into the vessel but not escape
b. Have endothelial cells that overlap one another
c. Join together to form lymphatic vessels
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
111
Which of the following is not a paired lymphatic trunk?
a. Lumbar
b. Intestinal
c. Bronchomediastinal
d. Subclavian
b. Intestinal
112
Which of the following is false of the thoracic duct?
a. It begins as the cisterna chyli in the abdominal region b.
b. It drains the entire lower half of the body inferior to the ribs plus
the left chest, arm, head and neck
c. It drains the left arm, chest, head, and neck and the left half of the
lower body
d. It drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian
veins
c. It drains the left arm, chest, head, and neck and the left half of the
lower body
113
Which of the following lymph organs filter lymph?
a. Lymph nodules
b. Spleen
c. Lymph nodes
d. All of the above
c. Lymph nodes
114
Where are lymphocytes produced?
Red Bone Marrow
115
Where do T-lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
116
What is an encapsulated lymph organ that filters lymph?
Lymph Nodes
117
What encapsulated lymph organ acts as a blood reservoir, disposes of old RBC’s and filters blood?
The Spleen
118
What are egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are NOT surrounded by a capsule?
Lymphatic Nodules
119
The palatine tonsils:
a. Are found in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
b. Are also known as the adenoids
c. Are found in the oropharynx
d. Are found at the base of the tongue
c. Are found in the oropharynx
120
What are found surrounding the pharynx and help destroy
| pathogens inhaled or brought in by food?
Tonsils
121
What are tonsilar crypts?
Where bacteria can be trapped and
| destroyed.
122
What kind of tonsils are found in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
• Pharyngeal tonsils
123
What kind of tonsils are found in the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsils
124
What kind of tonsils are found at the base of the tongue?
Lingual tonsils
125
T/F The lymph nodes have fewer efferent vessels than afferent vessels
T
126
The white pulp of the spleen:
a. Surrounds the red pulp
b. Carries out immune functions
c. Removes old blood cells
d. All of the above
b. Carries out immune functions
127
* Contains blood filled venous sinuses and splenic tissue that contain macrophages
* Functions to:
* Removed old red blood cells by macrophages
* Stores platelets
Red Pulp
128
• Filled with lymphocytes and macrophages and splenic
fibers that surround branches of the splenic artery
• B cells and T cells carry out immune functions
• Macrophages destroy blood-borne pathogens
White Pulp
129
T-cells are a type of:
a. Innate immunity
b. Adaptive immunity
c. Humoral immunity
d. All of the above
b. Adaptive immunity
130
Surface barriers are an example of what type of defense>
Innate Defense
131
Phagocytes, NK Cells, Inflammation, Antimicrobial Proteins and Fever are examples of?
Internal Innate Defenses
132
B-cells and T-cells are examples of what type of defense?
Adaptive defense?
133
Pathogens are disease-causing agents that contain what?
Antigens
134
Which type of B-Lymphocyte secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)?
Plasma B-cells
135
What type of B-Cell lives for a long time after 1st time exposure and remember
the antigen
Memory B-cell
136
What T-lymphocytes actually are destructive – the only way that T cells can actually kill pathogens (perforins)?
Cytotoxic (Killer T cells)
137
Which T-lymphocytes– live for a long time after 1st time exposure
Same as the B memory cells?
T memory cells
138
Which T-Lymphocyte is necessary for regulation of other T and B cells?
Helper T-Cells
139
Which type of T-Lymphocyte inhibits other T cells?
Supressor T
140
Usage of oxygen by the cells to provide energy is called
a. External respiration
b. Internal respiration
c. Cellular respiration
d. Pulmonary ventilation
c. Cellular respiration
141
Breathing in and out; movement of air into and out of the lungs is called?
Pulmonary Ventilation
142
Between the air and blood (O2 loading; CO2 unloading) is what type of respiration?
External Respiration
143
Between the blood and tissues (ECF) (O2 unloading; CO2 loading) is what type of respiration?
Internal Respiration
144
When O2 is actually used by the cells to make ATP via Aerobic respiration, what type of respiration?
Cellular Respiration
145
Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory system?
a. Lungs
b. Bronchi
c. Pharynx
d. Larynx
c. Pharynx
146
What does the upper respiratory tract include?
Nasal Cavity and Pharynx
147
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs
148
The ventricular folds
a. Contain the vocal ligament and vocalis muscle
b. Help to protect objects from entering the trachea
c. Are mucous membrane structure found in the pharynx
d. Are involved with voice production
b. Help to protect objects from entering the trachea
149
False vocal cords : superior to vocal folds
Ventricular Folds
150
• Prevents air from being forced out of the thoracic cavity when holding your
breath against pressure
• Protects foreign objects from entering into the trachea
Ventricular Folds
151
• Contains the Vocal ligament and vocalis muscles
• Involved in voice production
• Movement of intrinsic muscles of larynx move vocal ligaments causing
different sounds to be produced
Vocal Chords
152
Which of the following is not part of the conducting zone?
a. Primary bronchus
b. Bronchioles
c. Terminal bronchioles
d. Respiratory bronchioles
d. Respiratory bronchioles
153
Conducting zone of the trachea consists of what?
1. Right and Left Main Bronchus
2. 3 Right Secondary Branches, 2 Left Secondary Brances
3. Tertiary Brochi
4. Right and Left Bronchioles
5. Right and Left Terminal Bronchioles
154
The respiratory membrane:
a. is made up of the alveolar and capillary walls and their basement
membranes
b. is where gas exchange occurs
c. Is made up of two layers of squamous epithelium
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
155
Which of the following would not have pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
a. Trachea
b. Primary bronchi
c. Lobar bronchi
d. bronchioles
d. bronchioles
156
Primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi have what kind of epithelium?
ciliated pseudostatified columnar epithelium
157
Large bronchioles have what kind of epithelium?
– simple columnar
| epithelium
158
Small bronchioles have what kind of epithelium?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
159
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli have what kind of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
160
Which of the following is TRUE of pulmonary ventilation?
a. During inspiration the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
leading to an increase in pressure
b. During inspiration the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
leading to an increase in pressure
c. During expiration the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
leading to an increase in pressure
d. During expiration the volume the thoracic cavity increases leading
to a decrease in pressure.
c. During expiration the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases leading to an increase in pressure
161
Gases flowing into the lungs is called?
Inspiration
162
Gases flowing out of the lungs is?
Expiration
163
What IS the force of ventilation?
↓ Volume ↑ Pressure ;
| ↑ Volume ↓ Pressure
164
During normal inspiration the ___________ contract to increase the
size of the thoracic cavity.
a. diaphragm and external intercostals
b. diaphragm and internal intercostals
c. diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, and scalenes
d. diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
a. diaphragm and external intercostals
165
What is happening in the respiratory center during normal expiration?
a. Inspiratory neurons are activated
b. The inspiratory neurons are inactivated
c. The expiratory neurons are activated
d. The expiratory neurons are inactivated
b. The inspiratory neurons are inactivated
166
What controls the basic rhythm of breathing?
Rythmicity Center
167
What is the normal rhythm of breathing?
2 second inhalation, 3 second exhalation
168
Send APs for 2 seconds to the muscles of inspiration.
Inspiratory Neurons
169
What happens after inspiratory neurons send APs for 2 seconds to the muscles of inspiration?
* Phrenic nerve to the diaphragm
| * Intercostal nerves to the external intercostals
170
What happens during normal expiration?
The inspiratory neurons stop sending APs for 3 seconds allowing the muscles of inspiration to relax.
171
When are expiratory neuron activated?
During FORCED expiration to send APs to the muscles involved there.
172
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a class of disorders that lead
to:
a. A decrease in resistance therefore an increase in ventilation
b. A decrease in resistance therefore a decrease in ventilation
c. An increase in resistance therefore an increase in ventilation
d. An increase in resistance therefore a decrease in ventilation
d. An increase in resistance therefore a decrease in ventilation
173
What is it called when an allergen triggers histamine release, histamine causes intense bronchoconstriction – ↑Resistance, ↓ventilation
Asthma
174
Cilia immobilized and ↓ in number, excess mucus is produced (ideal
growth media for bacteria)
• Chronic infection and bronchial inflammation develops - ↑R, ↓ventilation
Chronic Bronchitis
175
Alveolar walls break down, ↓ SA for gas exchange, lungs fibrotic and less
elastic, air passages collapse and ↓ air flow; ↑R, ↓ventilation
Emphysema
176
Any condition with reduced erythrocytes
Anemia
177
Defective bone marrow results in decreased production of erythrocytes?
Aplastic anemia
178
Blood loss; heavy menstrual flow, ulcers can result in what type of anemia?
Hemorrhagic anemia
179
Decreased absorption of B12 can result in what type of anemia?
Pernicious anemia
180
What type of anemia where erythrocytes are sickle shaped; unable to flow efficiently, destroyed in 10—20 days?
Sickle-cell anemia
181
```
• Rh- mother – no antigens, no
antibodies
• Rh+ fetus – mother is exposed to
antigen builds antibodies
• Second Rh+ fetus – antibodies cross
placenta and attack fetal erythrocytes
causing HDN
```
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
182
```
Each hemoglobin can carry how
many oxygens?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 100
e. ~ 1 billion
```
c. 4
183
You’ve collected blood from your patient and
spun it down. Which would you not expect to
find in the formed elements?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Erythrocytes
c. Platelets
d. Albumin
e. All of these would be found in the formed elements
e. All of these would be found in the formed elements
184
You’ve started working out really hard to get in
shape for the summer. However, you haven’t
been drinking enough water leading you to
become dehydrated. Which of the following
would you expect?
a. Decreased blood osmolarity
b. Increased blood viscosity
c. Decreased blood viscosity
d. Increased WBC production
e. None of the above
b. Increased blood viscosity
185
What is leukopenia?
Reduced number of leukocytes
186
What is leukocytosis?
Increased number of leukocytes.
187
What are 3 types of granulocytes?
* Neutrophils (60-70%)
* Eosinophils (2-4%)
* Basophils (<1%)
188
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?
* Lymphocytes (25-33%)
| * Monocytes (3-8%)
189
Yay! You just got your coronavirus vaccine. Which
of the following would you expect to be increased?
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
d. Lymphocytes
e. Platelets
d. Lymphocytes
190
Natural Killer cells come from:
a. Myeloid stem cells
b. Lymphoid stem cells
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Pro-erythtroblasts
e. T-lymphoblasts
b. Lymphoid stem cells
191
What do B-cells do?
Produce antibodies
192
What do T-cells do?
Manage and direct immune response
193
What do NK Cells?
Attack abnormal or infected cells
194
What do Platelets do?
• Secrete clotting factors, growth factors and
vasoconstrictors in broken vessels
• Initiate blood clotting
• Attract WBCs to sites of inflammation
195
Which of the following is true of
erythropoietin?
a. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production of
lymphocytes
b. It is produced in the liver to increase the production of lymphocytes
c. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production erythrocytes
d. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production of
erythrocytes
e. It is produced in the kidney to decrease the production of
lymphocytes
c. It is produced in the kidney to increase the production erythrocytes
196
Narrowing of a heart valve opening thus restricting blood
| flow is called?
Stenosis
197
Which of the following is the correct
pathway of blood starting at the
right atrium?
• Right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, pulmonary
trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta
• Right atrium, aorta, left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary trunk, right
ventricle, pulmonary veins
• Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
• Right atrium, pulmonary trunk, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary
veins, aorta, right ventricle
• Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
198
Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques.
Coronary Artery Disease
199
```
• Pacemaker cells located in the right
atrial wall just inferior and lateral to the
opening of the SVC
• Initiates heartbeat
• Electrical signals are spread from the
__ ____ through both atria via gap
junctions in the intercalated discs
• Sets pace/rate of heartbeat
```
SA Node
200
```
• Electrical gateway to the ventricles
• Pacemaker cells located in the base of
the right atrium just anterior to the
opening of the coronary sinus
• Serves as pacemaker if SA cannot
```
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
201
• Takes impulses from AV node to ventricles
• The only way electrical signals can travel from
atria to ventricles
AV Bundle (Bundle of HIS)
202
• AV bundle splits so each side of heart is supplied
with electrical activity
• Brings electrical signals to apex and back up
Bundle Branches
203
• Spreads electrical signal throughout the
ventricular myocardium, trabeculae and
papillary muscles
Purkinje Fibers
204
• Sites within the heart other than the SA node that become self excitatory and usually results in an irregular heart rhythm
Ectopic Pacemaker
205
What is Systole in a heartbeat?
Contraction
206
What is diastole in a heartbeat?
Relaxation
207
What is the largest type of arteries?
Elastic Arteries
208
• Lots of elastic fibers in tunica media
• Expand during systole and recoil during diastole
• Decreases extreme fluctuations in BP during each
heartbeat
• Leads to a smooth steady flow
• Maintains blood pressure when left ventricle is in
diastole
Elastic Arteries
209
• Regulates blood flow to large areas
• i.e. specific organs or body regions via active
contraction of the smooth muscle which
changes the radius
Muscular Arteries
210
• Smallest blood vessels; exchange
• Found near almost every cell
• Only have endothelial layer with
basement membrane
Capillaries
211
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
* Continuous
* Fenestrated
* Sinusoids
212
Group of 10-100 capillaries function
| together to form what?
Capillary Beds
213
```
What kind of capillary is found in most
tissues?
• Endothelial cells have tight
junctions
• Small gaps called Intercellular
clefts allow passage of small
solutes
• Found in muscle, skin, thymus,
longs, and CNS
```
Continuous Capillaries
214
```
More permeable for organs that
require rapid absorption or
filtration
• Have fenestrations within each
endothelial cell with continuous
basement membrane
• Fenestrations= holes that allow
larger substances through
• Found in kidneys and small
intestine
```
Fenestrated Capillaries
215
```
Most permeable - leaky
• Larger gaps than fenestrated with
discontinuous or absent basement
membrane
• Allows for larger things like blood cells
and proteins to get through the
capillary wall
• Found in the liver, spleen, and red
bone marrow
```
Sinusoids
216
Small veins that collect blood from
| capillary to be sent back to the heart?
Venules
217
Which of the following is false?
a. Arteries carry blood away from the heart
b. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood
c. Veins carry blood to the heart
d. Veins have lower blood pressure than arteries
e. Arteries have smaller lumens that veins
b. Arteries always carry oxygenated blood
218
Which of the following would only be
found in arteries?
a. Endothelial layer of tunica intima
b. Internal elastic lamina of tunica intima
c. Smooth muscle layer of tunica media
d. Tunica externa
e. All of the above are found in arteries and veins
e. All of the above are found in arteries and veins
| Exception is External Elastic Lamina
219
```
Which of the following is the leakiest
(allows most stuff through)?
a. Venule
b. Fenestrated capillary
c. Sinusoid
d. Continuous capillary
e. Arteriole
```
c. Sinusoid
220
140/90 or greater
• Can damage vessel walls making arteries more likely to develop
atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis
• Can also lead to heart failure due to extra workload
Hypertension
221
90/60 or lower although someone can be normal with
this blood pressure
• Leads to fatigue, dizziness, and fainting
Hypotension
222
A drop in blood pressure upon standing
| • Nervous system doesn’t respond quickly enough to help regulate blood pressure upon standing
Orthostatic Hypotension
223
```
Which of the following does not
come directly off the aortic arch?
a. Brachiocephalic artery
b. Left common carotid artery
c. Right subclavian artery
d. Left subclavian artery
e. All of the above come directly off aortic arch
```
c. Right subclavian artery
224
```
Which is not a branch of the celiac
trunk?
a. Splenic artery
b. Left gastric artery
c. Superior mesenteric artery
d. Common hepatic artery
```
c. Superior mesenteric artery
225
What are the functions of the Lymphatic System?
* Drains excess interstitial fluid
* Transports dietary lipids
* Carries out immune responses
226
• Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to
blockage of lymphatic drainage
• As it accumulates area swells and becomes
painful
Lymphedema
227
```
• Specialized lymphatic capillaries
found in small intestine
• Pick up interstitial fluid and
dietary lipids/lipid soluble
vitamins
• Lymph from GI has milky color
due to lipids and is called chyle
```
Lacteals
228
What vessels take lymph in?
Afferent Vessels
229
What vessels take lymph out?
Efferent Vessels
