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+ CAPS 391 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A
  • filters blood and dispose some waste byproducts of metabolic reactions in human body
  • plays major role in fluid and electrolyte balance
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2
Q

What does the urinary system consist of? (4)

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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3
Q

Kidneys

Where are the kidneys?

A

behind peritoneum at either side of vertebral column at level of vertebrae TXII-LIII

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4
Q

Kidneys

Compare the right and left kidneys.

A

right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney due to presence of liver

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5
Q

Kidneys

How many surfaces, borders, and poles do the kidneys have?

A
  • 2 surfaces (anterior and posterior)
  • 2 borders (medial and lateral)
  • 2 poles (superior and inferior)
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6
Q

Kidneys

What is the anterior surface of the right kidney related to?

A

mainly related to liver, right colic flexure (hepatic flexure), and duodenum

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7
Q

Kidneys

What is the anterior surface of the left kidney related to?

A

mainly related to spleen, pancreas, left colic flexure (splenic flexure), and stomach

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8
Q

Kidneys

What is the posterior surface related to?

A

diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis muscles

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9
Q

Kidneys

What nerves pass between kidneys and muscles on the posterior surface of the kidney? (3)

A

subcostal
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal

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10
Q

Kidneys

What is the upper part of the left side posterior surface related to?

What is the upper part of the right side posterior surface related to?

A

left: ribs 11 and 12
right: rib 12

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11
Q

Kidneys

What is the shape of the lateral border?

A

convex

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12
Q

Kidneys

What is the shape of the medial border?

A

concave

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13
Q

Kidneys

What does the medial border house?

A

renal hilum

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14
Q

Kidneys

What is the renal hilum?

A

entrance to renal sinus

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15
Q

Kidneys

What is the renal sinus?

A

space that contains renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, lymphatics, nerve fibers, and fat

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16
Q

Kidneys

Where is the superior pole?

A

inclined towards vertebral column

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17
Q

Kidneys

Where is the inferior pole?

A

farther from vertebral column

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18
Q

Kidneys

What is the superior pole capped by?

A

suprarenal (adrenal) gland

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19
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What are the 4 distinct layers of fascia and fat?

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • perirenal (perinephric) fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal (paranephric) fat
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20
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What do the coverings of the kidney do?

A

provide mechanical protection or thermal insulation for kidneys, or anchor them in place

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21
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

Where is the fibrous capsule?

A

intimately attached to kidney, and partially extends into interior of renal hilum to line the renal sinus

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22
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What does perirenal (perinephric) fat do?

A

invests kidney outside fibrous capsule

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23
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What does renal fascia do?

A

separates surrounds kidney and suprarenal (adrenal) gland and associated perineal fat

  • continuous inferiorly, and blends with fascia surrounding ureter
  • continuous medially with connective tissue surrounding renal vessels
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24
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

Where is pararenal (paranephric) fat?

What does it do?

A

located behind kidney and cushions it

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25
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What can you see in a frontal/coronal section?

A

inner region
medulla
cortex (outer region)

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26
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What does the medulla consist of?

A

8-18 renal pyramids (conical or triangular structures)

  • ## base of each pyramid faces cortex
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27
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What is the renal papilla?

A

apex of the medulla that points towards renal hilum

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28
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What is the cortex bounded by?

A

between renal capsule and renal pyramids

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29
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

Where is the cortex?

A

extends between renal pyramids to form renal columns

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30
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What does the renal lobe consist of? (3)

A
  • renal pyramid
  • renal cortex
  • half of adjacent renal column
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31
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What occurs in renal lobes?

A

production of urine

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32
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

Where are microscope ducts?

What do they do?

A

within each renal papilla

drain urine into minor calyx (cup-shaped space)

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33
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What forms the major calyx?

A

every 3-4 minor calyces come together

34
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What forms the renal pelvis?

A

all major calyces join

35
Q

Internal Features of the Kidney

What is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel-shaped structure that occupies most of renal sinus and continues as ureter after hilum of kidney

36
Q

Ureter

What is the ureter?

A

muscular tube that starts from renal pelvis and ends at urinary bladder

37
Q

Ureter

Where does the ureter pass?

A

passes behind peritoneum, in front of psoas major muscle, crosses common iliac artery to enter true pelvis

38
Q

Ureter

What is the pelvic part of the ureter crossed by?

A

ductus deferens in male

uterine artery in female

39
Q

Ureter

How many constrictions are there?

What are constrictions?

A

3

potential sites for obstruction by kidney stones

40
Q

Ureter

What are the 3 constrictions?
Where are they?

A

first narrowing: at junction of ureter and renal pelvis

second narrowing: where ureter passes over common iliac artery

third narrowing: at entrance to urinary bladder

41
Q

Ureter

How does the ureter pass through bladder wall?

A

at oblique angle

42
Q

Ureter

What happens as urinary bladder fills with urine?

A

pressure within it compresses opening of ureters and prevents backflow of urine

43
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the urinary bladder?

A

hollow muscular organ saturated in true pelvis (when empty) behind pubic symphysis

44
Q

Urinary Bladder

Where is the urinary bladder?

A

male: in front of rectum
female: in front of uterus and vagina

45
Q

Urinary Bladder

Describe the structure of the urinary bladder when empty.

A

3-sided pyramidal structure with

  • 3 surfaces (superior, right inferolateral, and left inferolateral)
  • base
  • apex
  • neck
46
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the superior surface covered by?

What is it related to?

A

covered by peritoneum

related to sigmoid colon (in males), uterus (in females), and coils of small intestine

47
Q

Urinary Bladder

Describe the peritoneum on the superior surface in males.

A

peritoneum covering superior surface of urinary bladder reflects on anterior surface of rectum and forms peritoneal pouch (rectovesical pouch)

48
Q

Urinary Bladder

Describe the peritoneum on the superior surface in females.

A

peritoneal layer reflects to cover body of uterus to form uterovesical pouches

then reflects on anterior surface of rectum to form rectouterine pouches

49
Q

Urinary Bladder

What are inferolateral surfaces related to?

A

muscles of pelvic wall and pelvic diaphragm

50
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the shape of the base (fundus)?

A

triangular

51
Q

Urinary Bladder

What does the base (fundus) receive?

A

receives ureters at its superolateral angles

52
Q

Urinary Bladder

What does the base (fundus) give rise to?

A

gives rise to urethra at its inferior angle

53
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the base (fundus) related to?

A

male: ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and rectum
female: uterus and vagina

54
Q

Urinary Bladder

Where is the apex?

What is the apex connected to?

A

behind pubic symphysis

connected to umbilicus by median umbilical ligament

55
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the neck?

A

most inferior part of urinary bladder

56
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the neck related to?

A

male: prostate gland
female: external urethral sphincter

57
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the trigone?

A

smooth inverted triangular area formed when mucosal membrane lining the interior of urinary bladder is thrown into folds (except on base)

58
Q

Urinary Bladder

Where do ureters open?

A

at superior angles of trigon

59
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is located at inferior angle of the trigone?

A

internal urethral sphincter surrounding internal urethral orifice

60
Q

Urethra

What is the urethra?

A

muscular tube that starts from neck of urinary bladder and opens to exterior at external urethral orifice

61
Q

Urethra - Male

What are the 4 parts?

A
  • preprostatic (intramural) urethra
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy (penile) urethra
62
Q

Urethra - Male

Where is the preprostatic (intramural) urethra?

A

starts from internal urethral orifice, and passes through neck of urinary bladder

63
Q

Urethra - Male

What surrounds preprostatic (intramural) urethra?

A

involuntary internal urethral sphincter

64
Q

Urethra - Male

What is the prostatic urethra?

A

widest part of urethra that passes through prostate gland

65
Q

Urethra - Male

What opens to prostatic urethra?

A

prostatic and ejaculatory ducts

66
Q

Urethra - Male

What is the membranous urethra?

A

narrowest and shortest part of urethra that passes through anterior part of pelvic floor

67
Q

Urethra - Male

What is the membranous urethra surrounded by?

A

voluntary external urethral sphincter

68
Q

Urethra - Male

What is the spongy (penile) urethra?

A

longest part of urethra that passes through bulb and corpus spongiosum of penis, and ends as external urethral orifice

69
Q

Urethra - Male

What are bulbourethral glands?

A

part of male reproductive system

opens into the spongy urethra

70
Q

Urethra - Female

Where does it start and end?

A

start: internal urethral orifice at neck of urinary bladder
end: as external urethral orifice to the exterior below clitoris at vestibule

71
Q

Urethra - Female

Where does it pass?

A

descends in front of vagina and passes through anterior part of pelvic floor, where it is surrounded by voluntary external urethral sphincter

72
Q

What does the renal artery supply?

A

kidney and upper part of ureter

73
Q

What do branches of internal iliac artery supply?

A

lower part of ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

74
Q

Where are renal plexuses?

What do they do?

A

surround renal arteries

innervate kidneys and upper part of ureters

75
Q

What is sympathetic input to renal plexuses provided by?

A

lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves

76
Q

What is parasympathetic input to renal plexuses provided by?

A

CN X (vagus nerve)

77
Q

What do inferior hypogastric plexuses do?

A

innervate urinary bladder and urethra

78
Q

What 2 plexuses innervate the urinary system?

A
  • renal plexuses

- inferior hypogastric plexuses

79
Q

What is sympathetic input to inferior hypogastric plexuses provided by?

A

lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves

80
Q

What is parasympathetic input to inferior hypogastric plexuses provided by?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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