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+ CAPS 391 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A
  • filters blood and dispose some waste byproducts of metabolic reactions in human body
  • plays major role in fluid and electrolyte balance
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2
Q

What does the urinary system consist of? (4)

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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3
Q

Kidneys

Where are the kidneys?

A

behind peritoneum at either side of vertebral column at level of vertebrae TXII-LIII

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4
Q

Kidneys

Compare the right and left kidneys.

A

right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney due to presence of liver

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5
Q

Kidneys

How many surfaces, borders, and poles do the kidneys have?

A
  • 2 surfaces (anterior and posterior)
  • 2 borders (medial and lateral)
  • 2 poles (superior and inferior)
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6
Q

Kidneys

What is the anterior surface of the right kidney related to?

A

mainly related to liver, right colic flexure (hepatic flexure), and duodenum

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7
Q

Kidneys

What is the anterior surface of the left kidney related to?

A

mainly related to spleen, pancreas, left colic flexure (splenic flexure), and stomach

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8
Q

Kidneys

What is the posterior surface related to?

A

diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis muscles

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9
Q

Kidneys

What nerves pass between kidneys and muscles on the posterior surface of the kidney? (3)

A

subcostal
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal

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10
Q

Kidneys

What is the upper part of the left side posterior surface related to?

What is the upper part of the right side posterior surface related to?

A

left: ribs 11 and 12
right: rib 12

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11
Q

Kidneys

What is the shape of the lateral border?

A

convex

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12
Q

Kidneys

What is the shape of the medial border?

A

concave

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13
Q

Kidneys

What does the medial border house?

A

renal hilum

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14
Q

Kidneys

What is the renal hilum?

A

entrance to renal sinus

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15
Q

Kidneys

What is the renal sinus?

A

space that contains renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, lymphatics, nerve fibers, and fat

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16
Q

Kidneys

Where is the superior pole?

A

inclined towards vertebral column

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17
Q

Kidneys

Where is the inferior pole?

A

farther from vertebral column

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18
Q

Kidneys

What is the superior pole capped by?

A

suprarenal (adrenal) gland

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19
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What are the 4 distinct layers of fascia and fat?

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • perirenal (perinephric) fat
  • renal fascia
  • pararenal (paranephric) fat
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20
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What do the coverings of the kidney do?

A

provide mechanical protection or thermal insulation for kidneys, or anchor them in place

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21
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

Where is the fibrous capsule?

A

intimately attached to kidney, and partially extends into interior of renal hilum to line the renal sinus

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22
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What does perirenal (perinephric) fat do?

A

invests kidney outside fibrous capsule

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23
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

What does renal fascia do?

A

separates surrounds kidney and suprarenal (adrenal) gland and associated perineal fat

  • continuous inferiorly, and blends with fascia surrounding ureter
  • continuous medially with connective tissue surrounding renal vessels
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24
Q

Coverings of the Kidney

Where is pararenal (paranephric) fat?

What does it do?

A

located behind kidney and cushions it

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25
Internal Features of the Kidney What can you see in a frontal/coronal section?
inner region medulla cortex (outer region)
26
Internal Features of the Kidney What does the medulla consist of?
8-18 renal pyramids (conical or triangular structures) - base of each pyramid faces cortex -
27
Internal Features of the Kidney What is the renal papilla?
apex of the medulla that points towards renal hilum
28
Internal Features of the Kidney What is the cortex bounded by?
between renal capsule and renal pyramids
29
Internal Features of the Kidney Where is the cortex?
extends between renal pyramids to form renal columns
30
Internal Features of the Kidney What does the renal lobe consist of? (3)
- renal pyramid - renal cortex - half of adjacent renal column
31
Internal Features of the Kidney What occurs in renal lobes?
production of urine
32
Internal Features of the Kidney Where are microscope ducts? What do they do?
within each renal papilla drain urine into minor calyx (cup-shaped space)
33
Internal Features of the Kidney What forms the major calyx?
every 3-4 minor calyces come together
34
Internal Features of the Kidney What forms the renal pelvis?
all major calyces join
35
Internal Features of the Kidney What is the renal pelvis?
funnel-shaped structure that occupies most of renal sinus and continues as ureter after hilum of kidney
36
Ureter What is the ureter?
muscular tube that starts from renal pelvis and ends at urinary bladder
37
Ureter Where does the ureter pass?
passes behind peritoneum, in front of psoas major muscle, crosses common iliac artery to enter true pelvis
38
Ureter What is the pelvic part of the ureter crossed by?
ductus deferens in male uterine artery in female
39
Ureter How many constrictions are there? What are constrictions?
3 potential sites for obstruction by kidney stones
40
Ureter What are the 3 constrictions? Where are they?
first narrowing: at junction of ureter and renal pelvis second narrowing: where ureter passes over common iliac artery third narrowing: at entrance to urinary bladder
41
Ureter How does the ureter pass through bladder wall?
at oblique angle
42
Ureter What happens as urinary bladder fills with urine?
pressure within it compresses opening of ureters and prevents backflow of urine
43
Urinary Bladder What is the urinary bladder?
hollow muscular organ saturated in true pelvis (when empty) behind pubic symphysis
44
Urinary Bladder Where is the urinary bladder?
male: in front of rectum female: in front of uterus and vagina
45
Urinary Bladder Describe the structure of the urinary bladder when empty.
3-sided pyramidal structure with - 3 surfaces (superior, right inferolateral, and left inferolateral) - base - apex - neck
46
Urinary Bladder What is the superior surface covered by? What is it related to?
covered by peritoneum related to sigmoid colon (in males), uterus (in females), and coils of small intestine
47
Urinary Bladder Describe the peritoneum on the superior surface in males.
peritoneum covering superior surface of urinary bladder reflects on anterior surface of rectum and forms peritoneal pouch (rectovesical pouch)
48
Urinary Bladder Describe the peritoneum on the superior surface in females.
peritoneal layer reflects to cover body of uterus to form uterovesical pouches then reflects on anterior surface of rectum to form rectouterine pouches
49
Urinary Bladder What are inferolateral surfaces related to?
muscles of pelvic wall and pelvic diaphragm
50
Urinary Bladder What is the shape of the base (fundus)?
triangular
51
Urinary Bladder What does the base (fundus) receive?
receives ureters at its superolateral angles
52
Urinary Bladder What does the base (fundus) give rise to?
gives rise to urethra at its inferior angle
53
Urinary Bladder What is the base (fundus) related to?
male: ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and rectum female: uterus and vagina
54
Urinary Bladder Where is the apex? What is the apex connected to?
behind pubic symphysis connected to umbilicus by median umbilical ligament
55
Urinary Bladder What is the neck?
most inferior part of urinary bladder
56
Urinary Bladder What is the neck related to?
male: prostate gland female: external urethral sphincter
57
Urinary Bladder What is the trigone?
smooth inverted triangular area formed when mucosal membrane lining the interior of urinary bladder is thrown into folds (except on base)
58
Urinary Bladder Where do ureters open?
at superior angles of trigon
59
Urinary Bladder What is located at inferior angle of the trigone?
internal urethral sphincter surrounding internal urethral orifice
60
Urethra What is the urethra?
muscular tube that starts from neck of urinary bladder and opens to exterior at external urethral orifice
61
Urethra - Male What are the 4 parts?
- preprostatic (intramural) urethra - prostatic urethra - membranous urethra - spongy (penile) urethra
62
Urethra - Male Where is the preprostatic (intramural) urethra?
starts from internal urethral orifice, and passes through neck of urinary bladder
63
Urethra - Male What surrounds preprostatic (intramural) urethra?
involuntary internal urethral sphincter
64
Urethra - Male What is the prostatic urethra?
widest part of urethra that passes through prostate gland
65
Urethra - Male What opens to prostatic urethra?
prostatic and ejaculatory ducts
66
Urethra - Male What is the membranous urethra?
narrowest and shortest part of urethra that passes through anterior part of pelvic floor
67
Urethra - Male What is the membranous urethra surrounded by?
voluntary external urethral sphincter
68
Urethra - Male What is the spongy (penile) urethra?
longest part of urethra that passes through bulb and corpus spongiosum of penis, and ends as external urethral orifice
69
Urethra - Male What are bulbourethral glands?
part of male reproductive system opens into the spongy urethra
70
Urethra - Female Where does it start and end?
start: internal urethral orifice at neck of urinary bladder end: as external urethral orifice to the exterior below clitoris at vestibule
71
Urethra - Female Where does it pass?
descends in front of vagina and passes through anterior part of pelvic floor, where it is surrounded by voluntary external urethral sphincter
72
What does the renal artery supply?
kidney and upper part of ureter
73
What do branches of internal iliac artery supply?
lower part of ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
74
Where are renal plexuses? | What do they do?
surround renal arteries innervate kidneys and upper part of ureters
75
What is sympathetic input to renal plexuses provided by?
lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves
76
What is parasympathetic input to renal plexuses provided by?
CN X (vagus nerve)
77
What do inferior hypogastric plexuses do?
innervate urinary bladder and urethra
78
What 2 plexuses innervate the urinary system?
- renal plexuses | - inferior hypogastric plexuses
79
What is sympathetic input to inferior hypogastric plexuses provided by?
lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
80
What is parasympathetic input to inferior hypogastric plexuses provided by?
pelvic splanchnic nerves

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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