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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skull?

A

supports facial structures and protects brain

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2
Q

How many bones does the skull consist of?

A

22

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3
Q

How many bones of the skull form the viscerocranium (framework of face/facial skeleton)?

A

14

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4
Q

What are the paired bones of the viscerocranium? (6)

A 
lacrimal bone
nasal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
inferior nasal concha
palatine bone
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5
Q

What are the unpaired bones of the viscerocranium? (2)

A

mandible

vomer

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6
Q

How many bones of the skull form the neurocranium (bony box that holds brain)?

A

8

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7
Q

What are the paired bones of the neurocranium? (2)

A

parietal bone

temporal bone

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8
Q

What are the unpaired bones of the neurocranium? (4)

A

frontal bone
occipital bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone

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9
Q

What are sutures?

A

immobile joints that join all skull bones together, EXCEPT mandible (lower jaw)

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10
Q

What bone is the mandible connected to, and by what joint?

A

mandible articulates with temporal bone to form temporomandibular joint (mobile)

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11
Q

What is the cranium?

A

skull without mandible

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12
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 5 bone cavities?

A

2 orbital cavities
2 nasal cavities
1 oral cavity

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13
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the orbital cavities?

A

four-sided pyramidal space, with apex pointing posteriorly

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14
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 3 major openings in an orbital cavity, and what are they for?

A
  • superior orbital fissure
  • inferior orbital fissure
  • optic canal

serves as passages for blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

bony channel that connects medial corner of orbital cavity to nasal cavity

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16
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 2 nasal cavities separated by?

A

vertical bony septum

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17
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 3 curved bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity?

A
  • superior nasal conchae (part of ethmoid bone)
  • middle nasal conchae (part of ethmoid bone)
  • inferior nasal conchae (individual bone)
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18
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What is the anterior nasal aperture?

A

anterior opening of each nasal cavity

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19
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What is the choana?

A

posterior opening of each nasal cavity

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20
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the main bones that can be seen in this view?

A 
frontal bone
nasal bones
zygomatic bones
maxillae
mandible
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21
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What are the main bones that can be seen in this view?

A 
parietal bone
frontal bone
occipital bone
temporal bone
zygomatic bone
lacrimal bone (within orbital cavity)
maxilla
mandible
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22
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What are 3 main parts of the temporal bone?

A

external acoustic (auditory) meatus
mastoid process
styloid process

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23
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What is the zygomatic arch formed by?

A

processes of zygomatic and temporal bones

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24
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What are the 2 processes on the mandibular ramus?

A

coronoid process

condylar process

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25
Q

Posterior View of Skull

What are the main bones that form most of the posterior view?

A

occipital bone

2 parietal bones

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26
Q

Posterior View of Skull

What is the lambdoid suture?

A

suture between parietal bones and occipital bone

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27
Q

Posterior View of Skull

What is the external occipital protuberance?

A

bony projection on occipital bone, indicating the border between head and neck

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28
Q

Superior View of Skull

What are the main bones that form most of the superior view?

A

frontal bone
parietal bone
occipital bone

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29
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the calvaria (vault)?

A

dome-shaped roof of skull, formed by frontal, parietal, and occipital bones

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30
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the coronal suture?

A

between frontal bone and parietal bones

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31
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the sagittal suture?

A

between left and right parietal bones

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32
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the bregma?

A

junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

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33
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the bregma called in infants?

A

anterior fontanelle

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34
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the lambda?

A

intersection of sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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35
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is the lambda called in infants?

A

posterior fontanelle

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36
Q

Superior View of Skull

What is a fontanelle?

A

membrane of connective tissue that allows skull to grow proportionately

required for brain growth

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37
Q

Base of the Skull - Exterior View

Name the main bones from anterior to posterior.

A

maxillae, palatine bones, vomer, sphenoid bone, temporal bones, occipital bone

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38
Q

Base of the Skull - Exterior View

What are the main bony features?

A
  • hard palate
  • pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone
  • choanae
  • styloid and mastoid processes of temporal bones
  • occipital condyles
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39
Q

Base of the Skull - Exterior View

What is the hard palate formed by?

A

maxillae and palatine bones

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40
Q

Base of the Skull - Exterior View

What are choanae?
What are they separated by?

A

posterior nasal openings, separated by vomer bone

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41
Q

Base of the Skull - Exterior View

What are occipital condyles for?

A

articulation with:

  • vertebrae CI
  • foramen magnum of occipital bone
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42
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

Divided into three fossae called…

A

anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

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43
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

What is the anterior cranial fossa formed by?

A
  • frontal bone (orbital plate)
  • ethmoid bone (crista galli and cribriform plate)
  • sphenoid bone (lesser bones)
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44
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

What is the middle cranial fossa formed by?

A
  • sphenoid bone (greater wings and body)

- temporal bone (petrous and squamous parts)

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45
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

What is the hypophyseal fossa?

A

boney landmark in anterior cranial fossa that houses pituitary gland

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46
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

What is the posterior cranial fossa formed by?

A
  • occipital bone (squamous and basilar parts)

- temporal bone (petrous part)

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47
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

What forms the boundary between anterior and middle cranial fossae?

A

posterior border of lesser wings of sphenoid bone

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48
Q

Base of the Skull - Internal View

What forms border between middle and posterior cranial fossae?

A

superior border of petrous part of temporal bone

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49
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through openings on cribriform plate?

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

CN = cranial nerve

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50
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through optic canal?

A

optic nerve (CN II)

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51
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through superior orbital fissure?

A
  • oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  • ophthalmic division (VI) of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
  • abducens nerve (CN VI)
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52
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through foramen rotundum?

A

maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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53
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through foramen ovale?

A

mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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54
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

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55
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through lacrum?

A

(filled with cartilage)

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56
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery

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57
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through internal auditory (acoustic) meatus?

A
  • facial nerve (CN VII)

- vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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58
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through jugular foramen?

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • vagus nerve (CN X)
  • accessory nerve (CN XI)
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59
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through foramen magnum?

A
  • medulla oblongata

- vertebral arteries

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60
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings

What structures pass through hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

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61
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

forms axis of skeleton, starts from base of skull and rests on the pelvis

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62
Q

How many bones is the vertebral column composed of?

A
  • 24 pieces of irregular bones (vertebrae)
  • sacrum
  • coccyx

join together to form flexible, rigid column for bearing and transferring body weight

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63
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • protects spinal cord

- provides passage for spinal nerves

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64
Q

What is the average length of a vertebral column in adults?

65
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage discs between adjacent vertebrae

its total height accounts for 1/4 total length of column

66
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
67
Q

cervical region of vertebral column

A

7 vertebrae (CI-CVII)

concave - posteriorly

68
Q

thoracic region of vertebral column

A

12 vertebrae (TI-TXII)

convex - posteriorly

69
Q

lumbar region of vertebral column

A

5 vertebrae (LI-LV)

concave - posteriorly

70
Q

sacral region of vertebral column

A

sacrum formed by 5 fused sacral vertebrae (SI-SV)

convex - posteriorly

71
Q

coccygeal region of vertebral column

A

coccyx formed by 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

72
Q

What are the 4 anteroposterior curvatures in the lateral view of the vertebral column?

A

2 primary curvatures

2 secondary curvatures

73
Q

What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  • present at birth
  • are convex posteriorly
  • in thoracic and sacral regions
74
Q

What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  • acquired after birth
  • are convex anteriorly
  • in cervical and lumbar regions
75
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

Structure

A

body anteriorly, vertebral arch posteriorly

76
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What is the vertebral arch made up of?

A

pedicles and laminae

77
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What is the vertebral foramen surrounded by?

A

body and vertebral arch

78
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What is the vertebral canal?

A

longitudinal canal formed by successive vertebral foramina of articulated vertebrae, houses spinal cord and associated structures

79
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

Describe the shape of the vertebral body.

A
  • almost cylindrical, but shape varies in different regions
  • size of vertebral body gradually increases in lower segments of vertebral column in order to accommodate the increasing forces applied by body weight
80
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What are pedicles?

A

two bony projections that extend posterolaterally from vertebral body

superior and inferior margins of each pedicle are notched (superior and inferior vertebral notches)

81
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What is the intervertebral foramen?

A

formed by vertebral notches of two adjacent vertebrae – provides passage for spinal nerves and associated structures

82
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What are laminae?

A

two bony ridges that project posteromedially from pedicle to join together in midline

83
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

Where are transverse processes?

A

extend laterally from junction of pedicles and laminae

84
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

Where is the spinous process?

A

projects posteriorly from junction of laminae in midline

85
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What are articular processes?

A

paired processes that arise from junction of pedicles and laminae

86
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What are superior articular processes?

A

extend superiorly to articulate with inferior articular process of the vertebra above

87
Q

Characteristics of Typical Vertebra

What are inferior articular processes?

A

extend inferiorly to articulate with superior articular processes of the vertebra below

88
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

Which vertebrae are typical cervical vertebrae?

A

CIII - CVI

89
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

What structures do typical cervical vertebrae carry?

A

on each transverse process:

  • bifurcated spinous process (small ‘split’ at distal end)
  • transverse foramen
90
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

Which vertebrae are typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

TII - TVIII

91
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

What structures do typical thoracic vertebrae carry?

A
  • costal facets, located on sides of their bodies, and transverse processes
  • long slender spinous process that points inferiorly
92
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

Which vertebrae are atypical thoracic vertebrae?

A

TI, TIX - TXII

93
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

What structures do lumbar vertebrae possess?

A
  • large body

- short thick spinous process

94
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

Which vertebrae are atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

CI, CII, CVII

95
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

What is the atlas?

A

CI

consists of two lateral masses connected together by anterior and posterior arches

has transverse foramen on its transverse process (similar to other cervical vertebra)

96
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

What does the superior surface of lateral masses of the atlas articulate with?

A

occipital condyles

97
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

What does the inferior surface of lateral masses of the atlas articulate with?

A

CII (axis)

98
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

What does the anterior arch of the atlas articulate with?

A

odontoid process (dens) of CII (axis)

99
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12 pairs of flat curved bones that form most of thoracic cage wall

100
Q

What part of the rib articulates with thoracic vertebrae?

A

posterior end (head)

101
Q

What are true ribs?

A

first 7 pairs of ribs

anterior end articulates with sternum via their costal cartilages

102
Q

What are false ribs?

A

pairs 8-10

articulate with sternum through 7th costal cartilage

103
Q

What are free ribs (floating ribs)?

A

last 2 pairs

do not articulate with sternum or other ribs

104
Q

Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX)

What does the head articulate with?

A

costal facets on body of thoracic vertebrae at the corresponding level, and the vertebra above

105
Q

Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX)

What does the neck extend between?

A

head and costal tubercle

106
Q

Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX)

What is the tubercle?

A

small bony elevation that articulates with costal facet on transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra

107
Q

Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX)

What is the body (shaft)?

A

thin flat bony plate that curves anterolaterally, most prominently at point of costal angle

108
Q

Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX)

What is the costal groove?

A

bony groove on inferior border of internal surface of body that houses intercostal nerves and vessels

109
Q

Which ribs are atypical ribs?

A

I, II, X - XII

lack some of the characteristic features of ribs

110
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

conical bony cavity formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum, that protects vital organs (ie. heart, lungs)

111
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

apex of cone (bean-shaped opening) located at root of neck

bounded by vertebra TI, firs ribs, and superior surface of manubrium

112
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

base of cone bounded by vertebra TXII, eleventh and twelfth ribs, costal margin, and xiphoid process

sealed by diaphragm

113
Q

What is the costal margin formed by?

A

costal cartilages of ribs VII to X

114
Q

What are intercostal spaces?

A

spaces that separate ribs, and contain intercostal muscles, nerves, and vessels

115
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity?

A

contained inside thoracic cage

116
Q

What are the 3 main compartments of the thoracic cavity?

A

2 pleural cavities (on sides, hold lungs)

1 mediastinum (between pleural cavities, houses heart and other thoracic viscera such as trachea, esophagus, etc.)

117
Q

What is microcephalus and how does it occur?

A

small head

occurs if cartilaginous lines close sooner than it should

118
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle in infants close?

A

2-3 months after birth

119
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle in infants close?

A

12-18 months after birth

120
Q

What is the atlantoaxial joint?

A

the joint that the head rotates around

where dens (odontoid process) of axis articulates with anterior arch of atlas

121
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

exaggerated curvature of thoracic region

122
Q

What is lordosis?

A

normal curvature of lumbar and cervical region

123
Q

What is hyperlordosis?

A

exaggerated curvature of lumbar and cervical region

124
Q

What is hypolordosis?

A

less curvature of lumbar and cervical region

125
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curvature

126
Q

What does the transverse foramen contain?

A

vertebral arteries and veins

127
Q

What is spina bifada?

A

when laminae do not fuse together (congenital malformation)

128
Q

What are spurs?

A

extra bone that forms on edge of body of lumbar vertebrae, due to aging

129
Q

What is pelvimetry?

A

measurement of pelvis

130
Q

What is sacralization?

A

when LV fuses with SI, ending up with 6 ‘sacral’ vertebrae in sacrum (instead of 5 sacral vertebrae fusing together)

occurs at birth, congenital

131
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

SI becomes part of lumbar region

disc between SI and SII

132
Q

What is the axis?

A

second cervical vertebra that acts as pivot for rotational movement of head

133
Q

Where is the odontoid process?

What does the odontoid process (dens) articulate with?

A

on superior surface of body of axis

articulates with anterior arch of atlas

134
Q

What does lateral mass of atlas articulate with?

A

2 articular process lateral to odontoid process of the axis

135
Q

What type of spinous process does axis have?

136
Q

What is vertebra CVII also known as and why?

A

prominent vertebra (vertebra prominens)

has longest non-bifurcated spinous process that is palpable through skin

137
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

wedge-shaped bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

138
Q

What does the apex of the sacrum articulate with?

A

apex of bone points inferiorly and articulates with coccyx

139
Q

What does the base of the sacrum articulate with?

A

base of bone faces superiorly and articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra (LV)

140
Q

What does the lateral surface of the sacrum have?

What does it articulate with?

A

carry auricular surface (L-shaped articular surface) that articulates with similar articular surfaces on hip bone

141
Q

What does the anterior surface of the sacrum have?

A

relatively smooth and concave

has 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina for passage of anterior rami of sacral spinal nerve

142
Q

What does the posterior surface of the sacrum have?

A

convex

remnants of sacral vertebral processes are presented as sacral crests

4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina for passage of posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves

143
Q

What is the promontory?

A

anterior margin of superior surface of vertebra SI

on either side has triangular surface called surface ala

144
Q

What is the sacral cana?

A

continuation of vertebral canal in sacrum

145
Q

What is a sacral hiatus?

A

opening formed if laminae of vertebrae SV fail to fuse together at end of sacral canal

146
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

(tail bone) small triangular bone formed by fusion of 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae

147
Q

What does the apex and base of the coccyx articulate with?

A

apex is free

base of bone articulates with vertebra SV

148
Q

What is the sternum?

A

(breast bone) flat bone that contributes to formation of anterior thoracic wall

149
Q

What is the sternum composed of (3)?

A

composed of manubrium, body, xiphoid process

150
Q

What is the manubrium of the sternum?

A

trapezoid bony plate that forms proximal part of sternum

151
Q

What is the jugular notch (suprasternal notch)?

A

on superior surface of manubrium

on either side has clavicular notch that articulates with clavicle

152
Q

On the manubrium, what is the articular surface on lateral margins for?

A

first costal cartilage

153
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

important surface landmarks, presented as prominent transverse ridge that indicates site of articulation of second costal cartilage with sternum

154
Q

What forms the sternal angle?

A

manubrium of the sternum articulates with body of the sternum

155
Q

What is the sternal angle at the same level as?

A

intervertebral disc between TIV and TV vertebrae

156
Q

What is the body of the sternum?

A

slightly convex anteriorly

articular surfaces on either side for articulation with costal cartilages of ribs II - VII

157
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

variety of shapes

articulates with body of sternum to form xiphisternal joint

158
Q

What does the sides of xiphisternal joint articulate with?

A

7th costal cartilage

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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