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+ CAPS 391 > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skull?

A

supports facial structures and protects brain

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2
Q

How many bones does the skull consist of?

A

22

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3
Q

How many bones of the skull form the viscerocranium (framework of face/facial skeleton)?

A

14

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4
Q

What are the paired bones of the viscerocranium? (6)

A 
lacrimal bone
nasal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
inferior nasal concha
palatine bone
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5
Q

What are the unpaired bones of the viscerocranium? (2)

A

mandible

vomer

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6
Q

How many bones of the skull form the neurocranium (bony box that holds brain)?

A

8

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7
Q

What are the paired bones of the neurocranium? (2)

A

parietal bone

temporal bone

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8
Q

What are the unpaired bones of the neurocranium? (4)

A

frontal bone
occipital bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone

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9
Q

What are sutures?

A

immobile joints that join all skull bones together, EXCEPT mandible (lower jaw)

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10
Q

What bone is the mandible connected to, and by what joint?

A

mandible articulates with temporal bone to form temporomandibular joint (mobile)

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11
Q

What is the cranium?

A

skull without mandible

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12
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 5 bone cavities?

A

2 orbital cavities
2 nasal cavities
1 oral cavity

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13
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the orbital cavities?

A

four-sided pyramidal space, with apex pointing posteriorly

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14
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 3 major openings in an orbital cavity, and what are they for?

A
  • superior orbital fissure
  • inferior orbital fissure
  • optic canal

serves as passages for blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

bony channel that connects medial corner of orbital cavity to nasal cavity

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16
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 2 nasal cavities separated by?

A

vertical bony septum

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17
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the 3 curved bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity?

A
  • superior nasal conchae (part of ethmoid bone)
  • middle nasal conchae (part of ethmoid bone)
  • inferior nasal conchae (individual bone)
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18
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What is the anterior nasal aperture?

A

anterior opening of each nasal cavity

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19
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What is the choana?

A

posterior opening of each nasal cavity

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20
Q

Anterior View of Skull

What are the main bones that can be seen in this view?

A 
frontal bone
nasal bones
zygomatic bones
maxillae
mandible
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21
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What are the main bones that can be seen in this view?

A 
parietal bone
frontal bone
occipital bone
temporal bone
zygomatic bone
lacrimal bone (within orbital cavity)
maxilla
mandible
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22
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What are 3 main parts of the temporal bone?

A

external acoustic (auditory) meatus
mastoid process
styloid process

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23
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What is the zygomatic arch formed by?

A

processes of zygomatic and temporal bones

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24
Q

Lateral View of Skull

What are the 2 processes on the mandibular ramus?

A

coronoid process

condylar process

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25
Posterior View of Skull What are the main bones that form most of the posterior view?
occipital bone | 2 parietal bones
26
Posterior View of Skull What is the lambdoid suture?
suture between parietal bones and occipital bone
27
Posterior View of Skull What is the external occipital protuberance?
bony projection on occipital bone, indicating the border between head and neck
28
Superior View of Skull What are the main bones that form most of the superior view?
frontal bone parietal bone occipital bone
29
Superior View of Skull What is the calvaria (vault)?
dome-shaped roof of skull, formed by frontal, parietal, and occipital bones
30
Superior View of Skull What is the coronal suture?
between frontal bone and parietal bones
31
Superior View of Skull What is the sagittal suture?
between left and right parietal bones
32
Superior View of Skull What is the bregma?
junction of coronal and sagittal sutures
33
Superior View of Skull What is the bregma called in infants?
anterior fontanelle
34
Superior View of Skull What is the lambda?
intersection of sagittal and lambdoid sutures
35
Superior View of Skull What is the lambda called in infants?
posterior fontanelle
36
Superior View of Skull What is a fontanelle?
membrane of connective tissue that allows skull to grow proportionately required for brain growth
37
Base of the Skull - Exterior View Name the main bones from anterior to posterior.
maxillae, palatine bones, vomer, sphenoid bone, temporal bones, occipital bone
38
Base of the Skull - Exterior View What are the main bony features?
- hard palate - pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone - choanae - styloid and mastoid processes of temporal bones - occipital condyles
39
Base of the Skull - Exterior View What is the hard palate formed by?
maxillae and palatine bones
40
Base of the Skull - Exterior View What are choanae? What are they separated by?
posterior nasal openings, separated by vomer bone
41
Base of the Skull - Exterior View What are occipital condyles for?
articulation with: - vertebrae CI - foramen magnum of occipital bone
42
Base of the Skull - Internal View Divided into three fossae called...
anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa
43
Base of the Skull - Internal View What is the anterior cranial fossa formed by?
- frontal bone (orbital plate) - ethmoid bone (crista galli and cribriform plate) - sphenoid bone (lesser bones)
44
Base of the Skull - Internal View What is the middle cranial fossa formed by?
- sphenoid bone (greater wings and body) | - temporal bone (petrous and squamous parts)
45
Base of the Skull - Internal View What is the hypophyseal fossa?
boney landmark in anterior cranial fossa that houses pituitary gland
46
Base of the Skull - Internal View What is the posterior cranial fossa formed by?
- occipital bone (squamous and basilar parts) | - temporal bone (petrous part)
47
Base of the Skull - Internal View What forms the boundary between anterior and middle cranial fossae?
posterior border of lesser wings of sphenoid bone
48
Base of the Skull - Internal View What forms border between middle and posterior cranial fossae?
superior border of petrous part of temporal bone
49
Anterior Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through openings on cribriform plate?
olfactory nerve (CN I) CN = cranial nerve
50
Anterior Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through optic canal?
optic nerve (CN II)
51
Middle Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through superior orbital fissure?
- oculomotor nerve (CN III) - trochlear nerve (CN IV) - ophthalmic division (VI) of trigeminal nerve (CN V) - abducens nerve (CN VI)
52
Middle Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through foramen rotundum?
maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
53
Middle Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through foramen ovale?
mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
54
Middle Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery
55
Middle Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through lacrum?
(filled with cartilage)
56
Middle Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through carotid canal?
internal carotid artery
57
Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through internal auditory (acoustic) meatus?
- facial nerve (CN VII) | - vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
58
Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through jugular foramen?
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - vagus nerve (CN X) - accessory nerve (CN XI)
59
Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through foramen magnum?
- medulla oblongata | - vertebral arteries
60
Posterior Cranial Fossa Openings What structures pass through hypoglossal canal?
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
61
What is the vertebral column?
forms axis of skeleton, starts from base of skull and rests on the pelvis
62
How many bones is the vertebral column composed of?
- 24 pieces of irregular bones (vertebrae) - sacrum - coccyx join together to form flexible, rigid column for bearing and transferring body weight
63
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
- protects spinal cord | - provides passage for spinal nerves
64
What is the average length of a vertebral column in adults?
70 cm
65
What are intervertebral discs?
fibrocartilage discs between adjacent vertebrae | its total height accounts for 1/4 total length of column
66
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
``` cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal ```
67
cervical region of vertebral column
7 vertebrae (CI-CVII) concave - posteriorly
68
thoracic region of vertebral column
12 vertebrae (TI-TXII) convex - posteriorly
69
lumbar region of vertebral column
5 vertebrae (LI-LV) concave - posteriorly
70
sacral region of vertebral column
sacrum formed by 5 fused sacral vertebrae (SI-SV) convex - posteriorly
71
coccygeal region of vertebral column
coccyx formed by 4-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae
72
What are the 4 anteroposterior curvatures in the lateral view of the vertebral column?
2 primary curvatures | 2 secondary curvatures
73
What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
- present at birth - are convex posteriorly - in thoracic and sacral regions
74
What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
- acquired after birth - are convex anteriorly - in cervical and lumbar regions
75
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra Structure
body anteriorly, vertebral arch posteriorly
76
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What is the vertebral arch made up of?
pedicles and laminae
77
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What is the vertebral foramen surrounded by?
body and vertebral arch
78
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What is the vertebral canal?
longitudinal canal formed by successive vertebral foramina of articulated vertebrae, houses spinal cord and associated structures
79
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra Describe the shape of the vertebral body.
- almost cylindrical, but shape varies in different regions - size of vertebral body gradually increases in lower segments of vertebral column in order to accommodate the increasing forces applied by body weight
80
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What are pedicles?
two bony projections that extend posterolaterally from vertebral body superior and inferior margins of each pedicle are notched (superior and inferior vertebral notches)
81
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What is the intervertebral foramen?
formed by vertebral notches of two adjacent vertebrae – provides passage for spinal nerves and associated structures
82
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What are laminae?
two bony ridges that project posteromedially from pedicle to join together in midline
83
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra Where are transverse processes?
extend laterally from junction of pedicles and laminae
84
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra Where is the spinous process?
projects posteriorly from junction of laminae in midline
85
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What are articular processes?
paired processes that arise from junction of pedicles and laminae
86
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What are superior articular processes?
extend superiorly to articulate with inferior articular process of the vertebra above
87
Characteristics of Typical Vertebra What are inferior articular processes?
extend inferiorly to articulate with superior articular processes of the vertebra below
88
Cervical Vertebrae Which vertebrae are typical cervical vertebrae?
CIII - CVI
89
Cervical Vertebrae What structures do typical cervical vertebrae carry?
on each transverse process: - bifurcated spinous process (small 'split' at distal end) - transverse foramen
90
Thoracic Vertebrae Which vertebrae are typical thoracic vertebrae?
TII - TVIII
91
Thoracic Vertebrae What structures do typical thoracic vertebrae carry?
- costal facets, located on sides of their bodies, and transverse processes - long slender spinous process that points inferiorly
92
Thoracic Vertebrae Which vertebrae are atypical thoracic vertebrae?
TI, TIX - TXII
93
Lumbar Vertebrae What structures do lumbar vertebrae possess?
- large body | - short thick spinous process
94
Cervical Vertebrae Which vertebrae are atypical cervical vertebrae?
CI, CII, CVII
95
Cervical Vertebrae What is the atlas?
CI consists of two lateral masses connected together by anterior and posterior arches has transverse foramen on its transverse process (similar to other cervical vertebra)
96
Cervical Vertebrae What does the superior surface of lateral masses of the atlas articulate with?
occipital condyles
97
Cervical Vertebrae What does the inferior surface of lateral masses of the atlas articulate with?
CII (axis)
98
Cervical Vertebrae What does the anterior arch of the atlas articulate with?
odontoid process (dens) of CII (axis)
99
How many ribs are there?
12 pairs of flat curved bones that form most of thoracic cage wall
100
What part of the rib articulates with thoracic vertebrae?
posterior end (head)
101
What are true ribs?
first 7 pairs of ribs anterior end articulates with sternum via their costal cartilages
102
What are false ribs?
pairs 8-10 articulate with sternum through 7th costal cartilage
103
What are free ribs (floating ribs)?
last 2 pairs do not articulate with sternum or other ribs
104
Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX) What does the head articulate with?
costal facets on body of thoracic vertebrae at the corresponding level, and the vertebra above
105
Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX) What does the neck extend between?
head and costal tubercle
106
Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX) What is the tubercle?
small bony elevation that articulates with costal facet on transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra
107
Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX) What is the body (shaft)?
thin flat bony plate that curves anterolaterally, most prominently at point of costal angle
108
Characteristics of Typical Rib (III to IX) What is the costal groove?
bony groove on inferior border of internal surface of body that houses intercostal nerves and vessels
109
Which ribs are atypical ribs?
I, II, X - XII | lack some of the characteristic features of ribs
110
What is the thoracic cage?
conical bony cavity formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum, that protects vital organs (ie. heart, lungs)
111
What is the superior thoracic aperture?
apex of cone (bean-shaped opening) located at root of neck bounded by vertebra TI, firs ribs, and superior surface of manubrium
112
What is the inferior thoracic aperture?
base of cone bounded by vertebra TXII, eleventh and twelfth ribs, costal margin, and xiphoid process sealed by diaphragm
113
What is the costal margin formed by?
costal cartilages of ribs VII to X
114
What are intercostal spaces?
spaces that separate ribs, and contain intercostal muscles, nerves, and vessels
115
Where is the thoracic cavity?
contained inside thoracic cage
116
What are the 3 main compartments of the thoracic cavity?
2 pleural cavities (on sides, hold lungs) 1 mediastinum (between pleural cavities, houses heart and other thoracic viscera such as trachea, esophagus, etc.)
117
What is microcephalus and how does it occur?
small head occurs if cartilaginous lines close sooner than it should
118
When does the posterior fontanelle in infants close?
2-3 months after birth
119
When does the anterior fontanelle in infants close?
12-18 months after birth
120
What is the atlantoaxial joint?
the joint that the head rotates around where dens (odontoid process) of axis articulates with anterior arch of atlas
121
What is kyphosis?
exaggerated curvature of thoracic region
122
What is lordosis?
normal curvature of lumbar and cervical region
123
What is hyperlordosis?
exaggerated curvature of lumbar and cervical region
124
What is hypolordosis?
less curvature of lumbar and cervical region
125
What is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curvature
126
What does the transverse foramen contain?
vertebral arteries and veins
127
What is spina bifada?
when laminae do not fuse together (congenital malformation)
128
What are spurs?
extra bone that forms on edge of body of lumbar vertebrae, due to aging
129
What is pelvimetry?
measurement of pelvis
130
What is sacralization?
when LV fuses with SI, ending up with 6 ‘sacral’ vertebrae in sacrum (instead of 5 sacral vertebrae fusing together) occurs at birth, congenital
131
What is lumbarization?
SI becomes part of lumbar region disc between SI and SII
132
What is the axis?
second cervical vertebra that acts as pivot for rotational movement of head
133
Where is the odontoid process? What does the odontoid process (dens) articulate with?
on superior surface of body of axis articulates with anterior arch of atlas
134
What does lateral mass of atlas articulate with?
2 articular process lateral to odontoid process of the axis
135
What type of spinous process does axis have?
bifid
136
What is vertebra CVII also known as and why?
prominent vertebra (vertebra prominens) has longest non-bifurcated spinous process that is palpable through skin
137
What is the sacrum?
wedge-shaped bone formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
138
What does the apex of the sacrum articulate with?
apex of bone points inferiorly and articulates with coccyx
139
What does the base of the sacrum articulate with?
base of bone faces superiorly and articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra (LV)
140
What does the lateral surface of the sacrum have? What does it articulate with?
carry auricular surface (L-shaped articular surface) that articulates with similar articular surfaces on hip bone
141
What does the anterior surface of the sacrum have?
relatively smooth and concave has 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina for passage of anterior rami of sacral spinal nerve
142
What does the posterior surface of the sacrum have?
convex remnants of sacral vertebral processes are presented as sacral crests 4 pairs of posterior sacral foramina for passage of posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves
143
What is the promontory?
anterior margin of superior surface of vertebra SI on either side has triangular surface called surface ala
144
What is the sacral cana?
continuation of vertebral canal in sacrum
145
What is a sacral hiatus?
opening formed if laminae of vertebrae SV fail to fuse together at end of sacral canal
146
What is the coccyx?
(tail bone) small triangular bone formed by fusion of 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae
147
What does the apex and base of the coccyx articulate with?
apex is free base of bone articulates with vertebra SV
148
What is the sternum?
(breast bone) flat bone that contributes to formation of anterior thoracic wall
149
What is the sternum composed of (3)?
composed of manubrium, body, xiphoid process
150
What is the manubrium of the sternum?
trapezoid bony plate that forms proximal part of sternum
151
What is the jugular notch (suprasternal notch)?
on superior surface of manubrium on either side has clavicular notch that articulates with clavicle
152
On the manubrium, what is the articular surface on lateral margins for?
first costal cartilage
153
What is the sternal angle?
important surface landmarks, presented as prominent transverse ridge that indicates site of articulation of second costal cartilage with sternum
154
What forms the sternal angle?
manubrium of the sternum articulates with body of the sternum
155
What is the sternal angle at the same level as?
intervertebral disc between TIV and TV vertebrae
156
What is the body of the sternum?
slightly convex anteriorly articular surfaces on either side for articulation with costal cartilages of ribs II - VII
157
What is the xiphoid process?
variety of shapes articulates with body of sternum to form xiphisternal joint
158
What does the sides of xiphisternal joint articulate with?
7th costal cartilage

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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