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Brain (CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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3
Q

What does the brain start off as in an embryo?

A

neural tube that contains neural canal

  • anterior side (rostral)
  • posterior side (caudal)
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4
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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5
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
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6
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle does the prosencephalon (forebrain) become?

A
  • telencephalon

- diencephalon

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7
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle does the mesencephalon (midbrain) become?

A

mesencephalon

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8
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) become?

A
  • metencephalon

- myelencephalon

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9
Q

What adult brain structures does the telencephalon become?

A

cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

cerebrum

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10
Q

What adult brain structures does the diencephalon become?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

diencephalon

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11
Q

What adult brain structures does the mesencephalon become?

A

midbrain (brain stem)

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12
Q

What adult brain structures does the metencephalon become?

A
  • pons (brain stem)

- cerebellum

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13
Q

What adult brain structures does the myelencephalon become?

A

medulla oblongata (brain stem)

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14
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the telencephalon form?

A

lateral ventricles

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15
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the diencephalon form?

A

third ventricle

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16
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the mesencephalon form?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the metencephalon form?

A

fourth ventricle

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18
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the myelencephalon form?

A

fourth ventricle

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19
Q

What is the cortex?

A

thin outer shell of gray matter

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20
Q

Brainstem

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

(inferior)

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

(superior)

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21
Q

Brainstem

What are the 3 major functions of the brainstem?

A
  • acts as passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
  • contains nuclei of cranial nerves III to XII
  • regulates automatic behaviours required for survival (ie. respiration)
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22
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

Describe the structure.

A

pyramidal

separated from pons by the ponto-medullar sulcus (a transverse sulcus) superiorly

continuous with spinal cor inferiorly

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23
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What is the pyramid?

A

elevation on either side of the median anterior fissure, formed by pyramidal tracts

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24
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What is the olive?

A

elevation lateral to the pyramid that overlies inferior olivary nucleus

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25
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

Which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla oblongata, and where?

A

cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII emerge from the anterolateral surface

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26
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

Describe the composition (inferior half and superior half).

A

inferior half: composed of gray and white matters - same arrangement as spinal cord

superior half: gray matter is embedded within white matter as clusters of nuclei (that are associated with cranial nerve V, VIII, IX, V, XI, and XII)

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27
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What is the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

relay centre for proprioceptive info to cerebellum

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28
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What are 3 other major nuclei?

A

inferior olivary nucleus
nucleus gracilis
nucleus cuneatus

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29
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What tract are the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus both associated with?

A

medial lemniscus tract

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30
Q

Brainstem - Pons

How is the pons related to the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and midbrain?

A

cerebellum: posteriorly

medulla oblongata: inferiorly

midbrain: midbrain

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31
Q

Brainstem - Pons

Describe the shape.

A

anterior surface is convex, and carries basilar sulcus (a longitudinal sulcus) occupied by the basilar artery

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32
Q

Brainstem - Pons

What cranial nerves emerge from the pons, and where?

A

cranial nerves VI, VII, and VIII emerge from ponto-medullary sulcus

cranial nerve V appears at anterolateral surface

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33
Q

Brainstem - Pons

What is the white matter of the pons formed by?

A

the ascending and descending tracts

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34
Q

Brainstem - Pons

How is the gray matter in pons organized?

A

as nuclei embedded in white matter

- some of these nuclei are related to cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII

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35
Q

Brainstem - Pons

What is the 1 other major nuclei? What does it do?

A

pontine nuclei

  • acts as relay centre for motor pathways between the cerebrum and cerebellum that coordinates the voluntary movements
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36
Q

Midbrain

What does the midbrain connect to?

A

pons inferiorly

diencephalon superiorly

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37
Q

Midbrain

What are cerebral peduncles?

A

two columns on anterior aspect of midbrain, between which CN III emerges

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38
Q

Midbrain

What are crus cerebri?

A

descending tracts in cerebral peduncles, such as corticospinal and corticobulbar tract

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39
Q

Midbrain

What are the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

4 elevations on posterior aspect of midbrain

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40
Q

Midbrain

What do the nuclei deep to the colliculi do?

A

act as relay center for visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior) reflexes

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41
Q

Midbrain

Where are the ascending tracts?

A

occupy white matter of midbrain behind the cerebral peduncles

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42
Q

Midbrain

The nuclei embedded within the white matter is associated with what cranial nerve?

A

III, IV, V

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43
Q

Midbrain

What are 2 other major nuclei?

A

red nucleus

substantia nigra

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44
Q

Midbrain

What is the red nucleus associated with?

A

rubrospinal tract, as part of the extrapyramidal pathways

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45
Q

Midbrain

What is the substantia nigra functionally linked to?

A

basal ganglia regulating the voluntary movements

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46
Q

Cerebellum

Where is the cerebellum?

A

contained within posterior cranial fossa, underneath tentorium cerebelli, behind medulla and pons from which is separated by the fourth ventricle

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47
Q

Cerebellum

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

2 cerebellar hemispheres

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48
Q

Cerebellum

What are the cerebellar hemispheres connected by?

A

vermis - a worm-like structure

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49
Q

Cerebellum

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

A

by 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles

  • superior cerebellar peduncles
  • middle cerebellar peduncles
  • inferior cerebellar peduncles
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50
Q

Cerebellum

What do superior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

carry axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus

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51
Q

Cerebellum

What do middle cerebellar peduncles do?

A

connect pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum

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52
Q

Cerebellum

What do inferior cerebellar peduncles do?

A

carry bundles of axons travelling between medulla and cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar tracts

53
Q

Cerebellum

Describe gray and white matter in the cerebellum.

A

gray matter forms cerebellar cortex that surrounds white matter

54
Q

Cerebellum

Where are deep cerebellar nuclei located?

A

in white matter

55
Q

Cerebellum

What are folia?

A

leaf-like ridges/folds in which the cerebellar cortex is thrown into

56
Q

Cerebellum

What are the 2 main function of the cerebellum?

A
  • coordination of voluntary movements

- maintenance of posture and balance

57
Q

Diencephalon

Where is it located?

A

between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

58
Q

Diencephalon

What structures does it include?

A

thalami and all other structures surrounding the third ventricle, such as hypothalamus and epithalamus

59
Q

Diencephalon

What is the thalamus?

A

egg-shaped structure consisting of group of nuclei (most of which are sensory)

60
Q

Diencephalon

What does the thalamus do?

A

relays all senses (except smell) to certain sensory areas of the cerebral hemisphere

61
Q

Diencephalon

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

inferior and medial to thalamus

62
Q

Diencephalon

What does the hypothalamus do? (2)

A
  • functions as center of ANS, controlling emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking, etc.
  • regulates function of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland
63
Q

Diencephalon

What is the epithalamus?

A

small region posterior and superior to the thalamus, mainly consisting of the pineal gland

64
Q

Diencephalon

What does the pineal gland of the epithalamus do?

A

regulates circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin

65
Q

Cerebrum

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A
  • outer cerebral cortex

- some nuclei deep within white matter

66
Q

Cerebrum

What is the outer cerebral cortex?

A

internal region of cerebral white matter

67
Q

Cerebrum

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

left and right cerebral hemispheres, contained within the anterior and middle cranial fossae

68
Q

Cerebrum

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure (in superior view)

69
Q

Cerebrum

What are the 4 main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
70
Q

Cerebrum

What is the main role of the frontal lobe?

A

initiate motor impulse

71
Q

Cerebrum

What is the main role of the parietal lobe?

A

receive general sensory stimuli

72
Q

Cerebrum

What is the main role of the temporal lobe?

A

receive auditory impulses

73
Q

Cerebrum

What is the main role of the occipital lobe?

A

receive visual impulses

74
Q

Cerebrum

Describe the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

have gyri (folds) separated by sulci (furrows)

75
Q

Cerebrum

What are the 3 main sulci on each cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • central sulcus
  • lateral sulcus
  • parieto-occipital sulcus
76
Q

Cerebrum

What does the central sulcus do?

A

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

77
Q

Cerebrum

What does the lateral sulcus do?

A

superior boundary of temporal lobe

separates it from frontal and parietal lobes

78
Q

Cerebrum

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus do?

A

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

79
Q

Cerebrum

What does the gray matter form?

A

cerebral cortex

80
Q

Cerebrum

What are basal ganglia (nuclei)?

A

clusters of nuclei within white matter

81
Q

Cerebrum

What are the 3 main components of the basal ganglia?

What is their function?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus

involved in coordination of the motor function

82
Q

Cerebrum

Where is the white matter?

A

deep to the cortex

83
Q

Cerebrum

What is white matter formed by?

A

myelinated nerve bundles

84
Q

Cerebrum

How are the myelinated nerve bundles that form white matter classified? (3 groups)

A
  • association fibers
  • commissural fibers
  • projectional fibers

based on parts of CNS they connect together

85
Q

Cerebrum

What do association fibers do?

A

join different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

86
Q

Cerebrum

What do commissural fibers do?

A

connect different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere

87
Q

Cerebrum

What is the corpus callosum?

A

largest commissural fiber bundle located at bottom of longitudinal fissure

88
Q

Cerebrum

What are projectional fibers?

A

include ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibers connecting cortex to lower centers of the CNS

89
Q

Cerebrum

What is the internal capsule?

A

projectional fiber

thick band of white matter located between caudate nucleus and putamen anteriorly, and thalamus and globus pallidus posteriorly

90
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What embryonic structure is the nervous system developed from?

A

neural tube

91
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What forms the spinal cord?

A

caudal part of the neural tube

92
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What forms the cerebral vesicles?

A

cephalic part of the neural tube

93
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What forms the cerebral ventricles?

A

lumen of the neural tube in the brain

94
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What is the choroid plexus?

A

specialized vascular plexus in cerebral ventricles

95
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in all cerebral ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space

96
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A
  • lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere)
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
97
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What are the lateral ventricles?

A

amorphous space - one in each cerebral hemisphere

98
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What is the interventricular foramen of Monro?

A

connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

99
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What is the third ventricle?

A

irregular and narrow space located within diencephalon between the left and right thalami

100
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle, and passes through the midbrain

101
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

What is the fourth ventricle?

A

diamond-shaped space that is bounded by the pons and upper part of medulla anteriorly, and cerebellum posteriorly

102
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

inferiorly

103
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the third ventricle?

A

superiorly

104
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the subarachnoid space?

A

through 2 lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) and 1 median aperture (foramen of Magendi)

105
Q

Meninges

What are the 3 meninges?

A

(outside)

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

(inside)

106
Q

Meninges

What are meninges?

A

membranes of connective tissue that surround and protect the CNS

107
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What is dura mater?

A

thick layer of dense connective tissue that attaches to inner surface of neurocranium in skull, but is separate from the walls of the vertebral canal by the epidural space

108
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

How is dura mater separated from the walls of the vertebral canal

A

by the epidural space

109
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

Where does the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord end?

A

at level of vertebra SII

110
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What is the dura mater within the skull composed of?

A

outer periosteal layer

inner meningeal layer

111
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What is the periosteal layer attached to?

A

inner surface of cranial cavities

112
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What does the meningeal layer do?

A

separates from periosteal layer in several locations to form:

  • dural reflections
  • dural sinuses
113
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What do dural reflections do?

A

form incomplete partitions to divide cranial cavity into some compartments

114
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What are the 3 dural reflections?

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli

115
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What is the falx cerebri?

A

dural reflection

sagittal sickle shape reflection of dura matter that occupies the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum, and partially separates the cerebral hemispheres

116
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

dural reflection

tent-like horizontal sheet that intervenes between cerebellum and occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres

notched anteriorly to provide a passage for the midbrain

117
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

dural reflection

less prominent vertical reflection of the dural sagittal plane along the vermis that partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres

118
Q

Meninges - Dura Mater

What do dural sinuses do?

A

drain venous blood of the brain to the circulatory system

119
Q

Meninges - Arachnoid Mater

What is arachnoid mater?

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue attached to inner surface of dura mater

120
Q

Meninges - Arachnoid Mater

How is arachnoid mater separated from pia mater?

A

by subarachnoid space (which manly contains CSF)

121
Q

Meninges - Arachnoid Mater

Where does the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord end?

A

continues inferiorly and ends at level of vertebra SII

122
Q

Meninges - Arachnoid Mater

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

space between end point of spinal cord (vertebrae LI-LII) and vertebra SII

123
Q

Meninges - Arachnoid Mater

What does the lumbar cistern contain?

A
  • roots of the spinal nerves

- CSF

124
Q

Meninges - Arachnoid Mater

What are arachnoid granulations (villi)?

A

small finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater mostly on the superior part of the brain that drain CSF into dural sinuses

125
Q

Meninges - Pia Mater

What is pia mater?

A

delicate, thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately in touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord

126
Q

Meninges - Pia Mater

Where is the pia mater?

A

follows the contours of the brain and spinal cord and carries the blood vessels to the depth of the nervous tissue of the CNS

127
Q

Meninges - Pia Mater

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

lateral triangular extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the deep surface of the arachnoid and dura maters

128
Q

Meninges - Pia Mater

What is the filum terminale?

A

extension of the pia mater arising from the conus medullaris that extends inferiorly, and fuses with arachnoid and dura maters to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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