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+ CAPS 391 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What do organs of the digestive system contribute in? (3)

A
  • ingestion and digestion of food
  • absorption of nutrients
  • elimination of indigestible materials
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2
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

provides nutrients for cells to be used as source of energy, or for growth and repair

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3
Q

What is the digestive system divided into? (2)

A
  • alimentary canal (gastrointestinal (GI) tract)

- accessory digestive organs

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4
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

What are the main segments? (6)

A

muscular tube that starts from oral cavity, and ends at anus

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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5
Q

What do accessory digestive organs do?

What are they? (6)

A

assist in ingestion and digestion of food

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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6
Q

Oral Cavity

What is it bounded by?

A
  • lips anteriorly
  • oropharyngeal isthmus posteriorly
  • palates superiorly
  • muscular diaphragm and tongue inferiorly
  • cheeks laterally
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7
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the cavity divided into? (2)

A

vestibule

oral cavity proper

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8
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the vestibule bounded by?

A

horseshoe-shaped space bounded by lips (anteriorly), cheeks (laterally), and dental arches (posteriorly and medially)

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9
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the oral cavity proper bounded by?

A

bounded by dental arches (anteriorly and laterally), palates (superiorly), muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid muscle) and tongue (inferiorly)

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10
Q

Oral Cavity

What are the lips?

A

2 muscular folds covered externally by skin, and internally by mucus membrane

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11
Q

Oral Cavity

What does the orbicularis oris muscle do?

A

forms core of lips

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12
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the frenulum?

A

midline mucosal fold that connects each lip to gum

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13
Q

Oral Cavity

What are the cheeks formed by?

A

mainly formed by buccinator muscles covered internally by mucus membrane, and externally by skin

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14
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the hard palate?

A

includes hard and soft palates

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15
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the hard palate formed by?

A

has bony skeleton formed by maxillary and palatine bones covered by mucus membrane

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16
Q

Oral Cavity

What does the hard palate form? (2)

A
  • anterior part of roof of oral cavity proper

- floor of nasal cavities

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17
Q

Oral Cavity

What does the soft palate form?

A

posterior part of roof of oral cavity proper, and separates it from nasopharynx superior to it

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18
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the soft palate?

A

arch-shaped partition with fibro-muscular core covered by mucus membrane

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19
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the uvula?

A

conical soft tissue projection that hangs from free posterior border of soft palate

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20
Q

Oral Cavity

What are the palatoglossal and palatophrayngeal arches?

A

2 muscular folds or arches lateral to base of uvula, that run inferiorly and laterally

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21
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the palatoglossal arch?

A

anterior fold that extends to side of root of tongue

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22
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the palatopharyngeal arch?

A

posterior fold that extends to lateral wall of pharynx

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23
Q

Oral Cavity

Where are the palatine tonsils?

A

in tonsillar fossa (shallow fossa) between the arches

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24
Q

Oral Cavity

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus (fauces)?

What is it formed by?

A

passageway connecting oral cavity proper to oropharynx

formed by palatoglossal arches

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25
Q

Teeth

What are the 3 parts of a tooth?

A

crown
root
neck

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26
Q

Teeth

What is the crown?

A

part of tooth that projects from gingiva, and is visible in oral cavity

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27
Q

Teeth

What is the root?

A

part of tooth contained within alveolar processes of mandible and maxilla, and is attached to bony socket by periodontal ligament

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28
Q

Teeth

What is the neck?

A

narrow part of tooth connecting crown and root

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29
Q

Teeth

How are teeth classified?

What are the types of teeth?

A

based on shape of their crown

on each half of upper and lower jaws: 
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
2 molars
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30
Q

Teeth

What is the wisdom tooth?

A

third molar

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31
Q

Teeth

What is the core of the tooth composed of?

A

composed of dentine covered by enamel in crown, and cement (cementum) in root

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32
Q

Teeth

What does the pulp cavity contain? (3)

A
  • tooth nerves
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
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33
Q

Teeth

Where is the pulp cavity?

A

housed within dentine

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34
Q

Teeth

What is the root canal?

A

extension of pulp cavity into roots

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35
Q

Teeth

What are the 2 nerves that supply teeth?

A
  • CN V2 (trigeminal nerve, maxillary division)

- CN V3 (trigeminal nerve, mandibular division)

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36
Q

Teeth

What does CN V2 (trigeminal nerve, maxillary division) supply?

A

teeth of upper jaws, adjacent gingiva, and palates

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37
Q

Teeth

What does CN V3 (trigeminal nerve, mandibular division) supply?

A

teeth of lower jaw, and adjacent gingiva

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38
Q

Teeth

What supplies blood for all teeth?

A

maxillary artery (branch of external carotid artery)

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39
Q

Tongue

What is the tongue?

A

muscular organ involved in swallowing, phonation, tasting, and chewing

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40
Q

Tongue

What are the 2 parts of the tongue?

A
  • pharyngeal part or root

- oral part or body

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41
Q

Tongue

What is the pharyngeal part or root?

A

posterior ⅓ of tongue attached to floor of oral cavity, and faces oropharynx

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42
Q

Tongue

What is the oral part or body?

A

anterior ⅔ of tongue that freely moves in oral cavity

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43
Q

Tongue

What is the terminal sulcus?

A

reverse V-shaped groove on superior surface of tongue that separates anterior and posterior parts of tongue

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44
Q

Tongue

What do skeletal muscles do?

A

mainly form core of anterior ⅔ of tongue

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45
Q

Tongue

What are lingual papillae?

A

mucosal elevations on superior surface of anterior ⅔ of tongue

named based on their shape

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46
Q

Tongue

What are the 4 types of lingual papillae?

A
  • filiform papillae (thread-like)
  • fungiform papillae (mushroom-like)
  • foliate papillae (leaf-like)
  • vallate papillae
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47
Q

Tongue

Which papillae carry taste buds?

A
  • fungiform papillae
  • foliate papillae
  • vallate papillae

(all except filiform)

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48
Q

Tongue

Which nerves supply the tongue?

A

CN VII
CN V3
CN IX

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49
Q

Tongue

What does CN VII (facial nerve) do?

A

provides special sensation (taste)

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50
Q

Tongue

What does CN V3 (trigeminal nerve, mandibular division) do?

A

supplies general sensation of anterior ⅔ of tongue

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51
Q

Tongue

What are the paired lingual tonsils?

A

lymphoid tissue that forms core of posterior ⅔ of tongue

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52
Q

Tongue

What does CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) do?

A 
formed by lymphoid tissue, which is organized as pair of lingual tonsils 
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) provides both special and general sensations of this part of tongue
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53
Q

Tongue

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

midline mucosal fold that attaches interior surface of tongue to floor of oral cavity

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54
Q

Tongue

What supplies blood for the tongue?

A

lingual branch of external carotid artery

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55
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

muscular tube that connects nasal cavities to larynx, and oral cavity to esophagus

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56
Q

Esophagus

What is the esophagus?
Where does it start and end?

A

muscular tube

start: laryngopharynx at level of vertebra CVI
end: stomach at level of vertebra TXI

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57
Q

Esophagus

What does the esophagus pass through to reach abdomen?

A

passes neck, superior and posterior mediastinum, and through esophageal hiatus (opening in diaphragm)

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58
Q

Esophagus

Where is the esophagus located?

A

in front of lower cervical and thoracic regions of vertebral column on its entire length

anteriorly related to trachea and left atrium of heart

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59
Q

Peritoneum

What is the perineum?

A

serous membrane

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60
Q

Peritoneum

What are the 2 parts of the peritoneum?

A

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

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61
Q

Peritoneum

Where is the parietal peritoneum?

A

lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

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62
Q

Peritoneum

Where is the visceral peritoneum?

A

covers surface of most of abdominal and pelvic viscera

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63
Q

Peritoneum

Where are retroperitoneal organs?

A

between parietal peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall

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64
Q

Peritoneum

What are intraperitoneal organs covered by?

A

completely covered by visceral perionteum

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65
Q

Peritoneum

What is the peritoneal cavity?

What does it contain?

A

slim space between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

contains few mL of serous fluid to lubricate surfaces of abdominal contents

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66
Q

Peritoneum

Where is the peritoneal cavity in males?

Where is the peritoneal cavity in females?

A

males: enclosed in sac
females: connected with exterior via cavity of uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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67
Q

Peritoneum

What are peritoneal reflections?

What are its functions?

A

double layer peritoneal folds that either carry nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels to supply abdominal organs, or attach abdominal organs to abdominal wall

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68
Q

Peritoneum

What are the 3 peritoneal reflections?

A

peritoneal ligaments
mesenteries
omenta

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69
Q

Peritoneum

What do peritoneal ligaments do?

A

connect abdominal viscera to abdominal walls or other organs

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70
Q

Peritoneum

What is the falciform ligament?

A

peritoneal ligament that connects liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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71
Q

Peritoneum

What are the 4 types of mesenteries?

A

mesentery
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon
mesoappendix

72
Q

Peritoneum

What does the mesentery do?

A

connect small intestine (except duodenum) to posterior abdominal wall

73
Q

Peritoneum

What does the transverse mesocolon do?

A

connect transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall

74
Q

Peritoneum

What does the sigmoid mesocolon do?

A

connect sigmoid colon to posterior abdominal wall

75
Q

Peritoneum

What does the mesoappendix do?

A

connect appendix to posterior abdominal wall

76
Q

Peritoneum

Where is the omenta?

A

stretched between stomach and other organs

77
Q

Peritoneum

What are the 2 types of omenta?

A

greater omentum

lesser omentum

78
Q

Peritoneum

What does the greater omentum do?

A

connects greater curvature of stomach to transverse mesocolon, and like an apron covers intestinal loops anteriorly

79
Q

Peritoneum

What does the lesser omentum do?

A

connects liver to small curvature of stomach, and first part of duodenum

80
Q

Peritoneum

What sensitizes visceral peritoneum?

A

afferent autonomic nerve fibers

81
Q

Peritoneum

What sensitizes parietal peritoneum?

A

afferent somatic nerve fibers (mainly phrenic and lower intercostals)

82
Q

Stomach

What is the stomach?

A

most dilated part of alimentary canal

J-shaped part of alimentary canal with 2 curvatures (greater and lesser), 2 surfaces (anterior and posterior), and 2 openings (cardiac and pyloric)

83
Q

Stomach

Where is the stomach?

A

in left hypochondriac, epigastric, and umbilical regions

84
Q

Stomach

What are the 3 regions?

A

fundus
body
pyloric part

85
Q

Stomach

What is the fundus?

A

dome-shaped part of stomach, above level of cardiac opening

86
Q

Stomach

What is the body?

A

funnel-shaped region located between fundus and pyloric part

87
Q

Stomach

What is the pyloric part?

A

narrow region of stomach between body and pyloric opening

88
Q

Stomach

What is the cardiac opening?

A

connects stomach to esophagus

89
Q

Stomach

What is the pyloric opening?

A

connect stomach to duodenum

90
Q

Stomach

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

guards pyloric opening

91
Q

Stomach

What are gastric rugae?

A

longitudinal folds that mucosal membrane lining interior of stomach is thrown into

disappear when stomach is full

92
Q

Small Intestine

Where does the small intestine start and end?

A

starts: pyloric opening of stomach
end: ileocecal junction

93
Q

Small Intestine

What are the 3 parts?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

94
Q

Small Intestine - Duodenum

What is the duodenum?

A

shortest, widest, and least mobile part of small intestine

C-shaped tube that surrounds head of pancreas

95
Q

Small Intestine - Duodenum

Where does it start and end?

A

start: pyloric opening of stomach
end: merges with jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure

96
Q

Small Intestine - Duodenum

What are the 4 parts?

A

superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending parts

97
Q

Small Intestine - Duodenum

What is released into the second part of the duodenum?

A

exocrine secretions of pancreas and bile produced by liver

98
Q

Small Intestine - Jejunum

Where is the jejunum?

Where does it start?

A

mainly located in umbilical region of abdomen

starts from duodenojejunal flexure

constitutes proximal ⅖ of small intestine (after duodenum)

99
Q

Small Intestine - Ileum

Where is the ileum?

A

mostly located in hypogastric region of abdomen

100
Q

Small Intestine - Ileum

What does the ileum form?

A

forms distal ⅗ of small intestine (after duodenum)

101
Q

Small Intestine - Ileum

What does the ileum open into?

A

opens into large intestine at ileocecal junction, which is an opening guarded by ileocecal valve

102
Q

Small Intestine

What type of organ are the jejunum and ileum?

A

intraperitoneal organs

attach to posterior abdominal wall by mesentery

103
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the large intestine?

A

extends from ileocecal junction to anus, and almost complete frames small intestine

104
Q

Large Intestine

What are the main characteristics of the large intestine? (4)

A

teniae coli
haustra coli
caliber
omental (epiploic) appendices

105
Q

Large Intestine

What are teniae coli?

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle fibers visible on outer surface of colons

106
Q

Large Intestine

What is the haustra coli?

A

series of pouches throughout length of colons produced by tonic contraction of teniae coli

107
Q

Large Intestine

What is the caliber?

A

lumenal diameter is much larger than small intestine

108
Q

Large Intestine

What is the omental (epiploic) appendices?

A

small, teardrop-shaped sacs of fat attached to surface of colons

109
Q

Large Intestine

What are the 5 main parts of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
  • rectum
  • anal canal
110
Q

Large Intestine

What is the cecum?

A

initial part of large intestine located in right iliac region below ileocecal junction

111
Q

Large Intestine

What is the appendix?

A

worm-like appendage that attaches to cecum inferomedial to ileocecal junction

112
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the surface marking of the base of the appendix?

A

at junction of lateral ⅓ and medial ⅔ of line joining umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

113
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the ascending colon?

A

starts from cecum, ascends in right lumbar region, reaches inferior surface of liver, and turns sharply to left to form right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)

114
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the transverse colon?

A

located in right hypochondria, umbilical, and left hypochondriac regions

starts from right colic flexure (hepatic flexure), continues across abdomen to left side, and curves below spleen to form left colic flexure (splenic flexure)

115
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the descending colon?

A

starts from left colic flexure, descends in left lumbar region, and ends to sigmoid colon in left iliac region

116
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the sigmoid colon?

A

S-shaped

starts from end of descending colon in left iliac region, and terminates to rectum in true pelvis at level of vertebrae SIII

117
Q

Large Intestine

Where does the rectum start and end?

A

start: level of vertebra SIII

passes through pelvic diaphragm

end: anal canal at anorectal junction (flexure)

118
Q

Large Intestine

What is the rectal ampulla?

A

dilated distal part of rectum

119
Q

Large Intestine

Where is the anal canal?

A

stretches between anorectal junction and anus

120
Q

Large Intestine

What is the distal part of the anal canal guarded by?

A

two sphincters

  • involuntary internal anal sphincter
  • voluntary external anal sphincter
121
Q

Large Intestine

What are the intraperitoneal organs? (3)

A

appendix
transverse
sigmoid colons

(suspended from posterior abdominal wall by their mesenteries)

122
Q

Large Intestine

What are the retraperitoneal organs? (4)

A

cecum
ascending colon
descending colon
rectum

123
Q

What supplies blood to the alimentary canal and its accessory digestive organs?

A

3 visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

  • celiac trunk (artery)
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
124
Q

What does the celiac trunk (artery) divided into?

What does the celiac trunk (artery) supply?

A

divides into left gastric, common hepatic, and splenic branches

supply abdominal esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, most of pancreas, and upper half of duodenum

125
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

lower half of duodenum, small part of pancreas, small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and right ⅔ of transverse colon

126
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

left ⅓ of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper part of anal canal

127
Q

What are autonomic plexuses in the abdomen associated with?

A

autonomic ganglia that serves as synapse site for preganglionic sympathetic fibers

128
Q

Where are abdominal autonomic plexuses?

A

surround abdominal aorta branches and use them as guide to distribute to target organs

129
Q

What are abdominal autonomic plexuses named after?

A

arteries they surround (ie. celiac plexus, superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses)

130
Q

What is the sympathetic input of abdominal autonomic plexuses provided by?

A

splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least, lumbar, and sacral)

131
Q

What is the parasympathetic input of abdominal autonomic plexuses provided by?

A

CN X (vagus nerve) or pelvic splanchnic nerve

132
Q

What forms the enteric system?

A

when outflow of abdominal autonomic plexuses reaches abdominal part of alimentary canal

133
Q

What does the enteric system do?

A

regulates alimentary canal activities, including glandular secretion, motility (peristalsis), and blood flow

134
Q

What are the 4 accessory glands of the digestive system?

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

135
Q

Salivary Glands

What are the salivary glands?

A

3 pairs of glands that secrete ~1 L of saliva per day

136
Q

Salivary Glands

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland

137
Q

Salivary Glands - Parotid Gland

What is the parotid gland

A

largest salivary gland located in front and below ear, and partially covers masseter muscle

138
Q

Salivary Glands - Parotid Gland

What does the parotid duct do?

A

drains secretions of gland into vestibule of oral cavity opposite to second upper molar tooth

139
Q

Salivary Glands - Parotid Gland

What regulates secretion of saliva of the parotid gland?

A

parasympathetic fibers of CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

140
Q

Salivary Glands - Submandibular Gland

Where is this gland?

A

related to medial surface of body of mandible

141
Q

Salivary Glands - Submandibular Gland

What does the submandibular duct do?

A

carries secretions of gland to floor of oral cavity, and opens lateral to lingual frenulum

142
Q

Salivary Glands - Sublingual Gland

What is the sublingual gland?

A

almond-shaped gland located underneath mucosal membrane of floor of oral cavity

143
Q

Salivary Glands - Sublingual Gland

What is the secretion of this gland drained by?

A

several short ducts to floor of oral cavity at summit of sublingual fold

144
Q

Salivary Glands - Sublingual Gland

What regulates the secretion of saliva of this gland?

A

parasympathetic fibres of CN VII (facial nerve)

145
Q

Salivary Glands - Submandibular Gland

What regulates the secretion of saliva of this gland?

A

parasympathetic fibres of CN VII (facial nerve)

146
Q

Liver

What is the liver?

A

largest gland of body

147
Q

Liver

Where is the liver?

A

below diaphragm in right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac regions

148
Q

Liver

What is the liver covered by?

A

mostly covered by peritoneum

149
Q

Liver

What is the liver connected by peritoneal reflections to?

A

stomach via lesser omentum

anterior abdominal wall via falciform ligament

150
Q

Liver

What are the 5 surfaces and 1 border?

A

surfaces: anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, and right
border: inferior

151
Q

Liver

What is the visceral surface?

A

inferior surface

related to abdominal viscera (such as stomach, duodenum, and right kidney)

152
Q

Liver

What is the diaphragmatic surface?

A

anterior, posterior, superior, and right surfaces

related to diaphragm

153
Q

Liver

What is the porta hepatis?

A

transverse fissure near centre of visceral surface of liver that serves as passageway for hepatic arteries, hepatic portal vein, hepatic (bile) ducts, hepatic nerve plexus, and lymphatic vessels

154
Q

Liver

What are the 4 lobes?

Where are they?

A

right, left, caudate, and quadrate

on visceral surface

155
Q

Liver

What are the lobes separated by?

A

2 impressions
2 grooves
porta hepatis

156
Q

Liver

What are impressions occupied by?

A

inferior vena cava and gallbladder

157
Q

Liver

What do grooves contain?

A

2 ligaments that are remnants of fetal blood vessels

  • round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres hepatis)
  • ligamentum venosum
158
Q

Liver

Where is the porta hepatis?

A

horizontally located between grooves (on the left) and impressions (on the right)

159
Q

Gallbladder

What is the gallbladder?

A

small pear-shaped sac located on inferior surface of liver

160
Q

Gallbladder

What are the 3 parts of the gallbladder?

A

fundus
body
neck

161
Q

Gallbladder

What is the fundus?

A

round, protrudes from inferior border of liver, and is completely covered by peritoneum

162
Q

Gallbladder

What is the body?

A

closely related to visceral surface of liver

163
Q

Gallbladder

What is the neck?

A

aligned with body, and is continuous with S-shaped cystic duct that joins common hepatic duct to form common bile duct

164
Q

What provides sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers to the liver and gallbladder?

A

greater splanchnic and vagus nerves (CN X) provide sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers to liver and gallbladder via celiac plexus

165
Q

What supplies blood to the liver and gallbladder?

A

common hepatic branch of celiac artery

166
Q

Pancreas

What is the pancreas?

A

soft lobulated exocrine/endocrine gland located behind stomach on posterior abdominal wall

167
Q

Pancreas

What type of organ is the pancreas?

A

almost entirely retroperitoneal

168
Q

Pancreas

What are the 3 parts?

A

head, neck, body, and tail (from right to left)

169
Q

Pancreas

What is the head surrounded by?

A

duodenum

170
Q

Pancreas

What is the tail related to?

A

hilum of spleen

171
Q

Pancreas

What collects secretions of exocrine part of pancreas?

A

main and accessory pancreatic ducts

172
Q

Pancreas

What does the main pancreatic duct do?

A

joins common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater) that opens into descending (second) part of duodenum at major duodenal papilla (summit of a mucosal fold)

173
Q

Pancreas

Where is the accessory pancreatic duct?

What does it do?

A

lies in head of pancreas

either drains into main pancreatic duct or directly drains into descending part of duodenum at minor duodenal papilla (summit of a mucosal fold)

174
Q

Pancreas

What provides sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres to pancreas?

A

greater splanchnic and vagus nerves (CN X) provide sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres to pancreas via celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses

175
Q

Pancreas

What supplies blood to pancreas?

A
  • common hepatic and splenic branches of celiac artery

- superior mesenteric artery

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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