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Joints Flashcards

1
Q

joint (articulation)

A

site in which two or more bones or cartilages meet

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2
Q

How are joints classified?

A

anatomical or functional

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3
Q

How are joints anatomically classified?

A

synovial or solid

based on structure - materials that bind bones together, and presence/absence of joint cavity

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4
Q

How are joints functionally classified?

A

diarthrosis (freely movable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), or synarthrosis (immovable)

based on range of motion

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5
Q

Solid Joints

How are bones held together?

A

by connective tissue

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6
Q

Solid Joints

How are solid joints classified?

A

fibrous or cartilaginous

depending on type of connective tissue – dense connective tissue or cartilage

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7
Q

Solid Joints

What are the functional classifications of solid joints?

A

amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis

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8
Q

Solid Joints - Fibrous

How are bones linked together?

A

by dense connective tissue

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9
Q

Solid Joints - Fibrous

What are the 3 types of fibrous solid joints?

A

sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

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10
Q

Solid Joints - Fibrous

What are sutures?

A

joints formed between bones of skull

in early years of life, the bones are held together by thin layer of dense connective tissue that later will be replaced by bony tissue

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11
Q

Solid Joints - Fibrous

What are syndesmoses?

A

joint held together by a ligament

bones are connected to each other by membrane or ligament such as middle radioulnar joint

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12
Q

Solid Joints - Fibrous

What are gomphoses?

A

‘peg in socket’ joint

formed between roots of teeth and bony socket in maxilla and mandible by an intervening ligament - periodontal ligament (holds tooth in socket)

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13
Q

Solid Joints - Cartilaginous

How are bones held together?

A

by cartilage

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14
Q

Solid Joints - Cartilaginous

Describe the movement of cartilaginous joints.

A

limited movements

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15
Q

Solid Joints - Cartilaginous

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous solid joints?

A

synchondroses

symphases

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16
Q

Solid Joints - Cartilaginous

What are synchondroses joints?

A

bones are linked together by hyaline cartilage, such as growth plates of long bones

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17
Q

Solid Joints - Cartilaginous

What are symphases joints?

A

bones are connected by fibrocartilage

ie. pubic symphysis

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18
Q

Synovial Joints

What are synovial joints?

A
  • presence of cavity between bones

- bones are held together by fibrous capsule

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19
Q

Synovial Joints

What are the basic features of all synovial joints?

A
  • diarthrosis type
  • joint capsule
  • joint (articular) cavity
  • synovial membrane (+ synovial cavity)
  • synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
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20
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

A

diarthrosis

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21
Q

Synovial Joints

How are bones held together?

A

by fibrous capsule

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22
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the joint capsule?

A

fibrous sleeve-like structure that completely invests the joint and is supported by ligaments

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23
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the joint (articular) cavity?

A

space enclosed by joint fibrous capsule

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24
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the synovial membrane?

A

special layer of connective tissue that lines internal joint surfaces (except articular surfaces of bones)

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25
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the synovial cavity?

A

space enclosed by synovial membrane

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26
Q

Synovial Joints

What is synovial fluid?
Functions?

A

watery fluid secreted by synovial membrane contained within synovial cavity

  • nourishes and lubricates articular cartilage
  • facilitates joint movement
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27
Q

Synovial Joints

What is articular cartilage?

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that covers articular surfaces of bone

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28
Q

Synovial Joints

What are the 4 types of synovial joints?

A
  • non-axial
  • uniaxial (or monoaxial)
  • biaxial
  • multiaxial
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29
Q

Synovial Joints - Non-axial

What is the 1 type of non-axial joint?

What function does it perform?

A

plane (planar or gliding): articular surfaces are almost flat

performs sliding or gliding movements in different directions (ie. intercarpal joints)

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30
Q

Synovial Joints - Monoaxial/Uniaxial

What are the 2 types of monoaxial/uniaxial joints?

A

hinge

pivot

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31
Q

Synovial Joints - Monoaxial/Uniaxial

What are hinge joints?

What function does it perform?

A

convex pulley shaped articular surface meets a concave articular surface

specifically designed to perform flexion and extension movements (ie. elbow joint)

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32
Q

Synovial Joints - Monoaxial/Uniaxial

What are pivot joints?

What function does it perform?

A

round articular surface fits a relatively shallow concave articular surface

only designed for rotational movements (ie. proximal radioulnar joint)

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33
Q

Synovial Joints - Biaxial

What are the 2 types of biaxial joints?

A

ellipsoid/condyloid

saddle

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34
Q

Synovial Joints - Biaxial

What are ellipsoid/condyloid joints?

What function does it perform?

A

oval convex articular surface of one bone meets the oval concave articular surface of another bone

for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or circumduction (ie. metacarpophalangeal joints)

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35
Q

Synovial Joints - Biaxial

What are saddle joints?

What function does it perform?

A

articular surfaces of both bones resemble a saddle

for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or circumduction (ie. first carpometacarpal joint)

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36
Q

Synovial Joints - Multiaxial

What is the 1 type of multiaxial joint?

What function does it perform?

A

ball and socket: spherical articular surface of one bone fits with cup-shaped articular surface of other bone

for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotations, or circumduction (ie. shoulder joints)

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37
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are the 5 structures associated with synovial joints?

A
  • ligament
  • bursae
  • menisci
  • labrums
  • intra-articular discs
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38
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What do structures associated with synovial joints do?

A

some structures associated with different types of synovial joints function to facilitate movements of soft tissues surrounding the joints, or to support joints

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39
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are ligaments?

A

thick bands of dense connective tissue that join the bones to each other

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40
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are the two types of ligaments?

A

extrinsic ligament - separate

intrinsic ligament - thickened part of fibrous capsule

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41
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are bursae?

A

small sacs of connective tissue separating the moving structures around the joints

(ie. bursae between skin and joint capsule, or between muscle and joint capsule)

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42
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are bursae lined by?

A

lined by synovial membrane, and filled with synovial fluid

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43
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are menisci?

A

incomplete fibrocartilage rings attached to articular surfaces of tibia to increase joint congruency

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44
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are labrums?

A

fibrocartilage rings attached to circumference of glenoid cavity and acetabulum to enhance their depth

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45
Q

Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

What are intra-articular discs?

A

cushions of fibrocartilage found within joints to absorb shocks and/or increase congruency

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46
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What are the 3 parts where typical vertebrae articulate with each other?

A
  • synovial plane joints between superior and inferior articular processes on each side, zygapophyseal (facet) joints
  • symphysis joints between vertebral bodies via intervertebral discs
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47
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What is an intervertebral disc composed of?

A

composed of nucleus pulposus (centrally located gelatinous substance) surrounded by concentric layers of dense connective tissue (annulzus fibrosus)

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48
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

synovial pivot joint between anterior arch of atlas (CI) and odontoid process of axis (CII)

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49
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

synovial condyloid joints between atlas (CI) and condyles of occipital bone

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50
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What are the 6 ligaments that support vertebral column?

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • flava ligaments
  • interspinous ligaments
  • supraspinous ligaments
  • nuchal ligament
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51
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

stretches along anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies

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52
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

stretches along posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies

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53
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What do flava ligaments do?

A

join laminae of adjacent vertebrae to each other

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54
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Where is the interspinous ligament?

A

stretches between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

55
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What does the supraspinous ligament do?

A

joins tips of spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

56
Q

Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

proximal extension of supraspinous ligament in next region that fans out in sagittal plane to attach to occipital bone

57
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What are the 5 joints?

A 
costovertebral joint
sternocostal joint
manubriosternal joint
xiphisternal joint
sternoclavicular joint
58
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What is the costovertebral joint?

A

head of typical rib articulates with vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebra at the corresponding level and the vertebra above

tubercle of a typical rib articulates with costal facet on transverse process of corresponding thoracic vertebra

59
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What is the sternocostal joint?

A

anterior end of first 7 pairs of ribs articulate with sternum via their costal cartilages

next 3 pairs of ribs articulate with sternum via costal cartilage of 7th rib

60
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What type of joints are costovertebral and sternocostal joints?

A

synovial planar

EXCEPT first pair of sternocostal joints - which are synchondroses joints

61
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What is the manubriosternal joint?

A

symphysis joint formed between manubrium and body of sternum

62
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What is the xiphisternal joint?

A

symphysis joint, formed between body of sternum and xiphoid process

63
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

Which joints become ossified with age?

A

manubriosternal joint

xiphisternal joint

64
Q

Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial saddle joint that forms between medial (sternal) end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum

fibrocartilage disc (articular disc) separates the articular surfaces of this joint

65
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What are the 2 joints?

A

sacoiliac joint

pubic symphysis

66
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

synovial planar joint formed between auricular surfaces of sacrum and hip bones

67
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What happens to sacroiliac joints with age?

A

become fibrous

68
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What are sacroiliac joints supported by?

A

supported by anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments

69
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What is the function of sacroiliac joints?

A

transfer body weight to lower limbs

70
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What is the pubic symphysis?

A

symphysis joint formed between pubic parts of right and left hip bones

71
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What is the sacrum and hip bones connected together by?

A

two strong ligaments – sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrospinous ligaments

72
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

Where are sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

stretched between sacrum and ischial tuberosity of hip bone

73
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What do sacrospinous ligaments do?

A

connect sacrum to ischial spine of hip bone

74
Q

Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS

What do both sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrospinous ligaments do?

A

convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches of the hip bones into the foramina

75
Q

Joints of the Skull

What joints articulate all skull bones together?

What is the exception?

A

sutures

EXCEPT mandible - which articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form condyloid synovial joint called temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

76
Q

Joints of the Skull

What divides articular cavity into 2 separate compartments?

A

articular disc

77
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What are the 9 types of joints?

A
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
  • elbow joint complex (composed of 3 joints)
  • radioulnar joints (3)
  • wrist joint complex (composed of 3 joints)
  • caropmetacarpal joint
  • metacarpophalangeal joint
  • interphalangeal joint (2)
78
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial saddle joint formed between medial (sternal) end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum

  • fibrocartilage disc (articular disc) separating articular surfaces of this joint
  • only joint that anchors upper limb to axial skeleton
79
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

planar synovial joint that forms between lateral (acromial) end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

80
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What supports the acromioclavicular joint?

A

coracoclavicular ligament

81
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

A

ball and socket synovial joint forms between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

82
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

What is the glenoid cavity of scapula surrounded by?

A

fibrocartilage ring (labrum glenoid), which deepens the cavity for a better congruency with head of of humerus

83
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What supports the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

A

mainly the glenohumeral ligaments (thickened parts of joint capsule)

84
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What 3 joints form the elbow joint complex?

A
  • humero-ulnar joint
  • humero-radial joint
  • proximal radio-ulnar joint

all 3 components are invested by same fibrous capsule

85
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Elbow Joint Complex

What is the humero-ulnar joint?

A

synovial hinge joint formed between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

86
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Elbow Joint Complex

What is the humero-radial joint?

What movements does it function in?

A

synovial condyloid joint formed between capitulum of humerus and superior surface of head of radius

  • contributes in flexion and extension with humero-ulnar joint
  • takes part in rotational movements with proximal radio-ulnar joint
87
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Elbow Joint Complex

What is the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

synovial pivot joint formed between circumference of head of radius and radial notch of ulna

88
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb -Elbow Joint Complex

Describe the 3 joints from a functional POV.

A
  • first 2 components are considered as the elbow joint

- 3rd component is individual joint

89
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb -Elbow Joint Complex

What is the elbow joint mainly supported by?

A

thickening of joint capsule on medial and lateral sides (ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament)

90
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints

What are the 3 types of radioulnar joints?

A
  • proximal (superior) radioulnar joint
  • middle radioulnar joint
  • distal (inferior) radioulnar joint
91
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints

What is the proximal (superior) radioulnar joint?

A

synovial pivot joint between circumference of head of radius and radial notch of ulna

head of radius is held against radial notch of ulna by annular ligament

92
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints

What is the middle radioulnar joint?

A

fibrous syndesmosis joint in which an interosseous membrane connects interosseous borders of ulna and radius

93
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints

What is the distal (inferior) radioulnar joint?

A

synovial pivot joint between head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius

94
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What does the distal (inferior) radioulnar joint share its capsule with?

A

shares its capsule with wrist joint

however, its joint cavity is separated from that of the wrist joint by articular disc

95
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints

What movements do radioulnar joints function in?

A

all three joints are involved in supination and pronation movements of forearm

96
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex

What are the 3 joints of the wrist joint complex?

A
  • radio-carpal joint
  • midcarpal joint
  • intercarpal joint

all these joints are enveloped by same fibrous capsule

97
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex

What is the radio-carpal joint?

A

synovial ellipsoid joint formed between distal end of radius and proximal row of carpal bones (except pisiform)

98
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex

What is the radio-carpal joint supported by?

A
  • medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
  • lateral (radial) collateral ligament
  • palmar and dorsal ulno-carpal ligaments
  • palmar and dorsal radio-carpal ligaments

(stretched between forearm bones and carpals)

99
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex

What are midcarpal joints?

A

series of small synovial planar joints formed between proximal and distal carpal bones

100
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex

What are intercarpal joints?

A

group of small synovial planar joints between proximal or distal carpal bones

101
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex

Describe the joints from a functional POV.

A

first 2 components are considered as the wrist join

102
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What is the first carpometacarpal joint?

A

synovial saddle joint formed between trapezium and proximal end of first metacarpal bone

103
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb -

What are the rest (all, except the first) of the carpometacarpal joints?

A

synovial planar joints formed between rest of distal carpal bones and proximal end of medial four metacarpal bones

104
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What are metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

synovial condyloid joints between distal end of metacarpal bones and proximal end of proximal phalanges

105
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What are interphalangeal joints?

A

synovial hinge joints between phalanges

106
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What are the 2 types of interphalangeal joints?

A

proximal interphalangeal joints

distal interphalangeal joints

107
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What are proximal interphalangeal joints?

A

formed between proximal and middle phalanges

108
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

What are distal interphalangeal joints?

A

formed between middle and distal phalanges

109
Q

Joints of the Upper Limb

How many interphalangeal joints does the thumb have?

A

one - between its proximal and distal phalanges

110
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What are the 8 types of joints?

A
  • hip joint
  • knee joint
  • tibiofibular joint
  • ankle (talocrural) joint
  • intertarsal joint
  • tarsometatarsal joint
  • metatarsophalngeal joint
  • interphalangeal joint (2)
111
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint

What is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket synovial joint formed between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

112
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint

What attaches to the rim of acetabulum? Why?

A

fibrocartilage ring (labrum acetabulum) attaches to rim of acetabulum to depend the cavity for a better congruency with head of femur

113
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint

What is the round ligament of head of femur?

A

relatively flat intracapsular ligament that assists in stability of the joint

114
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint

What is the hip joint supported by?

A

3 ligaments that are thickened parts of joint capsule - iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral

115
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint

What are the 2 joints of the knee joint complex?

A
  • medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint: synovial condyloid joint formed between femoral condyles and superior surface of tibial condyles
  • patellofemoral joint: synovial planar joint formed between patellar surface of femur and posterior surface of patella
116
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint

What lies between femoral condyles and tibial plates?

A

pair of crescent shape fibrocartilage pads (medial and lateral menisci)

117
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint

What do menisci do?

A

act as shock absorber and improve congruency between articular surfaces

118
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint

What supports the knee joint?

A

4 major ligaments extended between femur and bones of leg

  • tibial and fibular collateral ligaments
  • anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
119
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint

What are the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?

A

thickenings of the joint capsule that provide side-to-side stability

120
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint

What are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?

A

intracapsular ligaments that provide anteroposterior stability

121
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints

What are the 3 types of tibiofibular joints?

A
  • proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint
  • middle tibiofibular joint
  • distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint
122
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints

What is the proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint?

A

synovial planar joint between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

123
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints

What is the middle tibiofibular joint?

A

fibrous syndesmosis joint in which an interosseous membrane connects the interosseous borders of tibia and fibula

124
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints

What is the distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint?

A

fibrous syndesmosis joint between fibula notice of tibia and distal end of fibula

125
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the ankle (talocrural) joint?

A

synovial hinge joint formed between distal ends of tibia and fibula and body of talus

126
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What provides stability for the ankle (talocrural) joint?

A

medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments

127
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the intertarsal joint?

A

series of small synovial planar joints formed between tarsal bones

128
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

synovial planar joints formed between distal group of tarsal bones and proximal ends of metatarsal bones

129
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

synovial condyloid joints between distal end of metatarsal bones and proximal end of proximal phalanges

130
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the interphalangeal joint?

A

synovial hinge joint between phalanges

131
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What are the 2 types of interphalangeal joints?

A

proximal interphalangeal joint

distal interphalangeal joint

132
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the proximal interphalangeal joint?

A

formed between proximal and middle phalanges

133
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

What is the distal interphalangeal joint?

A

formed between middle and distal phalanges

134
Q

Joints of the Lower Limb

How many interphalangeal joints does the big toe have?

A

one - between its proximal and distal phalanges

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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